INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Page numbers in bold refer to tables.
academic research, public housing: effects of, 11, 19, 40–41, 64–78, 89–90; new public housing scholarship, 5, 19–20, 78–89; role of funding in, 69, 74, 76–78, 85–86
Alessandroni, Walter E., 234
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 50
architecture and design, 21–22, 33–35, 47–48, 51–55; as cause of crime, 66–71; child rearing and, 52–55; determinism, 56, 69–71, 90, 91, 240n2; in Germany, 157, 161–63; modernization, 182–85, 217–18; narrative of decline and, 47–48, 64; in New York, 52, 99–101; in Philadelphia, 226–27; types of, 4; youth density and, 56, 61, 63
Asia, public housing in, 3–5, 175–76
Atlanta public housing, 82, 88; Techwood Homes, 3, 34
Austria, public housing in, 172
Baltimore public housing, 27–28, 34, 76, 206–15, 217–22; Douglass Homes, 212–14, 217, 271n13; Lafayette Courts, 212–14, 217; Murphy Homes, 72–73, 219–21; projects, origin date, 206–7; Somerset Courts, 271n13; white flight in, 38
Bard, Morton, 191
Bartholomew, Harland, 34–36, 41
Baruch College, 109
Berlin public housing, 155–59, 161–69; Ernst-Reuter-Siedlung, 160; Falkenhagener Feld, 161; Gropiusstadt, 161; Heinrich-Heine-Viertel, 155; Hellersdorf, 163; Hohenschönhausen, 163; Märkisches Viertel, 155, 162; Marzahn, 155, 162, 163
Bezalel, Ronit, documentaries, 18
Black Student Union, 219
Bloom, Nicholas Dagen, 22–23, 43–44, 48, 198
Boston public housing, 34, 39; Commonwealth, 149–53; Harbor Point, 145
Branch, Van Story, 217
Bristol, Katharine, 41
Brown v. Board of Education, 37
Cabrini-Green, 2, 18, 55, 143; “notorious” description, 12–14
Carroll, Tamar, 269n49
Carter, Walter P., 210
Castells, Manuel, 176
Central Provident Fund (CPF), 178–180, 183–184
CHA. See Chicago public housing
Chicago Defender, 57
Chicago Park District public pools, 60
Chicago public housing, 48–55, 241n10, 255n46; Cabrini-Green, 2, 12–13, 18, 55, 143; family size, 242n25; governance structure, 32–33; Henry Horner Homes, 51 ; Jane Adams Houses, 2 ; Lake Park Place, 144, 148; Loomis Courts, 53 ; Plan for Transformation, 6, 50–51, 149; Robert Taylor Homes (see Robert Taylor Homes); Rockwell Gardens Day Care Center, 60 ; site selection, 34, 48–50; Stateway Gardens, 54 ; tenant representation, 218; Villages at Westhaven, 51 ; welfare rates, 112
Cincinnati public housing, governance structure, 32–33
Cleveland public housing, 34, 38, 74
collective efficacy, 223–34, 273n8; definition, 57; in New York public housing, 187, 189, 192, 196; and youth density, 57–63
Community Action Agency (CAA), 210–14, 217, 221
Community Action Commission (CAC), 211
Conference of Mayors, 129
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 210–11
contagion effect, 147
convergence school, 235n1
crime and disorder, 6, 98–99, 234; cause(s) of, 82–90; government role, 60–61; social versus legal definition, 64; statistical evidence, 66–67, 71–73, 77–78, 88–89, 244n6; tenant activism and, 196–205, 211; victimization surveys, 66, 72, 78–80; youth density and, 56–57, 61–63, 94, 244n39
crime studies, methodological issues, 74–81
criminology, 65–66, 71–73, 78–81, 83–85, 87, 244n39
culture of poverty, 67
Dagen, Irving, 44
Davis, Dantrell, 13
decline, narrative of, 1, 18–19, 250n1, 267n31; due to architecture and design, 47–48, 64; due to crime and disorder, 64–71, 83; evidence against, 5, 19–28, 40–45; media portrayals and, 11–18, 50; origin, historical, 8–10; and policy, 121–22; Pruitt-Igoe, 40–46
Defensible Space. See Newman, Oscar
DeFilippis, James, 146
demographic composition, public housing: post–World War II, 38; single-parent families, 57, 226; youth density, 48, 56–63
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 9–10, 50, 108, 255n46; Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), takeover of, 241n10; Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 36, 39, 43; moratorium, 24–25, 121–22, 132–38, 250n1; promoting activism, 216; public housing studies, 72–73, 76, 78–79, 133, 245n20; site selection, 50
Dinzey-Flores, Zaire, 84, 247n57
divergence school, 235n1
Dumanovsky, Tamara, 71, 80, 244n39
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 122
Embry, Jr., Robert C., 217
environmental determinism, 56, 69–71, 90, 91, 240n2
Erickson, David J., 250n1
Family Assistance Plan (FAP), 130–31, 133, 251n2, 254n31
family structure, 21–22, 57, 62, 115, 182
Farley, John, 74
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 36, 39, 43
finance of housing projects, 242n21; federal funding, 33, 36, 55, 224, 231–32; poverty, role of, 212–13; in Singapore, 178–79; tenant rent, 20, 60–61
First Urban Renewal Program (Germany), 164
Fleming, David, 12
Foucault, Michel, 89
Fraser, Jim, 146
Freedman, Leonard, 123
Garvin, Alexander, 241n3
Gautreaux cases, 50
Gautreaux Project, 86
geographic information system (GIS), 67, 79–80, 245n7
Goetz, Edward, 12, 18, 84–85, 147, 151
Goh, Lee, 176
governance, public housing, 32–33
Great Society, 250n1
Haskell, Douglas, 54
Hawryluk, Agnes, 227
Hirsch, Arnold, Making the Second Ghetto, 11, 40, 50
Holloway, Steven, 82
Holzman, Harold, 66, 71, 79–82
HOPE VI, 9–10, 46, 87–89, 248n59; definition, 85, 141
Housing Act of 1937, 32–36, 40, 44, 140, 206, 231–32. See also Wagner-Steagall Act
Housing Act of 1949, 35–36, 122, 207
Housing Act of 1954, 122
Housing Act of 1965, 123
housing authority. See public housing in specific cities
Housing Development Board (HDB), 177, 179, 180–186
Houston public housing, governance structure, 33
HUD. See Department of Housing and Urban Development
Hunt, D. Bradford, 43, 69, 111
Husock, Howard, America’s Trillion-Dollar Housing Mistake, 10, 43, 64–65, 267n31
immigration, 154, 164–66, 168–69, 262n36
international comparison, 3–5, 154–55, 175–76, 186
Jacobs, Jane, 8–9, 47, 63, 244n40
Johnson, Lyndon, 69, 123–24, 136, 198
Johnson, Margaret E., 217
Johnson administration, 124–25
Joseph, Mark, 145–46, 150, 152
Journal of Housing, 218
Kay, Jane Holtz, 41
Kelley, Robin, 67
Keyes, Langley, 74
Kotlowitz, Alex, There Are No Children Here, 50, 62
Kwok, Reginald, 176
Lane, Vincent, 144
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), 69
Lee Kuan Yew, 177
Legal Aid, 217
Los Angeles public housing, 78, 82–83, 251n4; governance structure, 33
Los Vigilantes, 197
maintenance, 95–99, 217–18, 232–33, 102–10; deferred, 12, 39; by tenants, 223–24, 233
management practices, 95, 103–8, 110–18, 192; eviction, 116, 200–201, 214–15; and race, 219, 221; staffing level, 96–98, 102, 107, 213; tenant-staff relations, 212–14, 229–31
Mann, Nicola, 12
McNulty, Thomas, 82
Meehan, Eugene, 42, 44, 138, 251n5
Minneapolis, 216
mixed-income housing, 9–10, 25, 51, 141–48, 152–53, 257n1; in Boston, 149–51; definition, 141–45
Mobilization for Youth (MFY), 201–3
Moses, Robert, 99
Moving to Opportunity (MTO), 85–87, 147
myth, definition, 6
Nathan, Richard P., 127, 251n2
National Industrial Recovery Act, 34
National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 77
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 67
Netherlands, public housing in the, 154
Newman, Oscar, Defensible Space, 9, 41–42, 47, 79; and collective efficacy, 63; in myth, 67–72; and Van Dyke Houses, 101
New Orleans public housing, 62, 92
New York City Housing Authority Police Department (HAPD), 189–96, 199, 203; minorities in, 191
New York City public housing, 93–96; architecture and design, 52, 99–101; Brownsville Houses, 68, 102; Claremont Village, 100; collective efficacy, 187, 189, 192, 196; Coney Island Houses, 92; Cooper Park, 199; East River Houses, 92 ; Fort Greene Houses, 98–99; George Washington Carver Houses, 203; governance structure, 32–33; Harlem River Houses, 98; James Weldon Johnson Houses, 100, 103, 192; Lexington Houses, 197; management practices in, 91, 93, 96–110, 192; policing in, 83–84, 189–205; Polo Grounds Towers, 91, 99; Queensbridge Houses, 100; rent strike, 202–3, 269n49; St. Louis, contrast to, 42; tenant activism, 196–205; tenant organizations, 197–98; tenant representation, 217–18; Van Dyke Houses, 68, 100–2; violent and property crime in, 73; Welfare rates, 112; Whitman Houses, 203; Williamsburg Houses, 98; Woodrow Wilson Homes, 61, 94, 100; youth density in, 61–62
New York Times, 13–18, 68, 109
1968 Civil Rights Act, 39
Nixon administration: and devolution, 125–29; moratorium, 24–25, 121–22, 132–38, 250n1, public housing critique, 130–32; public housing policy, 121–122
NYCHA. See New York City public housing
NYCHA v. Medlin, 202
Office of Economic Opportunity, 198–99
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 128–34, 256n51
Orlebeke, Charles, 129, 255n46
Parker, Mattie, 211
People’s Action Party (PAP), 177–78, 180, 182–84
Perlstein, Rick, 125
PHA (Philadelphia Housing Authority). See Philadelphia public housing
PHA (Public Housing Administration), 52
PHAs (public housing authorities), definition, 32
PHD (public housing development), definition, 64
Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 228, 233
Philadelphia public housing, 223–34; architecture and design in, 226–27; demographics of, 225; governance structure, 33; James Weldon Johnson Homes, 226; Norris, 234; origin dates, 224–25; Raymond Rosen, 224, 228–29, 231; Richard Allen Homes, 226, 227, 228, 233; site selection, 35; tenant representation, 218
Phoenix public housing, 78
Pittsburgh public housing, 218
Plan for Transformation, 6, 50–51, 149
police strategies, 71; community policing, 190; order-maintenance policing, 193–94; radio motor patrol, 190–91
political views, 2, 6, 8, 250n1; conservative, 10, 130–132, 251n2; liberal, 11
private sector, role of, 3, 123–124, 166–167
Pruitt-Igoe, 2, 4, 14, 19, 21, 38, 40–46, 67–68, 72, 91, 101, 136, 155; comparison, 155; in myth, 6, 31–32; origin, historical, 37; youth density, 61
Pruitt-Igoe Myth, The, 6
public housing, definition, 157, 260n1
Public Housing Drug Elimination Program, 77, 78
public housing policy, federal, 2–4; 1949–1970, 122–25; under Johnson administration, 124–25; under Nixon administration, 121–22, 125–38; race and, 50–51
Public Works Administration (PWA), 34, 44, 140
race: and Housing Act of 1949, 36, and Jim Crow laws, 206–7; and New York public housing, 195; and public housing, 4–5, 11, 40, 256n56; and site selection, 34, 37, 48–50; and tenant activism, 209–10, 219–22; and tenant selection, 50; and white flight, 39
RAND Corporation, 39
Research Triangle Institute (RTI), 78–79
Resident Action Committee (RAC), 212–15, 218
Residents in Action, 218
Robert Taylor Homes, 49, 55, 56; comparison, 155; collective efficacy in, 58–59; tragic deaths in, 57, 58
Romney, George, 121, 126–29, 131–34
Roncek, Dennis, 74
San Francisco public housing, 13–14, 144–45
Schmandt, Henry and George Wendel, 42
Schmich, Mary, 12
Schwartz, Alex, 144
Schofield, Rosetta, 214, 220–21
Singapore public housing, 176–86; consumption and, 180–183; public policy, 176–180; Tiong Bahru, 177
site selection, 33–34, 48–50, 225
slums. See tenements and slums
social ecology, definition, 72
social exclusion, 8
social strain (theory), 67
Spencer, Mildred and Joseph, 223–24
staffing practices. See management practices
Stephenson, Maxine, 221
St. Louis, city and county, 38–39
St. Louis public housing, 35–46; Blumeyer Homes, 37; Carr Square Village, 35; Clinton-Peabody, 35; Cochran Gardens, 36–37, 44; Darst-Webbe, 37; governance structure, 32–33; Pruitt-Igoe (see Pruitt-Igoe); rent strike, 218; site selection, 34, 37; Vaughan-Taylor Homes, 37, 44; Wendell O. Pruitt Homes, 37 (see also Pruitt-Igoe); William Igoe Apartments, 37 (see also Pruitt-Igoe)
Teh Cheang Wan, 177
tenant activism, 196–205, 269n49; black nationalism and, 219–22; black women and, 208, 217–19, 223–26; causes of, 209–10; federal support for, 216–17; motivations and incentives for, 207–8; organizers, role of, 210–12; rent strikes, 202–203, 218
tenant organization. See specific names of organizations
tenant rights and representation, 215–18
tenant selection, 42–43, 50, 75, 226
tenements and slums, contrast with public housing, 5, 8, 140, 206–7
Thorpe v. Housing Authority, 215
Tier System, 112
Ulbricht, Walter, 161
United States Housing Authority (USHA), 32–36, 40, 44, 140, 206, 231–32
urban decline, 38–39, 45, 94; deindustrialization, 20–21, 38, 75–76, 77
Urban Renewal Program (United States), 122, 126–28
USHA. See United States Housing Authority
utopian narrative, 1–2, 225–26; crime and, 65 ; critiques of, 6, 9–18 (see also decline, narrative of); in Europe, 157–58; family, 56; origin, historical, 7–8
Van Dusen, Richard C., 129
von Hoffman, Alexander, 251n3
Wagner-Steagall Act, 32–36, 40, 44, 140, 206, 231–32. See also Housing Act of 1937
“warehousing the poor,” 240n1
War on Poverty, 211
Washington, DC, public housing, 72–73, 78
Welfeld, Irving, 131
Williams, Rhonda Y., 196
Wylie, Rose, 218
Young Lords Organization (YLO), 203
youth density, 56–63, 242n26, 244n40; comparison, city-level, 62
Zipp, Samuel, 99
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Cover image: Youth cleanup crew, Robert Taylor Homes, summer 1970. Image courtesy of the Chicago Housing Authority. Cover Design: Jim Keller