INDEX

Page numbers followed by f refer to figures

• Action for a Better Community (ABC), 7, 96–100, 143, 149
• African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Rochester, 77
• Alexis, Marcus, 101
• Alinsky, Saul: FIGHT, 7, 73, 79–89; Kodak, 108–109, 118–119, 177n108, 181n63; SCLC, 112, 174n33
• Allen, Loma, 59, 64–65
• apartheid, 122, 140, 182n95
• Attica Correctional Facility, 40–42, 144, 148
• Augustine, Matthew, 141, 146

• Baden Street rally, 33–36, 41, 46–49, 73, 91, 149
• Baden Street Settlement, 23, 28–29, 59
• Barkley, L. D., 144
• Bartlett, Gene, 126
• Bausch & Lomb, 101, 138, 147
• Becker, Horace, 131, 136, 137
• Bevel, James, 77–79, 174n33
• Black business, Rochester, 106, 125–126, 141, 179nn20–21
• Black capitalism: Black Power, 3–4, 129, 185n23; corporate responsibility, 5; FIGHT, 8, 128; FIGHTON, 130–141; interpretations of, 125–126, 156n8, 183n10; Rochester, 123–125
• Black economic development, 2–3, 7, 123–126, 147, 155n2, 183n10. See also Camura; FIGHTON; Rochester Jobs Incorporated
• Black Mariah, 57, 62
• Black nationalism, 40, 124. See also Malcolm X; Muhammad, Elijah; Nation of Islam (NOI)
• Black Panther Party, 185n23
• Black Power: Black capitalism, 3–4, 129, 137; civil rights, 157n11; Conference, 1966, 109; economic development, 156nn8–9; FIGHT, 8, 28, 86–87, 91–92, 104, 108–114, 146; Rochester, 2–4; uprisings, 52; women, 89
• Black Unity, 35–36, 45–50, 81, 86, 142
• block associations, 54, 83, 88–90, 148–149
• Board for Urban Ministry, Rochester (BUM), 74–76, 79–81, 91, 172n11
• Board of Fundamental Education, Indianapolis, 109
• Booklover’s Federation, 90–91
• boycotts, 125, 128
• Buffalo, 5, 28, 41, 72, 74, 144
• buy-Black campaign, 125, 128, 184n19

• Caldwell, Earl, 19–20, 95
• Camura, 139–140
• capitalism. See Black capitalism
• Carmichael, Stokely, 8, 73. See also Black Power; SNCC
• Carson, Loftus, 46, 166n44
• chain migration. See East Coast Migrant Stream
• Chambers, Ed, 80, 85–88, 97, 108–109, 114, 172n8
• Chandler, Marvin, 74–76, 80–82, 86–87, 98, 110–111
• Chatham Gardens, 25–26
• Chicago: Flemington protestors, 117; Great Migration, 12; NOI, 42; police, 65, 69; Woodlawn Organization, 79. See also Alinsky, Saul
• Christian ministers: Black Power, 4, 155n2; civilian police review board, 49, 53; coalitions, 6–7, 40, 47, 72, 74–79; FIGHT, 80–91, 128, 143; Mulder Misadventure, 111; SCLC, 174n33; uprising, 58, 60, 62, 165n36. See also individual ministers and groups
• churches: Kodak, 105, national, 4, 113–116; Rochester, 7, 10, 22, 29, 81, 122; uprising, 57, 59, 142. See also Rochester Area Council of Churches; Board for Urban Ministry, Rochester (BUM); and specific churches
• citizen police review board, 7, 36, 49–53, 60, 64, 73–75
• Citizens Crusade Against Poverty, 115
• city government, Rochester: citizen police review board, 50; FIGHT, 94–95, 100–101, 142, 147; Malcolm X, 164n25; NAACP, 25–28
• Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1, 71
• Clarissa Street Block Club, 88
• class: Black urban poor, 96–101, 125, 174n47; middle class, 24, 33, 97–98, 139; professional class, 26–27, 29, 97–98; tension, 15, 93; unity, 34–35, 90; working class, 185n23
• Claytor, Glenn, 24–26, 31–32, 37
• Colgate Rochester Divinity School, 42, 74, 78, 82–83, 126
• collective capitalism. See cooperative economic approach
• community centers, 96–99
• Community Chest, Rochester, 72, 101, 177n108
• Community Corporation Act of 1970, 140–141
• community development corporation, 8, 130, 137, 145–146
• Community Self-Determination Act of 1968, 140–141
• Congress of Racial Equality. See CORE
• containment strategy, 56–62, 65
• Cooper, Walter: ABC, 96–101; Baden Street rally, 73; education, 24, 149–150; housing, 19; Kodak, 161n52; Young Turks, 24, 28–30, 37
• cooperative economic approach, 8, 123–124, 129. See also FIGHTON
• CORE, 47, 67, 71–72, 88, 162n3, 172n8
• corporate responsibility: Black capitalism, 3–5, 8; Black Power, 126; interpretation of, 186n55, Kodak, 104, 121–122; Xerox, 130–141
• credit extensions, 31–32, 56–57, 65
• Crisis in Black and White, 75–76, 79
• curfew, 57–58, 61, 67
• Current, Gloster, 35, 48

• Davis, Reuben, 27–28, 78, 92
• December 20th Agreement, 110–120
• Delegates Council, FIGHT, 83–84, 88–89, 93–94
• Delta RESSICs, 23, 28–29
• demographics, Rochester, 2, 5–6, 10–13, 18, 168n6
• Department of Justice. See Justice, US Department of
• Department of Labor: New York, 87–88; FIGHT grant, 132
• desegregation: housing, 24–25; school, 25, 166n9
• Detroit, 12, 52, 81, 93, 112, 155n2, 168n6
• Dill, Monroe, 64, 107, 110
• discrimination, 54, 95, 107, 124, 139. See also credit extensions
• dogs, Rochester police, 37, 43, 51, 53–54, 166n37
• Douglass, Frederick, 2, 20, 150
• Dr. Walter Cooper Academy, 149–150
• Dyer, Eva, 67–68

• East Coast Migrant Stream, 5, 11–20
• Eastman, George: Kodak founder, 21; philanthropy, 21, 107, 160n40, 178n12. See also Kodak
• Eastman Kodak Company. See Kodak
• Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (EOA), 95–96, 185n32
• education, 11–12, 17, 22, 34, 96, 99, 166n39
• Edward Vose Neighborhood Association, 94
• Eilers, Louis K., 107, 109–113, 116, 118
• Eltrex, 141, 146
• entrepreneurship, 8, 123–124, 136, 141
• Ernestine Burke Federation, 90–91

• Fairwell, Rufus: case, 37–39, 164n22
• FBI, 62–64, 68
• federal legislation, 1, 15–16, 71, 95–96, 105, 140–141
• FIGHT: ABC, 96–101; Attica, 144; coalition, 7–8; community causes, 93–95; decline, 144–145; Flemington, 114–122; formation, 83–92, 172n1; Kodak, 103–104, 107–114; public defender’s office, 27–28. See also FIGHTON
• FIGHT Square, 146
• FIGHT Village, 146, 148
• FIGHTER, 98
• FIGHTON, 8; 130–141, 145–146, 185n32
• Fightronics, 128, 137
• Finks, David, 76–81, 174n47, 177n108
• fire department, 45–46, 58–59
• Flemington, New Jersey, 111, 114–122, 181n66, 181n67, 182n83
• Florence, Franklin, Alinsky, Saul, 81–82, 84f, 181n63; A.C. White case, 39, 53; Baden Street rally, 73; coalition building, 74–76; community determination, 141; Cooper, Walter, 98–99; FIGHT, 85–88, 100–101; FIGHT presidency, 91–95, 144–145; FIGHT Village, 149; Flemington, 114–120; Kodak, 103, 108–114, 137, 139; Malcolm X, 43f, 83, 129, 164n25, 166n37, 175n55; SCLC, 174n33; Xerox, 130, 134, 185n32
• Freedom North literature, 2–3, 66–67, 155n4
• freedom rights, 36, 48–49, 142, 162n5
• Friends of FIGHT, 109

• garbage removal, 18, 30, 55
• George Cunningham’s Service Station, 90–91
• ghetto, 53, 77, 96–99, 122–123, 137, 143. See also hard-core unemployed
• Gifford, Bernard, 133f, 145
• Gillette, Henry, 45
• Graham, Roswald, 58
• Granston, Buddy, 18–19, 57–58
• Great Migration, 11–12, 168n6
• Great Uprising, 52–53, 71, 163n3, 168n4, 172n2
• Greer, Murphy, 86

• Haloid Company, 12, 130–131, 185n31. See also Xerox Corporation
• Hanover Houses, 94
• hard-core unemployed: definition, 158n15; FIGHT, 7, 102–103, 108–110, 184n17; FIGHT-Kodak conflict, 118–120; RJI, 126–128. See also FIGHTON
• Harlem: 1935 uprising, 22; 1964 uprising, 1, 52, 68, 76–77, 168n4; Florence, Franklin, 91; Rochester and, 46, 54, 60, 71
• Hartzog, Millicent, 144
• Head Start, 95, 97
• Homer, Porter, 39, 44, 57, 65
• Horton, Frank, 53–54, 96
• housing: conditions, 15–18; crisis, 20; FIGHT, 93–94; public, 25–26, 33, 85, 93, 94, 146; redlining, 6, 19–20, 24–26, 34, 52–53
• Housing and Urban Development, Department of (HUD), 146, 184n14
• Huber, Gavin, Jr., 67–68
• Human Relations Committee, Monroe County, 49–50
• Human Relations Commission: New York, 36; Rochester, 39, 100
• human rights. See freedom rights
• Human Rights Commission, New York, 45–46, 56, 166n38

• IAF. See Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF)
• individual entrepreneurship. See entrepreneurship
• Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF): Alinsky, Saul, 7, 73, 112; FIGHT-Kodak conflict, 108–109; Rochester, 79–89, 114, 126, 174n33; self-determination, 75
• Ingram, Clarence, 138, 140

• Jackson, Trent, 19, 65–66
• Javits, Jacob, 117, 120
• Jim Crow, 1–2, 11–12, 73, 75–77, 136
• job training, 99, 108, 111, 120. See also FIGHTON
• Johnson, Lyndon B., 74, 95–96
• Johnson, Mildred: Baden Street rally, 33–34, 36, 47; FIGHT, 73, 83, 86–88; Hanover Houses, 94; Mitchell, Constance, 29–30; public defender, 27–28; Virginia Wilson Helping Hands Association, 149
• Justice, US Department of, 6, 39, 49, 117, 164n22

• K-9 units. See dogs, Rochester police
• Kaplow’s liquor store, 56
• Kerner report, 62, 170n33
• King, Martin Luther, Jr., 71, 76–78, 183n10
• Kodak: Black capitalism, 136–141; Bonus Day, 105, 178n11; employment discrimination, 11–12; FIGHT, 7–8, 103–104, 107–114; Flemington, 114–122; history of, 103–106; Mulder Misadventure, 110–111; shareholders, 8, 115, 181n67

• Letchworth Park, 37
• Levy, Van Tuyl, 20–21
• Lombard, William, 36, 56, 165n36
• looting, 55–58, 62–68
• Los Angeles, 12, 52, 70, 128
• Lunsford, Charles, 20–27

• Malcolm X: Alinsky, Saul, 82–83; Baden Street rally, 47–48, 149; economic self-determination, 124, 128–129; Florence, Franklin, 91–92; Mitchell, Constance, 43–44; Muslim rights, 166n37; in Rochester, 4, 6, 33–35, 40–46, 72, 165n36
• Mangione store, 65–66
• Manigault, Randy, 54–55
• Marian Anderson Federation, 90–91
• McDowell, Rozetta, 47
• media: Flemington, 114–122; Kodak, 109; local, 45–46, 51, 111, 134, 168n4; national, 35, 62, 134; uprisings, 69–72
• migrants: agricultural, 11–14; camps, 23; criminalization, 41–42; industrial, 12; Rochester Mystique, 16–17; stagrants, 15; Urban League, 100. See also East Coast Migrant Stream
• migration. See East Coast Migrant Stream; Great Migration; migrants
• military, 30, 69, 178n15. See also National Guard
• Mitchell, Constance: FIGHT, 80, 82, 89, 92, 121–122; homeowner, 17; Malcolm X, 43–44; Primo, Quintin, 23; SCLC, 174n33; Third Ward supervisor, 6, 28–32; uprising, 61–62, 66, 68, 73, 78
• Mitchell, John, 17, 56, 89, 101
• Monroe County Non-Partisan Political League, 26–27, 32, 47
• moral economy, 7, 56–57, 65–66
• mosque raid, Rochester, 38, 40, 41–42, 45–46, 164n25
• Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 120, 182n90
• Mt. Olivet Baptist Church, Rochester, 27, 58, 82
• Muhammad, Elijah, 40, 162n3, 185n26
• Muhammad Speaks, 45–46, 47–48
• Mulder, John, 110–111
• Muslim Mosque, Inc., 124

• Nation of Islam (NOI): Black capitalism, 129; Rochester mosque, 38–40, 45, 51, 72; state repression of, 40–46; tension with NAACP, 6, 48–49, 52, 162n3
• National Alliance of Businessmen (NAB), 127, 184n16, 184n17
• NAACP, national: media, 162n3; Rochester uprising, 65; tension with Rochester, 35, 48–49, 52, 72, 172n7
• NAACP, Rochester: Baden Street rally, 46–50; NOI and, 6, 35, 48–49, 52, 72, 172n7; protests, 33–37; white membership, 23, 25. See also Cooper, Walter; Lunsford, Charles; Phillips, Wendell; Primo, Quintin
• National Council of Churches, 81, 113–114. See also Rochester Area Council of Churches
• National Guard, 7, 60–62, 68
• National Negro Women’s Association, 88
• Negro Business League, Rochester, 21
• New York Temporary Commission on the Urban Colored Population, 21–22
• Newark, New Jersey, 52, 67
• Newport, Eugene (Gus), 48–49, 81, 85, 92
• Nixon, Richard, 3, 127, 138, 148, 185n28, 188n76
• NOI. See Nation of Islam (NOI)
• nonviolence, 3–4, 63–64, 70, 76–78, 170n37. See also, CORE; SCLC; SNCC
• Northeast Mother’s Improvement Association, 51, 54–55

• Office of Federal Contract Compliance, 115
• Office of Minority Business Enterprise, 138
• On-the-Job Training, 139
• oppositional organizing, 143
• Organization of Afro-American Unity, 81
• Oxford, Mississippi, 45

• paternalism: ABC, 97, 99–100; FIGHT-Kodak conflict, 104, 108–114, 127, 137; settlement houses, 79–80
• Peck, Lester, 29–32, 56–57
• Philadelphia, 50, 53, 67, 69, 128
• Phillips, Wendell, 42–43, 48
• Plymouth Avenue, Rochester 31, 57
• police: Black neighborhoods, 34–35, 37–40, 50, 54–55; long baton, 69; NOI surveillance, 40; paddy wagon (see Black Mariah); retraining program, 49; state troopers, 55f, 59–62; uprising and, 51–62. See also citizen police review board; dogs, Rochester police; Lombard, William; police brutality and protest of
• police brutality and protest of, 1, 6, 33–42, 52–53, 67–68. See also uprising, Rochester
• police review board. See citizen police review board
• Porter, Darryl, 19, 31–32, 64, 92, 134
• Price, Charles, 62, 107–108
• Primo, Quintin, 22–27, 33, 85, 158n7
• proxy stock strategy, 8, 113–120
• Public Works, Department of, Rochester, 55

• race riot. See uprising, Rochester
• Radio and Television News Directors Association, 69–70
• rebellion. See uprising, Rochester
• recession, 147
• religion: Black theology, 2–3, 155n2; in Rochester, 40–46, 74–79. See also Christian ministers; churches; Nation of Islam (NOI)
• Reuther, Walter, 115
• right to employment, 104, 108, 117, 178n9. See also corporate responsibility; hard-core unemployed
• riot, race. See uprising, Rochester
• RJI. See Rochester Jobs Incorporated
• Rochester Area Council of Churches: coalition building, 39, 74–76; FIGHT-Kodak conflict, 109–110; IAF, 79–83, 126; name change, 164n21; police review board, 73; SCLC, 174n33; Sibley, Georgiana, 60, 76. See also, Rochester Jobs Incorporated
• Rochester Area Ministers Conference, 49, 79
• Rochester Business Opportunities Council (RBOC), 8, 124, 138–141
• Rochester Democrat and Chronicle: investigative journalism, 19
• Rochester Faith Community Alliance, 149
• Rochester Jobs Incorporated, 124, 126–128, 137–138
• Rochester Seventeen, 38, 40, 78
• Rochester uprising, 1964. See uprising, Rochester
• Rockefeller, Nelson, 27, 58–59, 68–69, 76, 127
• Romney, George, 127, 184n14
• Roosevelt, Ethel, 76

• Sanford, Florida. See East Coast Migrant Stream
• schools. See education
• SCLC, 7, 71–73, 76–78, 86, 92, 174n33
• Scott, Raymond, 145
• self-determination: Black community, 4, 73–75; counters to, 137–138, 140–141; FIGHT, 92, 97, 100, 126–136
• service industry, 12, 15, 98, 106, 123, 134, 140
• settlement houses, 10, 79, 99–100. See also Baden Street Settlement
• Seventh Ward. See Third and Seventh Wards, Rochester
• Shankel, Herbert, 86
• shareholder proxies. See proxy stock strategy
• Sibley, Georgiana (Mrs. Harper), 60–61, 76–77, 85
• Silberman, Charles, 75–76, 79
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference. See SCLC
• SNCC, 71–72, 112–113, 129. See also Carmichael, Stokely; Black Panther Party
• State Commission Against Discrimination (SCAD), New York, 28–30
• State Commission on Human Rights. See Human Rights Commission, New York
• stock. See proxy stock strategy
• Stone, Desmond, 37, 98, 111
• student activism, 116. See also SNCC
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. See SNCC
• Sullivan, Leon, 128, 184n19
• Syracuse, 5, 16, 28

• Taylor v New Rochelle Board of Education, 1961, 25
• teachers, 22, 30, 89. See also education
• Third and Seventh Wards, Rochester, 5–6, 34–36, 52–53, 58–60, 65, 132–133. See also Mitchell, Constance; uprising, Rochester
• Third Presbyterian Church, Rochester, 120
• Thomas, Freddie, 44, 164n25
• Tubman, Harriet, 2, 20

• unemployed. See hard-core unemployed
• Union Theological Seminary, New York, 116
• United Action Committee for Rufus Fairwell, 39, 47, 49, 164n22
• University of Rochester: School of Medicine and Dentistry, 20; College Cabinet Subcommittee on Civil Rights, 42; Kodak, Eastman, 21, 105; Malcolm X, 42–46; Wade, Dick, 28; Wilson, Joe, 131
• uplift, 21–22, 124–125, 129, 138
• uprising, Rochester, 5–7, 51, 54–62; control, 69; deaths, 61, 169n29; fear of, 3, 68–80; history of, 62–68, 167n3; media coverage, 58, 168n4; memory of, 148; other cities, 52–53; participants, 66–68; prevention, 86, 95, 138; threat of, 104, 112, 119, 143; weather, 51, 54, 167n1
• Urban League: absence in Rochester, 72, 79; FIGHT, 7, 100–101, 124; Kodak, 136, 139–140, 177n108; NOI, 162n3

• Vaughn, William, 103, 108–111, 116–120. See also Kodak
• Vietnam War, 122
• Vogler, Bill, 19–20
• voting: education and registration, 30–32; literacy exam, 30, 44; suppression, 29–32; Voting Rights Act of 1965, 1

• Wade, Richard (Dick), 28–30
• War on Drugs, 143
• War on Poverty, 7, 74, 95–96, 128
• Watts Corporation, Los Angeles, 128
• Whitaker, Arthur, 58
• White, A. C., 38–39, 164n17
• white flight, 10, 34, 53, 143, 147
• White, Herb, 74–76, 79–81, 91, 175n5
• Wilkins, Roy, 35, 48, 53, 162n3
• Williams, Robert, 11–12
• Wilmington Ten, 38
• Wilson, Joe, 131–132, 136, 147–148, 185n32. See also Xerox
• women: elected, 32; FIGHT, 86, 88–91, 108, 143; as organizers, 24, 26; United Council of Women, 76; uprising, 7, 58, 66–68; women’s rights movements, 2, 155n2; as workers, 12, 13, 98, 125, 184n19; YWCA, 115. See also individual women

• Xerox Corporation: FIGHTON, 8, 130–138, 145–147, 183n10; as Haloid 12, 130–131, 185n31; Kodak, 12, 185n31; NAB, 184n17. See also Wilson, Joe

• Young Turks, 4–6, 11, 24–26, 28–32, 37
• Young, Whitney, 52
• youth: 4-H Club, 97; activities, 23, 31, 37, 65–66; characterization of, 67–68; programs, 74, 77; uprising, 7, 51, 68

• Zion Corporation, Philadelphia, 128, 184n19
• Zuber, Paul, 25