Index
accoglienza. See hospitality
activists. See civil society actors: activists;
Eritrean diaspora: human rights activists
among
affect. See emotion
afterlife
definition of, 12–14, 89–90, 227
mediated representation as, 12, 56, 67–68, 89–91
memorialization as, 12, 147–149
as a methodological approach, 26, 228
referential afterlife, 12, 67, 76
Afwerki, Isaias, 2, 19–20, 41, 169, 177, 209, 235
Agamben, Giorgio, 182, 188, 191, 228
Ahmed, Sara, 171
anger. See outrage
Arendt, Hannah, 73, 177, 181–182, 196, 212, 228, 235
Aristeus. See court cases: Aristeus
arrangement of coffins
as beautification of horror, 54–55, 67, 82, 94, 140
in comparison to war deaths, 49–50
as iconic representation of the disaster, 23, 56
as instrumentalization of memory, 48, 51–52
producing affects and emotions, 50–51
as a representation of presence of many dead, 48, 54–55
as a visual event, 51
as visual necropolitics, 50
artists. See civil society actors: artists
Askavusa, 6, 40, 115–116, 119–121, 139, 150, 229
asylum seekers. See refugees
attentiveness, 17, 111–112, 133, 146–149, 192, 202, 229
autonomy of migration, 5
Azoulay, Ariella, 17, 38, 40–42, 66–67, 107–109, 111, 229
Baratta, Constantino, 88, 123, 128, 160, 183
Barroso, José Manuel, 33, 50–53, 140
bearing witness. See witnessing: bearing witness
Benjamin, Walter, 12, 14, 181, 228
Bensalem, Khaled, 3, 39–41, 193
Bernal, Victoria, 21, 49, 164, 169, 177, 230
Blom, Anna, 2, 7, 183–184, 199
border deaths, 10–11, 14, 42, 204
artistic engagement with, 58, 71, 74–76, 105–106, 198–199, 236
databases and lists, 70–71, 90–91, 139–140, 207
media representation of, 30–43, 45–47, 67–70, 89–91
responsibility and externalization of responsibility of, 39–43, 72, 141–143, 146–149, 225, 229, 233
at U.S.–Mexico border, 17, 108, 135, 209–212
vernacular death rituals, 205–207, 221, 225–226
of European Union, 10, 105, 140
memorializing as resistance to, 69, 105, 109–110, 115–117, 132, 135, 145
survivors’ resistance to, 176
Brhane, Tareke, 155, 157–158, 161, 171, 232
Butler, Judith, 25, 69, 80, 89, 147
Casati, Noemi, 103
cemeteries
as communicative space, 24, 107, 112–113, 121, 134
unidentified graves in, 97–113, 121, 134, 215–219
Cennetoğlu, Banu, 71
Central Mediterranean migration route, 4, 18, 41
Christmas Island, 8
citizenship
acts of, 16, 109, 151, 176–178, 202, 225, 228–230, 235–236
attentive, 17, 112, 133, 146–149, 192, 229
biological, 229
as conditional, 17
diasporic, 17–18, 25, 177–178, 230
forensic, 17, 61, 131–132, 212, 225, 228
as a formal status, 17, 35, 196
sacrificial citizenship, 21, 169, 207
survivor citizenship, 17, 25–26, 78, 151, 175–179, 198, 229–230, 233–236
transgressive citizenship, 17, 95–96, 109
civil imagination, 17, 23, 37–38, 40, 95–96, 107–110, 229
civil investigation, 40
civil society actors
activists, 10, 39, 80–81, 91, 93, 109, 145–147, 229
artists, 10–11, 40, 231, 71, 74–75, 82, 91, 106, 139, 229
local communities, 10, 94, 97, 99–101, 121, 131, 134, 147
religious communities, 80–82, 87–88, 94, 121, 129–130, 155
search and rescue operations. See search and rescue: civil
civil sphere, 24, 27, 46, 111, 177
coffins
arrangement of. See arrangement of coffins
personalizing of, 58–59, 67–68, 95–96
repatriation of, 61, 124, 157, 161–163, 209–212, 220, 225, 234
transportation to Sicily, 57–59, 92, 94–96, 99, 113, 166
Colonia Eritrea. See Eritrea: colonial past
Comitato 3 ottobre, 127, 131, 134–135, 142, 151, 155–159, 161–164, 234
commemoration
at the disaster site, 122, 150, 164–175
minute of silence, 36–37, 142–143
ritual in Lampedusa, 47, 55, 82
as spectacle, 48, 54, 117, 122, 151, 169–170
commemorative aura, 25, 48, 152, 159, 169–173, 177
commemorative script, 157–158, 160
conviviality, 15, 17, 23, 40, 97, 233, 236
countermemorials, 110, 115, 135, 139, 140, 147, 154
counting of border deaths. See victims: enumeration of
court cases
critical border research. See critical migration research
critical migration research, 4, 10, 12, 15, 32
critical refugee studies, 5, 25
Crocetta, Rosario, 116–118, 131, 157–158, 174
data justice, 81
Davis, Colin, 16, 185, 204, 228
death as a social phenomenon, 203–204, 207, 221, 226
deaths at the border. See border deaths
Denmark. See survivors: in Denmark
Derrida, Jacques, 16, 110–112, 181–183, 186, 223, 228
desaparecidos. See disappeared
diasporic citizenship. See citizenship: diasporic citizenship
digital objects of memorialization, 56
dignified and undignified treatment of the dead, 95, 103, 126, 156, 169, 209, 213
disappeared, 10–11, 60–61, 68, 77, 122, 131, 205, 208–216, 225
disaster
ethical complexity of, 186–187
Dresden. See memorialization: in Dresden
Dresden Peace Prize, 97
Dublin Regulations, 52–53, 116, 139–140
duty to remember, 48, 104–105, 124, 133–137, 140–141, 144–148
Edkins, Jenny, 17, 73, 89, 107, 208, 226
embodied witness. See witnessing: embodied witness
emotion
difficult and ambiguous emotions, 191, 193–194, 200–201, 223, 233
emotional relationship, 76, 190
emotional response, 76–77, 143, 165
grief, 60, 95–96, 167, 170, 172
public expression and performativity of, 164–167, 170–171, 176–178
shame, 141, 183, 186, 188, 190–193, 196
Enia, Davide, 126–127, 198–199
Eritrea
governance of diaspora, 21, 164, 178
colonial past of, 14, 19, 60, 67
cultural practices in, 7, 84, 124, 166, 206, 221
independence struggle in, 19, 48, 164–169
national service in, 19, 41, 81, 163, 167–168
repressive regime in, 11, 21–22, 43, 56, 81, 163, 177, 207, 230
sacrifice to the nation in, 21, 49, 166, 168–169, 177–178
Eritrean diaspora
conflicts among, 39, 93–94, 164, 230
diasporic media in, 57, 74, 81, 126, 163, 168–169, 224
human rights activists among, 6, 34, 39, 157
memorialization of border deaths in, 25, 56, 78
Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), 19
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 19, 48
Eritrean refugees in Europe, 7, 19, 22
Espiritu, Yến Lê, 5, 72–73, 159
Estefanos, Meron, 56, 74–76, 93–94, 109, 163, 210, 229
Ethiopia
border conflict with Eritrea, 20, 169
migration route through, 3
refugees in, 7, 11, 18, 164, 205
European Parliament, 22, 51, 53, 140–152, 229, 231–232
eyewitness. See witnessing: eyewitness
familial tie, 96, 112, 161, 183, 196, 229, 233
family members of victims. See Germany: family members in; Sweden: family members in
fatality metrics. See border deaths: counting of
feeling. See emotion
Fiorino, Vito, 29, 120–132, 160, 183, 195–197
flesh witness. See witnessing: embodied witness
forensics
civic forensics, 80, 134, 212–213, 217, 225, 228, 236
forensic experts, 10, 213, 229
investigation of the disaster, 10, 157, 229
Lampedusa as a pilot case, 10, 78, 207
visual methods in, 217, 225, 228
forgetting, 48, 114, 147, 186–187, 200–201
Fortleben. See afterlife
Forum Lampedusa Solidale, 121, 131, 134
Freud, Sigmund, 223
FRONTEX, 9, 11, 53, 116, 144, 151
futurity of social life. See social life
Galante, Mariangela, 104–106, 110–111
Garden of Remembrance (Lampedusa), 113, 115–120, 155
Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide (Gariwo), 128–129, 158
Gebrehiwet, Solomon, 3, 167–179, 183–186, 189–193, 199–202, 227, 233
Germany
anti-fascist activists in, 24, 144–145, 192, 229
artistic performances in, 24, 40, 133–134, 144–145, 147–149
family members in, 104, 110, 127, 205, 210, 214, 220
Lampedusa protests in, 9
Ghebreselassie, Semhar, 57, 205, 223–226
ghostly matters. See haunting
Giardino della memoria. See Garden of Remembrance
Goffman, Erving, 12–14, 22, 29
Gordon, Avery, 15–16, 137, 148, 228
graves. See cemeteries
Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Encarnación, 108–109
hadega, 38
haunting, 14–15, 61, 75, 132–133, 191, 201, 228 specters from the future, 117, 147, 149, 155 specters from the past, 64, 110, 137, 148, 155, 210, 227
hauntology. See haunting
Holocaust, 77, 83, 105, 128, 145–148, 181–185, 191–193
hospitality, 8, 100, 102, 104, 108, 159
humanitarian discourse, 9, 89, 138, 207, 212, 225, 232
humanitarian practice, 9, 97, 212
humanitarian security nexus. See securitization: and humanitarian nexus
Hyndman, Jennifer, 73
identification of dead migrants, 11, 153, 157, 161, 205–208, 212–213, 228, 234
See also forensics
imagination
of alternative futures, 15, 37, 147, 149
See also civil imagination; journalistic imagination
indifference
of bystanders, 4, 33, 38–39, 42, 149
globalization of, 32–33, 69, 87, 94, 111
social and institutional, 76, 80, 90, 111–112, 126, 145–146, 213
interdependency in visual politics, 47, 58, 60, 63, 68, 95
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 4, 70–73
Isin, Engin, 16, 109, 151, 176
Italy
as benevolent and hospitable, 43, 136, 138, 160
as a country of emigration, 14, 25, 102, 104, 110, 136–137, 148
fascism and anti-fascism in, 19, 25, 137–138, 149
as former colonial power, 14, 19, 60, 64, 67, 93, 135–137
and Presidency of the Council of European Union, 139, 142, 152
journalistic imagination, 61, 63, 65
joy. See emotion: joy
justice and injustice, 34, 37, 52–53, 80–81, 134–135, 212–213, 229
See also data justice
kinning. See familial tie
Kushner, Tony, 121
Lampedusa
as a memory site of border deaths, 8, 117, 198
as a symbol of the border, 8–10, 24, 117
as a symbol of hospitality and benevolence, 8–10, 138
Lampedusa disaster
civil rescuers in, 119, 122, 159, 183, 229
in comparison to other disasters, 89, 118, 135, 154–155, 178, 185, 209–212
corporeality of, 47
investigation of, 39–40, 157, 160–161, 193
La Rosa, Paola, 134
Letta, Enrico, 17, 31, 33–36, 43, 50–54, 92–94
Libya
migration route through, 39, 78, 234
list of victims’ names. See names
Longarone. See Vajont Dam disaster
Mare Nostrum operation, 9, 138
Marina Militare. See Italian Navy
Marino, Alessandro, 28–29, 122
Maritiman Maritime Museum. See Sweden: Maritiman Maritime Museum
media representation of refugees, 31–35, 45–46, 48, 57–58, 60, 79–80
mediated witness. See witnessing: mediated witness
as a death world, 43, 143, 145
as a killer, 10, 39, 42, 182, 193
memorialization
as activism, 108–109, 115, 121–122, 139
digital objects of, 86, 90, 174–175, 226
in Dresden, 97, 133–134, 144–145, 147–149
instrumental function of, 124, 138, 140–142, 149, 153, 166, 171
materiality of, 88–90, 175, 218–219
therapeutic function of, 25, 86, 93, 124, 156, 193, 203
transnational memorialization, 26, 86, 90, 103, 108, 118, 175
memorials
as communicative space, 127–129, 132, 148
interplay with ritual, 174
See also countermemorials
memory site, 8, 118, 131, 151, 154–156, 164, 173–175
Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS), 9–10
migrants. See refugees
militarization. See securitization
missing persons. See disappeared
Nachleben. See afterlife
names, 23, 77–83, 88–90, 126–127, 228
narratives
of the Lampedusa disaster, 40, 46, 60, 73–76, 118, 231–233
of memorials and memorialization, 97, 113, 154
See also commemorative script
of survival, 26, 185–190, 201, 231
Nastasi, Stefano, 47, 52, 55, 82
National Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Immigration, 6, 24, 31, 104, 133–144, 148
necropolitics, 93
Neguse, Adal
as brother of a victim, 6–7, 59–61, 68, 151–153, 157–158, 217
as coresearcher, 5, 85, 123, 165–169, 173–174
Neumann, Klaus, 10, 34, 52, 83, 111, 118, 148, 182, 229
Nicolini, Giusi, 50–52, 115–118, 123, 157–159, 174
Nielsen, Greg M., 16, 109, 151, 176
Nixon, Rob, 42
nonbiological kinship. See familial tie
Nuova Speranza, 113, 123–132, 149
oblivion. See forgetting
parole di scusi. See apology
people smugglers. See smugglers
People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), 20
Perl, Gerhild, 109–110, 177, 209
perpetrators, 39, 42, 191, 193
photographs. See studio photographs
Pope Francis, 8, 32–33, 69, 87, 94, 111, 117, 192
public display of coffins. See arrangement of coffins
refugees
framed as innocents, 43, 46, 67
grateful and ungrateful, 155–159, 175, 230, 232, 235
religious communities. See civil society actors
Remembering Lampedusa
documentary film project, 3, 7, 182–184
museum exhibition, 3
remembrance. See duty to remember; commemoration
restorative politics, 141, 147, 149
Rezene, Adhanom, 2–3, 15, 40, 120, 124, 172–173, 187–188, 194–197, 208, 217
Riccò, Antonio Umberto, 40, 231
sacrificial citizenship. See citizenship: sacrificial citizenship
SAR. See search and rescue
Saunders, Frances Stonor, 75–77, 90, 107, 229
Schulz, Martin, 139–141, 146–147, 149–152, 227
search and rescue,
civil, 10–11, 31, 105, 134, 142–144, 159
institutional, 9, 45, 138, 153, 159
securitization, 2, 8–9, 32, 40, 54, 140, 234 and humanitarian nexus, 9, 31, 53, 160
sentimentality, 77, 79, 97, 152
shipwreck. See disaster
slow violence. See violence
across space, 37, 110, 118, 146
between European countries, 139, 142
with refugees, 51–52, 103, 115, 136–139
Soviet Union
collapse of, 20
specter. See haunting
Squire, Vicki, 8, 10, 108–109, 121, 229
state funeral, 34–35, 52, 92–94, 111, 114–116, 155–156, 163
Stierl, Maurice, 10, 17, 69, 95, 109–110
story. See narrative
strage. See disaster
Strage di Lampedusa. See Lampedusa disaster
Strage di Portopalo, 31, 114, 154
Strait of Sicily, 4
studio photographs
as horizontal gaze, 66
as mediated relics of the disaster, 66
in memorialization, 84, 95, 103
as timeless past, 64
Sudan
relations with Eritrean resistance, 20
route through, 3, 168, 215, 234
survival, 15, 26, 180–181, 194, 201, 203, 228
ethical ambiguity of, 188, 195, 199, 200
survivor citizenship. See citizenship: survivor citizenship
survivors
in Germany, 188
in Sweden, 3, 84, 86, 119–120, 166–167, 184, 201, 233
survivorship, 5, 26, 194, 199–200, 233
Sweden
Maritiman Maritime Museum (Gothenburg), 2–3
Taylor, Diana, 13–14, 154, 165, 174
testimony, 88, 165, 182, 200–201
tragedy. See disaster
transgressive citizenship. See citizenship: transgressive citizenship
transnational families
disappearances in, 11, 208, 210–214, 225
mourning in, 59, 127, 205, 219–226
ungrievability, 25, 69, 89, 147
See also grievability
United Nations, 20
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 29
victims
identification of. See forensics
represented as individuals, 17, 66, 73–74, 79, 89–91, 107–111
violence, 42
White, Nathaniel, 71
witnessing
bearing witness, 16, 183, 185, 190, 193–195, 228
embodied witness, 165, 184–188, 194, 203, 227
eyewitness, 40, 90, 132, 144, 194, 203, 227
mediated witness, 75–76, 90, 95, 192–194, 201–203, 227–228
Yimer, Dagmawi, 7, 82–83, 86, 126, 151
Yohanna, 23, 74–77, 90, 97, 219
Zerai, Mussie, 75–76, 93, 109, 155–158, 161–163, 209–121, 225, 228, 239