INDEX

Abbe (enslaved person), 50–51, 53, 66–71, 188
Adams, John, 59–61, 62
Adams, John Quincy, 241–42, 280–82
Africa: African slave trade, 124–25, 140, 350; Jay family business in, 11–12, 18–19, 20; return of Amistad slaves to, 242–44. See also colonizationism/colonizationists
African Americans: activism of, 201–3; free, as Jay household servants, 177–80; freedom for, behind British lines, 43–44; military service for, as war aim, 344–45, 346–48, 349, 359; mob violence against, in New York City, 164–65; violence against, in the draft riots, 357–58. See also citizenship, Black; free Black people; freedom, Black; resistance, Black; rights of free Blacks
African Free School(s), 114, 118, 122, 249
African Repository: “Judge Jay Against Colonization,” 181
agency, Black, 87–88, 114–15, 174–75, 196–97
Allinson, Samuel, 44–45
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFAS), 226–27, 229
American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS): on candidates for governor in 1838, 205; Constitutional disagreement of, 206–9; racial integration of, 163–66, 169, 190; in rebuttals to Inquiry, 182; and William Jay, 169, 173, 176, 190–94, 209–10, 212, 225–29; women’s rights and participation in, 214–15, 227–28
American Bible Society (ABS), 150, 152–53, 322
American Colonization Society (ACS), 169–73, 180–81, 183–84
American Convention for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 114, 117–18, 149–50, 153–54
American Freedmen’s Aid Union, 365
American Geographical and Statistical Society, 311–12
American Historical Association, 392
American Missionary Association, 322
American Peace Society (APS), 258–60, 276
American Tract Society, 322, 324–25
La Amistad, 239–44
“An Act concerning slaves and Servants,” 118–19
Andrew, John A., 375–76
Anglican Church, 16
animalization of Black people, 293–94
Antietam National Cemetery, 377–79
anti-institutionalism, 259–60
anti-Protestant terror, France, 12
antiracism: in activism on the Episcopal Church, 265, 266; of the AFAS, 226–27; in conflict with elites and neighbors, 305–6; in the reputation of John Jay II, 286–88; of the ULC, 359–60; in work of William Jay, 234–36, 249
antislavery constitutionalism, 247
Army of the Potomac, 344
arson plot of 1741, 21–25, 412n35
Articles of Confederation, 1–2, 83–88, 326, 328
Auboyneau, Prince, 22
Austria, 379–80, 465n40

Ball, Charles: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man, 194, 197, 199–201, 440n21
Banyer, Maria Jay, 53, 104–5, 165–66, 223, 443n12
baptism of slaves, 16–17
Barnett, James P., 300–301
Barney, Hiram, 318, 393
Beakley, Jacob: “Progress of the Caucasian Race in Science and Civilization,” 287–88
Bedford, New York, 382
Bedford Estate, 130–33, 135–36
Belt, Joseph, 290
Ben (enslaved person), 22–25, 26–27
Benevolent Empire, 322, 338
Benezet, Anthony, 34, 44–46, 49; Serious Considerations on several Important Subjects, 45–46
Benoit (enslaved person), 50–51, 53–54, 70–71
Benson, Egbert, 48–49, 80, 115
The Bible, 193, 236–37, 251–53, 276–77, 304, 322–25. See also American Bible Society
Bill of Rights, 207
Birney, James G., 230, 231–32, 269–70
Black Codes, 372
Black Regiments, 359
Blair, Henry W., 390
Boggs, Edward, 355–56
Book of Negroes, 64–65
Boudinot, Elias, 141, 152, 326
Boudinot, Tobias, 141, 142–43, 202
Bowditch, Henry, 272
boycotts of slave labor products, 193–94
Bradish, Luther, 204–5
Brash (enslaved person), 22–25, 26–27
Briggs, Olney, 147–48
Britain: abolitionism of, 96, 196–97, 212–13, 259; evacuation of slaves by, 58–62, 64–65, 82–83, 85–86, 93–96, 99–100. See also Peace of Paris; Revolutionary War
Brooks, Preston, 310
Buchanan, James, 320–21
Buckley, Theodore, 289
Bucktails, 144, 147
Burton, Mary, 23
Bush, George, 194, 195
Butler, Benjamin, 342

Cabinet of Freedom, The, 194–201
Caesar (enslaved person), 109–12, 134–35
Calhoun, John C., 268–69
California, 274, 279–80, 293, 295
Carleton, Guy, 64
Carmichael, William, 51, 52–53
caste system, racial, 3, 236, 253–54, 262–67, 286, 324–25. See also racism
Catholic Church/Catholicism, 7–8, 15, 36–37, 318–19, 368, 385, 391, 397. See also Christianity; religion
cemetery plots, 253–54
centennial celebrations, 383–85
Chapman, Eleanor Jay, 338
Chapman, John Jay, 394–95, 396–400, 397, 469n20; Causes and Consequences, 396; “The Grandfather,” 397
Chapman, Maria Weston, 225–26, 396–97
Chase, Salmon P.: in antislavery party politics, 312, 316–17, 319; and the Civil War, 337, 339, 350, 354, 362; in the fight for soul and nation, 255–56, 266, 272, 274–75, 282; as reader of View, 213
Child, David Lee, 234–35
Child, Lydia Marie, 228
children: enslaved, in rural New York, 26; indenture of, 136; mandatory service period for, 138–39; in Pennsylvania’s gradual emancipation plan, 48; Peter Jay trafficking in, 20–21; sale of, 20–21, 43–44; in separation of slave families, 109; in the transition to abolition in New York, 118–19, 121–22
Chisolm v. Georgia, 90
Christianity, 125, 200, 294–95, 324. See also Catholic Church/Catholicism; Episcopal Church/Episcopalians; religion
Cinqué, Joseph, 236, 239–40, 242, 244, 249, 254
citizenship, Black: in antislavery organizing, 76–77; as Civil War aim, 347, 349; in the Dred Scott decision, 325, 328; in end to gradualism, 140; in gradual abolition law, 114, 116, 117; in Reconstruction, 365, 366–68, 372–73; in the St. Domingue insurrection, 174; undermined by racism, 237–39
civil rights, 143, 144–48, 347, 369–70, 372–73, 382, 386. See also rights of free Blacks
Civil Service Commission, New York, 391
civil service reform, 386, 388
Civil War: aims of, 7, 344–49, 361; diplomatic service and foreign policy in, 350–52; draft riot and racism in NYC, 356–62; succession and secession in, 338–41; vindication of abolitionism in, 362–64; in Westchester County, 352–56; William Jay II on frontlines of, 341–44
Claas (enslaved person), 42–43, 58
Clarinda (enslaved person), 3, 90, 109, 130–34, 139–40, 156, 177–78, 187–88
Clarkson, Thomas, 80, 272–73, 333; The History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade, 194, 195–97
class, socioeconomic: in 1850s antislavery politics, 315; in the arson plot of 1741, 23; ascent in, 15–16, 17–19, 26–27; in attacks on William Jay, 235, 302–8; Black labor in, 112; in Civil War frontline service, 342–44; in the draft riots, 358–59; of the Grimké sisters, 216–17; in lives of household servants, 177–78, 179–80
Clay, Henry, 269, 293
Clinton, DeWitt, 144
Clopper, Catherine, 44
Coercive Acts, 33, 36
Colden, Cadwallader D., 138–39
College of Physicians and Surgeons, NYC, 300–301
colonizationism/colonizationists: in the Amistad case, 243–44; in The Cabinet of Freedom, 194, 196; in Condition of the Free People of Color, 237; countering of Inquiry by, 180–87; and the end of gradualism, 140; in immediatism, 126, 163, 165; rejection of, 149, 169–77, 335; in remembrances of William Jay, 331–33, 335
Colored American, 203
Colored Orphan Asylum, 347–48
Columbia College, 123, 166–67, 385. See also King’s College
Combs, Hester, 110
come-outerism, 265–67, 282
Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 28
Committee of Vigilance, 201–3
compensation: in The Creole case, 245–46, 247–48; to free Blacks, for kidnapping, 271–72; in gradualist acts and laws, 113, 116, 117; in the Laurens plan, 47–48; monetary, in resistance of Abbe, 66–67; in the Peace of Paris, 58–62, 64–66, 82–83, 92–96, 99–101; in Reconstruction, 370; in rejection of colonizationism, 175–76
compromise: Fugitive Slave Act as, 293–95; in implementing the Peace of Paris, 82–83; Missouri Compromise, 141–44, 209–10, 316–18, 320, 325, 343; moral gaps in, 6–7, 211; necessity of, 208; Republican opposition to, 341; in the U.S. Constitution, 83–88
Confederate war dead, 377–79
Congress, U.S.: and abolition in Washington, D.C., 154; authority of, in issues of slavery, 141–42, 206–9; in The Cabinet of Freedom, 195–96; gag rules by, 196, 201, 207–8, 211, 229–30, 238, 241–42, 281; limitations of, in state procedures for fugitives, 204–5; and the Mexican War, 277; power of, in the migration of slaves, 326
Congressional Congress, New York Delegation, 36
Conkling, Roscoe, 386
Connecticut, 170–71
conservatism: and the Cabinet of Freedom, 194–201; in celebration of the American centennial, 384–85; and commitment to abolitionism, 190–94; in constitutional conflict, 206–9; in education of William Jay, 107, 123–24; of the Episcopalian Church, 324; and the Fugitive Slave Act, 297–98; in the Harlem Plains address, 384; and the New York constitution, 144; in the politics of abolitionism, 203–6; and radicalism, 5–6, 8, 180, 261, 370–71; in Reconstruction, 370–71, 372, 374–75; and the sins of federalism, 209–13; in vigilance on the rights of free Blacks, 201–3; of William Jay, 174, 180, 189–90, 237–38, 266
constitution, New York, 39–42, 144–50, 328
Constitution, United States: AAS conflict over abolition power of, 206–9; in admission of Missouri, 141–42; annexation of Texas in violation of, 271–72; Civil War aims for amendments to, 349; compromises on slavery in, 83–88; fugitives in, 289; and the Fugitive Slave acts, 294–95, 307–8; ratification of, 1–2; in rebutting the Dred Scott decision, 326
Continental Congress, 1–2, 32–33, 36–37, 45–46, 47–48, 65–66
conversion, Christian, 14, 16–17
Cooper, James Fenimore, 107, 162–63, 319–20
cooperation, interracial, 102, 163–64, 372–75
copyright law, 311
Cornish, Samuel, 203, 251
correspondence, Jay family, 4–5
Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, 393
corruption: of the Episcopal Church, 266; in expansion of slavery, 321, 322–23; in partisan politics, 272, 280; in reckoning, 396; and Reconstruction, 375–76, 385–86, 387–88, 391–93
da Costa, Jose and Maria, 291–93
Council of Safety, New York, 44
Cousins, George, 342
Covode, John, 377–79
Cox, Abraham L., 164, 167
Cox, Samuel H., 164, 176, 213
Crandall, Prudence, 170–71, 215
The Creole, 245–48, 260–61
crown/colonial tensions, 32
cruelty, 108–9, 132–33, 194, 249, 253–54, 268, 277–78
Crummell, Alexander, 236, 248–51, 252, 254, 262, 264, 299
culture: democratic, 261, 277–78; Gilded Age culture wars, 389–93; interracial, in New York City, 23; proslavery, threat of, 310–11
Cusno, Joseph, 135, 139, 223, 334–35, 343

Davis, Jefferson, 375
Dawson, Henry, 313–14
De Bow’s Review, 3, 336–37
Declaration of Independence, 40–41, 117, 142, 143–44, 241, 326
“Declaration of Rights” (Vermont), 41
Democratic Party/Democrats: abolitionist skepticism of, 229–30; in the Civil War, 361; in Gilded Age culture wars, 390; and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 318–19, 320–21; in partisan politics and disunion, 269–70; in Reconstruction, 370, 378–79, 385–87; in Westchester County, 352–55
dependence and slavery, 20, 53–54, 69–70, 89–90, 176, 177–78
Dinah (enslaved person), 108–9, 121–22
diplomatic service, 50–51, 379–82
discipline of enslaved, 68, 70–71, 109–10. See also punishment of enslaved
discrimination, racial. See racism
disunion/disunity, 267–73, 281, 327–28, 340
Dolphin, 20
domestic order/disorder, 130–36, 224–25, 227–28
Dongan, John C., 91
Douglas, Stephen A., 340–41
Douglass, Frederick, 3, 330–31, 332–35, 366–67
Downing, George T., 295–97
draft riots, 357–58
Dred Scott decision, 325–29
due process, 206–9, 271, 293–94, 295, 372–73
Durer, William Alexander, 166–67
Dwight, Timothy, 123–24, 125–26

economics: in alliances between northerners and southern slaveholders, 192; dependency on slavery in, 20; in free states, 279–80; in Huguenot migration and use of slaves, 13, 17; of immediatism, 176; of slave ownership, 31, 54–55, 75–76, 108; of slavery in Northern colonies, 2–3; of slavery in the nation’s founding, 5–6; of the slave trade, 18–19, 238–39
Edict of Nantes, 12
Edmonds, John W., 290, 291–92
education: for African American servants, 137; and anti-Catholic sentiment, 391; Blair bill on, 390; denied to southern slaves, 200; for indentured servants, 135–36; of John Jay, 29–31; of John Jay’s daughters, 104–5; racism as impediment to, 186–87, 248–51, 447n33; in the Reconstruction agenda, 366–69, 370–71; in transition to abolition, 118; of William Jay, 107, 123–27; of William Jay’s daughters, 221–22; Young Men’s Society in, 168–69. See also literacy
egalitarianism: in antiracist activism, 236; in arguments against the Missouri Compromise, 142; centennial references to, 384; in critique of colonizationism, 173–74; in gradual abolition law, 117; in immediatism, 163, 166, 167–68; in Jay family activism, 6–7; of the NYMS, 76–77; as Reconstruction goal, 379; in the split with the AAS, 227–28
elderly slaves: ethics of caring for, 97, 109–10, 257–58; support for in New York legislation, 138
elites/elite classes: in anti-abolition violence, 193–94; antislavery activism in conflict with, 7; in the Civil War era, 357–61; in class conflict, 302–8; in Gilded Age culture wars, 389–90; in New York, 15, 20–21, 24–25, 30, 33, 92, 302–8, 357–61; in Reconstruction, 365–66, 368–71, 375–76; slavery in life of, 20–21, 30; Southern, in Charles Ball’s slave narrative, 199–200
Ellison, Thomas, 107
Emancipation Proclamation, 348–49, 354
Emancipator, The, 286
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 396
Ennals, Abram, 120
Episcopal Church/Episcopalians: in the abolition movement, 447–48n3; battle for soul of, 262–67; Black, 218, 248–51, 262–65, 332, 338; fight for Black equality in, 248–51, 255–56; moral compromises of, 6–7; public dispute with, 324; racism of, 236–37, 248–51; recognition of St. Phillips by, 299–300; in Rye, 355–56. See also Christianity; religion
equality/inequality: in antislavery organizing, 77; in colonizationism, 173–74; and conservatism, 8; in the Episcopal Church, 248–51, 255–56; equal protection in law, 2, 90, 372–73, 386; gendered, 214–15, 217, 227–28; in the gradual emancipation era, 136; in the Harlem Plains address, 383–84; household, 4–5; in immediatism, 166; in paternalism, 54; radical, 3–4; in Reconstruction, 365, 370, 371–72; in tributes on William Jay, 331–32; and voting rights in New York state, 146–47, 148; West Indian experience of, 287
ethnicity, 14–15, 384, 392
evacuation of slaves, 58–62, 64–65, 82–83, 85–86, 93–96, 99–100
Evangelical Alliance, 391
exceptionalism, American, 323–24, 388
expansion of slavery: in compromise for trade with Spain, 85; in Kansas, 316–17, 320; and the Mexican War, 269, 274, 275, 277, 279–81; in the Missouri crisis, 141–44; as a religious problem, 321
export bans, 73–74, 78–88, 110, 118–19

family separation, 90, 108–9, 130–34, 136, 199
fanatics/fanaticism, 161–62, 173–74, 180–83, 184, 193, 202–3, 305, 329–30
federalism, 209–13
Federalist Papers, 85–86
Federalists/Federalist Party, 86–87, 92–93, 98, 104, 113, 117, 147
female bodies, Black, 294
feminism, 225–26
Fenton, Reuben, 377–79
Fifth Amendment, U.S. Constitution, 206–9
First Amendment, 190–92
First Confiscation Act, 342
Fish, Hamilton, 380
Flanders, Henry, 305
Flournoy, J. J., 251–53
foreign policy, U.S., 1–2, 6, 350–52
Fortress Monroe, 342–44
founders/founding fathers: in analysis of the Dred Scott decision, 328; in antislavery politics, 318; avoidance of slavery in nation-building by, 74; in the Broadway Tabernacle speech, 314–16; legacy of, 2–4, 129–30, 167–68, 185–86, 304–5, 333–34, 384–85; pragmatism and piety of, 44–49; proslavery sentiments of, in nation-building, 420n3. See also Jay, John
Fourteenth Amendment, 372–73
France, 12–13, 58–71
Franklin, Benjamin, 2, 59–61, 62, 65, 67–68, 76
Franklin, William Temple, 69
free Black people: assertiveness and agency of, 115; and colonizationism, 140, 169–71; in domestic order, 135–36; and the fugitive slave laws, 295–302; insults to, 251–54; as Jay household servants, 177–80; kidnapping of, 6, 78–80, 201–3, 238–39, 271–72, 290, 291–92, 296–97; legal defense of rights of, 119–21; in Missouri, 129–30, 143; in New York colony’s slave regime, 19; in the New York Constitution, 144–48; in New York’s gradual abolition law, 115–16, 117, 119; in post-Revolutionary War New York, 78–81; racism in condition of, 235–36; rejection of colonizationism by, 169–70; threat to home and family of the Fugitive Slave Act, 296–97; white fear of, 174, 175–76, 191. See also African Americans; citizenship, Black; Jay, William: On the Condition of the Free People of Color; rights of free Blacks
Free Democratic League of the City & County of New York (FDL), 312–16
Free Democrats. See Republican Party/Republicans
Freedmen’s Aid Union/Association, 365, 366–68
Freedmen’s Bureau, 368
freedom, Black: Black agency in achieving, 114–15; in British war policy, 58–66; in international law, 81–83, 97; and national liberty, 76–77; paired with citizenship, 116; in post-war New York, 80–81; presumption of, in the Belt case, 290; in the Reconstruction agenda, 368–69; transitional period in, 118–22
“freedom national” principle, 312–13, 314–15
free labor, 162–63, 176, 287, 311–12, 318, 372–73
free soil, 67, 290, 301–2, 310–11, 325
Free Soil Party, 275–76, 312–13, 318
free states, 143, 271–72, 279–80, 293, 295, 317–18, 325–26, 454–55n44
Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 269
Frémont, James C., 320–21
fugitives, slave: in Civil War policy, 342; compensation for, in negotiations with Britain, 93–96; in the Constitution, 84, 85, 87–88, 210; in Jewish law, 323; John Jay II’s role with, 285; jury trials for, 204–5, 210, 231; in kidnappings, 202–3, 291–92; in laws, 153–54, 288–99, 304–5; in New York City, 115; in vindication of John Jay, 304–5; in the will of William Jay, 329–30
Fussell, Rose, 119–20

gag rules, Congressional, 196, 201, 207–8, 211, 229–30, 238, 241–42, 281
Gallatin, Albert, 268–69
Garnet, Henry Highland, 250
Garrison, William Lloyd, 6–7, 163–64, 208, 366, 398; Thoughts on African Colonization, 170
Garrisonians/Garrisonianism: in the AAS conflict over the Constitution, 206; anti-institutionalism of, 232, 259–60; criticism of John Jay II by, 286; cross-factional alliance with, 290, 314; and peace advocacy, 259–60; radicalism of, 189–90, 225; rapprochement with, 338; on the women question, 214, 217, 225–26, 227–29
Gay, Sydney Howard, 302, 314
gender: in attachment to household servants, 178; in domestic patriarchy, 217–19; economy of, 180; equality/inequality of, 214–15, 217, 227–28; in expectations of Jay family women, 219–25; and the Fugitive Slave Act, 294; in Jay family roles, 219–25, 443n12; norms of, 214–15, 228–29, 294
government, federal: in The Condition of Free People of Color, 238, 245; in expansion of slavery, 141–42, 279–80; and fugitive slaves, 210, 288–89, 293, 308; jurisdiction of, 206, 325, 346; power of, on slavery, 206–9, 313–14, 348–49; in Reconstruction, 372–73, 387; and slavery in Washington, D.C., 154–55, 163; A View of the Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery, 209–13. See also Congress, U.S.; Constitution, United States
governorship of John Jay, 113–18
gradualism/gradualists: in the Broadway Tabernacle speech, 315–16; of John Jay, 3–4, 50–51, 103–4, 109–10, 162, 183, 185–86, 305; in joining forces, 167–68, 172, 175–76, 182–84; in nation-building, 77–78, 87, 91; in the New York constitution, 39–42, 148–50; in New York State law, 1–2, 3, 113–18, 136–40; in the paradox of slave ownership and abolitionism, 102–4, 109–10, 111–12, 113–22, 124–25, 127–28; in Pennsylvania, 48–49; as resource for abolitionism, 8; in sharing the flame, 130–40, 141, 142, 143–44, 148–50, 151, 154; transition to immediatism of, 4–5, 161–62; in William Jay’s education, 123, 124–25, 126
Graham, Lewis, 44
Grant, Ulysses S., 379
Greeley, Horace, 375
Gregoire, Henri, 153
Grenville, Lord, 93–94, 95–96
Grimké, Angelina, 215–17, 225–26
Grimké, Sarah, 215–16, 225–26; Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women, 217
Grimké, Thomas, 124

Haight, Edward, 354
Haiti, 174–75, 211
Hale, John P., 312, 318
Hamilton, Alexander, 2, 46–48, 80, 86–87, 100–101, 120–21
Hamilton, Robert, 347–48
Hamilton, William, 102–3, 115, 127–28
Harpur, Robert, 30
Harrison, William Henry, 230, 232–33
Haskin, John B., 353
Hayes, Rutherford B., 386–89
heroism, Black military, 359
Heyrich, Elizabeth, 153, 215
historical education, Euro-centered, Protestant, 392
Hobart, John Henry, 262–63
Hornblower, Joseph Coerten, 306–8
Horsmanden, Daniel, 22–25
Horton, Gilbert, 153, 238–39
House of Representatives, 84, 191–92. See also Congress, U.S.
Hughson, John, 22
Huguenots, 12–14, 15–16, 17–19

ideology: of British antislavery, 94; of the FDL, 313–14; free labor, 176, 287; Garrisonian, on gender, 215, 217; of nonresistance, 228–29; and the paradox of abolitionism and slaveholding, 112; Quaker, 76
immediatism/immediatists: in breaking ranks, 215–16, 221; in the Broadway Tabernacle speech, 315–16; in class conflict, 305; and conservatism, 189, 193, 194, 197; Jay family’s embrace of, 3–4, 6–7; of John Jay II, 166–69, 287; as official government policy, 358; in the paradox of slaveholding and abolition, 124–25, 126, 127–28; as radicalism, 6–7; as reckoning, 399–400; in sharing the flame, 146, 153–54; transition to, 4–5, 161–62; of William Jay, 161–66, 169–77, 186, 333. See also radicalism/radical abolitionism
immigration, 313, 318–19, 391, 469n20
import of slaves, 18–19, 73–74, 78, 88, 110, 118–19
indenture/indentured servitude, 19, 117, 122, 135–36
Independent Democratic Party, 316–17
indignities, 250, 254, 262–63
indignities of slavery and racism, 98
infrastructure, antislavery, 312–14
insurrection, slave: in Civil War policy, 346, 347; in the Constitution, 84; in Manhattan, 19; in South Carolina, 21–22; on St. Domingue, 113, 115, 120–21; in William Jay’s critique of colonizationism, 174–75
integration, racial, 163–66, 169, 190, 249–50, 265, 384
intermarriage/racial intermixing, 126, 165, 183–84, 251–53, 262
international court proposal, 259–60
international relations: The Creole case in, 245–48; in diplomatic ambitions of John Jay II, 350–52; John Jay in, 1–2, 50–54, 58–66, 81–83, 92–101
Ives, Silliman, 265

Jackson, Andrew, 191, 277
Jackson, James Caleb, 227
James II, King of England, 14–15
Jay, Ann (“Nancy”), 104–5, 135, 326, 443n12
Jay, Anna, 179, 217–19
Jay, Anna Marie Bayard, 15
Jay, Anna Marika, 81
Jay, Augusta McVickar, 130, 165–66, 177–78, 219–25, 224, 326–27
Jay, Auguste (Augustus), 6, 11–14, 15, 18–19
Jay, Eleanor Kingsland Field, 221, 351, 353, 389
Jay, Françoise, 20
Jay, Frederick, 54–56, 114
Jay, James, 29–30
Jay, John: advocacy for the U.S. Constitution by, 83–88; An Address to the People of the State of New York, on the Subject of the Constitution, 86; anti-slavery in national service of, 73–74; in antislavery organizing, 74–81, 152–53; early life and elite ambitions of, 31–33; final years and death of, 155–57; as governor, 1–2, 3, 91–92, 98–101, 113–18; as gradualist, 1–2, 3–4, 113–18; legacy and record of, 129–30, 181–86, 247–48, 261, 303–5, 307; national vision of, 311–14; in negotiations on compensation with the British, 92–101; in negotiations with slaves, 50–51, 71–72; and the New York constitution, 39–42, 415–16n35; opposition to expansion of slavery in Missouri, 141–42; ownership and management of slaves by, 2–3, 6, 50–51, 54–58, 66–72, 107–12, 130–33; as parent, 103–7; paternalism towards slaves by, 54–58; and the Peace of Paris, 50–54, 58–66, 81–83; portraits of, 63, 99; pragmatism and piety of, 44, 45–46, 48–49; revolutionary path of, 36–39; as Supreme Court Chief Justice, 88–90; in the transition to abolition in New York, 121–22
Jay, John II: abolitionism in politics, 205–6; in advocacy for fugitive slaves, 285, 288–93, 298–99, 301–2; American Centennial address by, 383–85; on the Amistad, 241; as an immediatist, 3, 6–7, 166–69; anti-corruption work of, 388–89, 391; and Antietam National Cemetery, 377–79; and Charles Sumner, 309–10, 339; and the Civil War, 7, 337–40, 344–49; in class conflict, 306, 307; death of brother in importance of, 225; in defense of Inquiry, 184–85; departure from focus on Black rights, 386–88; diplomatic ambitions and service of, 350–52, 379–80; on the Dred Scott decision, 325–26; and the Episcopal Church, 236–37, 250–51, 262–65, 299–300; family history in will of, 392–93; and free household servants, 179–80; in Gilded Age culture wars, 389–93; marginalization of, in Westchester County, 352–56; and the New York elite, during the Civil War, 357–62; in party politics, 268–69, 310–11, 312–14, 316–21; on political abolitionism, 314–16; portrait of, 367; Protestant-centered vision of, 385, 391–92; in public disputes, 180–86, 206–9, 323–24, 377–80; in Reconstruction, 374; Reconstruction agenda of, 7–8, 365–68; uncompromising reputation of, 286–88; as witness to the Thirteenth Amendment, 362–64; and the YMAS, 187, 227
Jay, John II: writings of: “American Free—or American Slave,” 319–20; Caste and Slavery in the American Church, 262; “Enlistment of slaves in the Army,” 346; “Our Duty to the Freedmen,” 366–68; Thoughts on the Duty of the Episcopal Church in Relation to Slavery, 236–37; “Why We Resist and What We Resist,” 336–37, 340
Jay, Maria (daughter of William and Augusta), 165–66
Jay, Mary Duyckinck, 134, 155
Jay, Mary Van Cortlandt, 20
Jay, Peter (brother of John), 56, 133–35
Jay, Peter (father of John), 20, 24, 25–27, 30–31, 35, 42, 57–58
Jay, Peter Augustus: on colonialization, 433n55; death and will of, 257–58; legal and political activism of, 104; in New York abolition, 119–20, 121–22, 136–38, 140; in the New York constitutional convention of 1821, 144–50; in NYMS activism, 113–14; opposition to expansion of slavery in Missouri, 141; on rebuttals to Inquiry, 184–85; on sale of disruptive slaves, 97–98; as slaveowner, 3, 109–10
Jay, Pierre, 11–13
Jay, Sarah Louisa, 104–7, 106, 151
Jay, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (“Sally”), 31–32, 43–44, 51–54, 89–90, 106
Jay, William: and the AAS, 169, 173, 176, 190–94, 209–10, 212, 214–15, 225–29; on the annexation of Texas, 267–68, 270–71; as antislavery activist, 6–7; in the battle for the soul of the church, 265–67; bequest for fugitive slaves by, 329–30; and The Cabinet of Freedom, 194–201; childhood of, 105–7, 106; in class conflict, 303–5, 306–7; and colonialization, 169–77, 180–87; and the Committee of Vigilance, 201–3; conservatism in abolitionism of, 189–94; conservatism of, 174, 180, 189–90, 237–38, 266; in constitutional conflict, 206–9; death of, 328–29, 330–34; on disunion, 271–73; early antislavery expressions of, 129–30, 143, 150–55; education of, 107, 123–27; in electoral politics, 203–6; forebodings of civil war, 309, 310; and the Free Soil Party, 275–76; on fugitive slaves and fugitive slave law, 288–89, 293–98, 307–8; gendered expectations for family of, 217–25; health problems as impediment to, 128; as immediatist, 3, 6, 161–66, 168–77, 186, 333; peace advocacy by, 258–61; portrait of, 177, 355; racism in personal attacks against, 234–36; in rebutting the Dred Scott decision, 327–29; on religion and slavery, 317, 321, 322–25; as social critic, 310–11; and the Underground Railroad, 302; on the war with Mexico, 273–74; will and testament of, 334–35; on women in activism, 215–17
Jay, William: On the Condition of the Free People of Color: Amistad case in, 239–44; The Creole case in, 245–48; impediments to education in, 248–51; insults and outrage in, 251–54; northern racism as inspiration for, 234–36; racism by church and state in, 237–39, 248–51
Jay, William: writings of: Address to the Inhabitants of New Mexico and California, 279–80; An Examination of the Mosaic Laws of Servitude, 322–23; Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, 169–77; The Life of John Jay, 161, 171–72, 328; “On the Profession of Lawyering,” 126–27; “Reply to a Letter from a Clergymen of the Episcopal Church,” 262; A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War, 256–57, 276–82; A View of the Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery, 209–13; War and Peace, 258–61
Jay, William II, 341–44
Jay Gardoqui Treaty, 85
Jay Homestead, 131, 338
Jay Treaty, 1–2, 95–96, 98–101
Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 3–4, 129; Notes on the State of Virginia, 77
Johnson, Andrew, 368–69, 371, 375–76
Johnson, Peter, 134. See also Peet (enslaved person)
Johnson, Samuel, 30
Joseph, Peter, 120
jury trials, 204–5, 210, 231

Kansas, 309–10, 316–21
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 317–18
Kelley, Abby, 214, 225–26
Kerry, Margaret, 23
kidnapping of free Black people, 6, 79, 201–3, 238–39, 271–72, 290, 291–92
King, John A., 375
King, Joseph, 119–20
King’s College, 30
Kirk, George, 289–90
Kissam, Benjamin, 31
Know Nothing Party, 318–19, 320

La Rochelle, France, 11–12
Laurens, Henry, 59–61, 65, 248
Laurens, John, 46–48
Laurens Plan, 46–48, 58, 346
law, international: in The Creole case, 245–48; Lebranca case in, 291–92
laws and legislation: anti-Black, and colonizationists, 170–71; federal, in perpetuating slavery, 209–13; on fugitive slaves, 84, 85, 87–88, 153–54, 210, 288–99, 304–5; gradual abolition acts and laws, 113–18; personal liberty law, 231; required for emancipation, 171–72; Somerset decision in, 35
Leavitt, Joshua, 213
Lee, Peter, 201–3, 238–39
legacy, Jay family: defense of, on the war with Mexico, 273–74; evoked against expansion of slavery, 129–30; founding and slavery in, 2–4; of John Jay, 181–86, 247–48, 261, 303–5, 307; in the question of disunion, 272, 327–28; Thirteenth Amendment as vindication of, 363–64; in William Jay’s biography, 392–93
Leisler, Jacob, 15
Leisler Movement and Rebellion, 15
Lemmon, Juliet and Jonathan, 301–2
The Liberator, 161–62
Liberia, 171, 186–87, 347
Liberty Party, 232, 255–56, 267–68, 269–70, 274–76, 286–87
Lieber, Francis, 328
Lincoln, Abraham and administration, 339–41, 342, 343, 344–45, 350–51, 365
literacy, 54, 125, 137, 146, 200, 279–80, 323–24. See also education
Littlepage, Lewis, 52
Livingston, Brockholst, 51, 52–53, 81
Livingston, Robert R., Jr., 31–32, 59–60
Livingston, William, 32–33, 42–43, 44–45, 81
Long, Henry, 298
Louis XIV, King of France, 12
Loyal National League, 357–58
loyalty: in the Civil War and Reconstruction, 354–55, 357, 366–67, 371; in culture wars, 391; oaths of, as enslavement, 37–38; of slaves and masters, 4–5, 58, 134, 155, 334–35
Ludlow, Henry, 164, 165, 168–69
Lushington, Richard, 78–79
lynching, 199, 268, 305, 357–58, 394–96

Madison, James, 2, 59–60
Maine, 143
Manhattan, 21–25, 32, 42, 64, 340–41
manumission: and antislavery activism, 76–78, 80–81; behavior in, 68–69; in gradualism, 76–78, 87; in Jewish law, 323; laws on, 19, 73–74, 76, 78, 118–19; negotiations for, 50, 109; purchase price in terms of, 108; societies in activism for, 315–16; in the transition to abolition, 119–20, 121–22, 136, 138–39; violations of, 114–15. See also New-York Manumission Society
Marcy, William, 202–3, 205
marriage: interracial, 126, 165, 183–84, 251–53, 262; of slaves, 54, 265
Martinique, 51–52, 80
Mary (enslaved person), 57–58, 75–76, 97, 110–11
Maryland, 377–78
Massachusetts, 35
McVickar, John, 166–67, 331
medical school, 299–300
Mexican War, 256–57, 273–80
migration: Black, post-Reconstruction, 395; of free Blacks, 146, 238; of slaves, 141–42, 325–26
Milbourne, Jacob, 15
militarism, critique of, 277–78
military emancipation doctrine, 344, 348
military service: for African Americans, 344–45, 346–48, 349, 359; in the Laurens Plan, 46–48, 58, 346; of William Jay II, 341–44
Miller, Samuel, 115–16
miscegenation. See intermarriage/racial intermixing
Missouri and the Missouri Compromise, 129–30, 141–44, 209–10, 316–18, 320, 325, 343, 344–45
Moll (enslaved person), 75–76
Montgomery, Zilpah (enslaved person), 3, 130–33, 139, 177–79, 187–88, 334–35, 381–82
morality/immorality: in a Civil War slave trade treaty, 351; in immediatism, 163, 167; in the Mexican War, 276–77, 278; in the paradox of slaveholding and abolitionism, 103, 104–5, 123, 124–25; and partisanship, 280; and patriotism, 8, 45; in public commitment to abolition, 192–93; in rebutting the Dred Scott decision, 327; of reenslavement, 100–101; of resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act, 295; of slavery and founding ideals, 5–6, 58; southern, 199–200; in William Jay’s critique of colonizationism, 171
Moran, Richard, 253
Morris, Gouverneur, 39–42, 44, 84
Morris, Richard, 26
Morris, William, 299
Morrison, John, 176
Mosaic Law, 322–23
Munro, Peter Jay, 68–69, 70, 113–15, 119–21, 136–37, 144, 149, 427–28n47
Murray, John Jr., 31
Murray, Lindley, 31
Myers, Stephen A., 302

Napoleon, Louis, 289, 291–92
Nash, Daniel D., 202, 203
National Anti-Slavery Standard (NASS), 228, 292
nationalism: in the Harlem Plains address, 384; of John Jay II, 7–8, 311–12, 379–80, 388–90; as the key to preserving the union, 341; merged with abolitionism, 361–62; in the Mexican War, 277–78; and social justice, in Reconstruction, 365–66; of the Young Men’s Anti-Slavery Society, 167–68
nativism, 318–19, 366, 391
natural law, 34–35, 40–41, 83, 93–94, 238–39, 247. See also positive law
Neau, Elias, 16–17, 19
Nebraska, 316–18
necessity, military, 345, 346, 348–49
New England Anti-Slavery Society (NEAS), 189–90
New Jersey, 44–45, 308
Newkirk, Barnet, 119–20
New Mexico, 274, 279–80, 293
New Rochelle, New York, 17, 30
New York: constitution of, 39–42, 144–50, 328; export bans in, 73–74, 78–88, 118–19; manumission laws in, 73–74; politics in, 84, 113, 376, 385–86; slave population in, 77–78
New York Anti-Slavery Society (NYAS), 169, 204–6
New York City: Black population of, 357–58; as the national capital, 74–75; riots in, 164–65, 356–62; slave codes in, 40–41; slave population of, 17
New York Colony, 14–15, 16–17, 18–19
New York Federalism, 144
New-York Historical Society, 287–88
New-York Manumission Society (NYMS): in advocacy for gradualism, 102, 113–16; in the Broadway Tabernacle speech, 315–16; on colonialization, 433n55; in defense of rights of free Blacks, 78–79; in the end of gradual abolition, 136–37, 139; in enforcement of antislavery statutes, 113–14; and John Jay, 76–81, 88, 91; and the Philadelphia constitutional convention, 84–85, 87; in the transition to abolition in New York, 120–21, 122. See also manumission
New York State law: gradual emancipation in, 1–2, 3, 113–18, 136–40; on slavery and emancipation, sojourn loophole in, 204–5
New-York Young Men’s Anti-Slavery Society. See Young Men’s Anti-Slavery Society
nonresistance, theory of, 225, 226–27, 259–60
norms, gendered, 214–15, 228–29, 294
Northwest Ordinance, U.S. Constitution, 85

Ohio, 238, 239, 326, 329. See also Salmon P. Chase
Olmstead, Frederick Law, 357
Onderdonk, Benjamin, 248–51, 263–64
Onderdonk, Henry, 250–51
Oswald, Richard, 59–60

pacifism, 45–46, 76, 225, 258–61, 272–73
Paine, Elijah, 301
Paine, Thomas, 34
Paley, William: The Principals of Moral and Political Philosophy, 124–25
partisanship: and the Civil War, 339–40; and disunion, 267–73; in government service, 387–88; in gradualism, 116; in the Harlem Plains centennial address, 385; in the Missouri crisis, 129, 143; and morality, 280; in nation-building, 92–93, 98–100; in parting remarks of John Jay II, 385; perils of, in 1858, 310–11; in political appointments, 313–14; in removal of John Jay’s portrait, 355. See also political parties
paternalism: in approaches to antislavery activism, 6–7; in bequests to former slaves, 257–58; in domestic order, 135; in household equality, 4–5; long-distance, 54–58; of the NYMS, 77, 124–25; toward Abbe, 66; toward women in abolitionism, 215–16
Paton, David, 156
patriarchy, 6–7, 55–56, 97, 214–15, 217–19, 228, 294, 296–97
patriotism: in the American Centennial address, 383–84; in Civil War military service, 341–42; invoked in politics, 319–20; of John Quincy Adams, 280–82; and metaphors of enslavement, 38–39; and morality, 8, 45–46; in peace advocacy, 259–60; in rebuttals to Inquiry, 183, 184; and Reconstruction, 369–70, 378; redefining, 276–79
patronage, political, 354, 355, 388, 391
peace advocacy of William Jay, 258–61, 272–73
Peace of Paris, 58–66, 81–83
Peet (enslaved person), 89, 96–97, 133–34
Pennington, J. W. C., 244, 298–99
Pennsylvania, 48–49
persuasion: antislavery evidence in, 196; moral, 166, 171, 190–94, 207–8, 211, 213, 232, 261; wartime as opportunity for, 345
Philipse, Cuffee, 22
Philipse, Frederick, 18, 26
Phillis (enslaved person), 111
Phoenix Society, 168–69
piety, 44–49, 77, 147–48, 152–53, 172–73, 303–4, 308, 330–31
Pine, Jack, 135–36
plantation society, 51–52
Plato (enslaved person), 42–43, 56, 57–58, 75–76
Plato, young (enslaved person), 97–98
poetry, antislavery, 115
political abolitionism, 232–33, 256, 314–15
political parties: alliance building with, 310–11; antislavery, 226–27, 229–33, 256, 274–76, 316–21. See also under name of party; partisanship
political tyranny-as slavery-trope, 37–39
politics: anti-administration, in the draft riots, 358; antislavery, 266, 267–73, 275–76, 316, 318; electoral, 203–6, 229–33; New York, 84, 113, 376, 385–86; racial, in Douglass’s eulogy of William Jay, 332–33; in Reconstruction, 371–73, 376; revolutionary, in critiques of slavery, 34; of slavery and disunion, 267–73; as temptation from abolitionism, 189; in Westchester County, 353
Polk, James and administration, 269–70, 273
positive law, 35, 40–41, 83. See also natural law
poverty, 151, 311–12
Powell, William P., 291–92, 295–97
pragmatism, 44–49, 95–96, 193–94, 274–75, 345–46
prejudice, color. See racism
Preliminary and Conditional Articles of Peace, 60–61
Preston, Horace, 298–99
Prigg v. Pennsylvannia, 288–89
property: in The Creole case, 245–46; in English liberty, 33–34; in the Fugitive Slave Act, 297; human, in wills and estates, 57–58; in negotiations on compensation, 95; in the Peace of Paris, 59–66; in pragmatism on slavery, 44; rights to, 34–35, 36–37, 65, 245–46; slaves in Jay’s survey of, 107–8; in voting rights, 144–45, 147
Protestant Church. See Episcopal Church/Episcopalians; Huguenots
public opinion: and The Cabinet of Freedom, 201; danger of Black violence in, 296; European, on the Civil War, 350, 351; and moral leadership, 256–57; as moral standard, 280, 281–82, 304; northern, and nonviolent resistance, 196; overseas, in Civil War foreign policy, 350; in peace advocacy, 259; power of moral suasion in, 232; in the sins of federalism, 212–13; Southern, on abolition, 199
punishment of enslaved, 24–25, 97–98, 109–10, 200. See also discipline of enslaved
Pyne, Thomas, 212, 259

Quakers, 31, 44–46, 216
Quincy, Edmund, 286

race: in constitutional rights, 204–5; environmentalist ideas on, 125; in the Harlem Plains address, 384; in hypocrisy of the Episcopal Church, 265–66; integration of, in the AAS, 163–66, 169, 190; and service in the Jay household, 156; and voting rights in the New York constitution, 144–50
racism: in attitudes on William Jay, 234–36; in colonizationism, 169–70; in De Bow’s Review, 336–37; in disfranchisement, 144–47; in the draft riots, 358; of the Episcopal Church hierarchy, 236–39, 262–65; in failure of gradual emancipation bills, 77–78; graveyard, 335; as impediment to education, 186–87, 248–51, 447n33; institutional, 236–39; in the Missouri Compromise, 143; Northern, in abolitionism, 204; as obstacle to American progress, 186–87; patterns of, 254; proslavery militancy in, 324–25; ULC’s attempts to reverse, 359–60
radicalism/radical abolitionism: of the AAS, 163–64, 225; in antislavery fusion politics, 318; and conservatism, 5–6, 189–90; embrace of, 6–7; joining forces with, 169; in Reconstruction, 371, 373–75. See also immediatism/immediatists
Randolph, Edmund, 93–96
ratification of the Constitution, 86–87
rebellions, slave: aboard La Amistad, 239–44; as an argument for abolition, 175; in the Constitution, 84; aboard The Creole, 245–47, 260–61; New York arson plot, 21–25, 412n35; in South Carolina, 21–22; St. Domingue insurrection, 113, 174
reckoning, 394–400
Reconstruction: burying the past in, 377–79; and the election of Hayes, 385–89; elite agenda in, 366–68; hopes for social justice and equality in, 365–66; intervention and contention in, 372–76
reenslavement, 87–88, 100–101, 111–12, 204
Reese, David M., 181–86
refugees: French West Indian, 120–21; Huguenot, 13–14; slaves freed by the British as, 64–65, 93–94; Southern slaves as, in the Civil War, 342, 344–45; white, from St. Domingue, 113, 115
religion: denial of, to slaves, 323; in excusing slavery, 322–25; in the life of Jay family women, 221–22, 223; in metaphors of enslavement, 38–39; in patriarchy, 217–18; in the Reconstruction agenda, 366–68; renunciation of, 265–67. See also Catholic Church/Catholicism; Christianity; Episcopal Church/Episcopalians
Renwick, Henry, 233
Republican Party/Republicans, 7, 318–19, 320–21, 336–37, 339–40, 345, 353, 372–76
reputation: of the Jay family, defense of, 233; and the Jay family daughters, 104–5; of John Jay, 273–74, 303–5; of John Jay II, 286–88, 292–93; social, of the Grimké sisters, 216–17; of William Jay, in rebuttals to Inquiry, 181–82
resistance, Black: of Abbe, 66–71; aboard The Creole, 245–47; on the Amistad, 239–40; Black, against racism, 236; Civil War potential for, 347; to the Fugitive Slave Act, 294–96; and gradualism, 77–78, 113–14, 115; as inspiration for activism, 254; in international conflict, 260; by New York slaves, 24–25; public, to fugitive slave rendition, 293
responsibility: to elderly slaves, 97, 110–11; of Great Britain to former slaves, 100–101; personal of John Jay toward family slaves, 54–58; of slaveholders toward slaves, 75–76, 89; in the transition to abolition, 122
Revolutionary War, 42–44, 58–66, 141, 261, 318, 320, 326, 346
Rice, Edgar, 395
Ridley, Matthew, 71–72
rights of free Blacks: in The Creole case, 245–46; defense of, 119–21, 201–3; kidnapping as violation of, 238–39; in the Missouri Compromise, 143; NYMS in defense of, 78–79; right to testify, 117, 239, 244, 295; violations of, in the north, 237–39; voting rights, 137–38, 144–50, 237–38
riots in New York City, 164–65, 356–62
Robertson, Henry, 354
Robertson, James, 120–21
da Roche, Jose, 291–93
Romme, Elizabeth, 23
Romme, John, 23
Roosevelt, Quaco, 22
Ross, John Z., 145
Rou, Louis, 16
Ruggles, David, 170, 201–3
rule of law, 207, 297
Rush, Benjamin, 34
Rye, New York, 26–27

St. Domingue insurrection, 113, 174
St. Philips Church, 164–65, 250, 262–65, 299–300
sale of slaves: as discipline, 111; in domestic order, 133–34; in family separation, 56, 199; gradualism in, 168; interstate, in the transition to abolition in New York, 119; paternalism in, 55–56; by Peter Jay, 20–21; in Peter Jay’s will, 57–58; sale of children, 20–21, 43–44
Sanders, Thomas, 120
schisms, abolitionist, 314–16
Scott v. Sanford, 325–29
secession/secessionists, 336–37, 340–41, 386–87, 390
sectionalism: in disunion, 270–71; in the election of 1854, 317; expansion of slavery in, 282; in the Fugitive Slave Act, 293; in the Harlem Plains address, 383–84; in nation-building, 74, 84–85, 420n3; in Reconstruction, 378–79, 386–88
Sedgwick, Theodore II: The Practicability of the Abolition of Slavery, 162–63
segregation, 358–60, 382, 390
servitude, Biblical, 322–23
Seward, William H., 205–6, 230, 231, 350–51
sex, interracial, 43–44
Seymour, Horatio, 354–55, 357
Sharp, Granville, 34–35, 73–74, 87
Sidney, Thomas, 250
Sierra Leone colonial project, 96
Silliman, Benjamin, 123
sins of federalism, 209–13
slave codes, 19, 40–41, 85, 199
slaveholders/slaveholding: colonizationism in abetting, 171–72; in The Creole case, 245–46; ethics of, 110–11; federal government in interests of, 209–10, 212–13; influence of, 282; interests of, in the Constitution, 84–88; obligations to slaves of, 75–76, 89, 97, 110–11, 122, 155, 257–58; post-Revolutionary organizing in rights of, 79–80; and religious organizations, 322; slaves in socioeconomic status, 17–18; in the war with Mexico, 277; on the will of William Jay, 329–30; at Yale, 123
slave narratives, 194, 197, 199–201, 440n21
“Slave Power,” 277, 278, 312–13, 317, 353, 355–56, 363, 370
slave states: admission of Texas as, 269; in constitutional crisis, 207–8; disadvantages of, 278–79; gradualism in, 175–76; in the Missouri crisis and compromise, 129–30, 141–42, 143, 145; reversion to territories, 346
slave trade: bans in, 73–74, 78–88, 110, 118–19; British, abolition of, 212–13; in The Cabinet of Freedom, 195–96, 199; in Civil War diplomacy, 350, 351; in the Compromise of 1850, 293; in the Constitution, 73; international, 84, 210–11, 260–61; interstate, and Texas statehood, 270; Jay family in, 18–19, 20–21; John Jay’s social connections to, 33; La Rochelle, France in, 11–12; reckoning with, 398; as sin of federalism, 210–11
Smith, Elihu H., 115–16
Smith, Gerrit: and the AFAS, 226–27; and The Cabinet of Freedom, 194–95; election to Congress, 317; in electoral politics, 203–6; and the Liberty Party, 274, 275; in party politics, 230, 232; in posting bond for Jefferson Davis, 375; in support of Crummell, 251; William’s alliance with, 6–7, 193
Smith, Melancton, 86–87
Snowden, James P., 299
society: colonial, 30; connections in, 15, 31–33; postwar, in the Reconstruction agenda, 369–70; southern, un-Christian characteristics of, 200
Society for the Encouragement of Faithful Domestics, 156
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), 16
Somerset, James, 34–35
Somerset decision (Lord Mansfield), 34–35, 93–94
South Carolina, 13–14, 21–22, 47–48, 162–63, 247, 324
sovereignty: national, 65–66, 149, 184; personal, 90, 132; popular, 317, 318–19, 324; state, 372–73
Spain, 52, 87–88
Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, 31
Stewart, Alvan, 206–9, 230
Stewart, Charles, 34–35
Stiles, Ezra, 123
Stone, William L., 180–81, 186
Stouppe, Pierre, 29–30
Strong, George Templeton, 292–93, 300, 302–3, 379–80
Strong, Josiah, 391
Stuart, Moses, 303–6
Sturge, Joseph, 245–46, 259
suffrage, universal, male, 144–45, 147, 148, 370–71, 378–79
sugar production, West Indies, 17–18
Sumner, Charles: “The Barbarism of Slavery” speech, 339–40; in the battle for soul and nation, 274–75; in the Civil War, 339–40, 345, 346, 350–52; connection to John Jay II of, 309–10, 339
Supreme Court, U.S.: in the Amistad case, 243–44; Dred Scott decision by, 325–29; John Jay as chief justice, 88–90; on jurisdiction over fugitives, 288–89; Salman Chase appointed to, 362; as threat to Civil War aims, 348
Susan (enslaved person), 75–76
Sykes, George, 344

Tallmadge, James Jr., 141, 148–49
Taney, Roger, 325–29, 362
Tappan, Arthur, 164, 329
Tappan, Lewis, 164, 165, 194, 225, 226, 240, 243–44
Tappanites, 227, 228–29
Taylor, John S., 194
Taylor, Zachary, 275–76
Tea Act, 33
Tea Parties, 36–37
testify, right to, 117, 239, 244, 295
Texas, 211, 256, 267–73
theft, organized, 21
third-party movement, 229–33
Thirteenth Amendment, 362
three-fifths clause, 84, 86–87, 209–10, 270–71
Tilden, Samuel, 386–87
Tompkins, Daniel D., 136–37
tracts, antislavery, 190–92
transitions to freedom from slavery, 118–22
Trinity Church, New York, 16, 324
Tuckerman, Bayard: William Jay and the Constitutional Movement for the Abolition of Slavery, 392–93
Tyler, John, 269, 270–71

Underground Railroad, 285, 302, 338. See also fugitives, slave
Union Club of NYC, 306, 308
Union Defense Committee, 353
Union League Club (ULC): in the draft riot, 358–59; founding of, 357; and President Hayes, 387–89; in Reconstruction, 369–70, 373, 374, 375–76; as voice of reform, 386; in witnessing the Thirteenth Amendment, 362–63
Union Missionary Society, 244
unity/disunity: in advocacy for the Constitution, 86; and the Dred Scott decision, 327–28; fears of, in the election of 1860, 340; in the Harlem Plains address, 383–84; politics of slavery in, 267–73; in Reconstruction, 372, 374–75; in rhetoric of John Quincy Adams, 281; as wartime aim, 345
Upshur, Abel, 268–69
Ury, John, 22, 24
US Peace Commission, 60–66
Utah, 293

Valentine, Caesar, 3, 257–58
Valette, Marie (Jay), 20
Valette, Pierre, 20
Van Buren, Martin and administration, 148, 230, 232–33, 275–76, 277
Van Cortlandt, Françoise Jay, 20
Van Cortlandt, Frederick, 20
Van Cortlandt, Mary, 20
Varick, Caesar, 22
Vermont, 41
vindication, 363–64, 369
violence: against the AAS in New York City, 164–65; anti-abolition, elite classes in, 193–94; against Charles Sumner, 310; in the draft riots, 357–58; racism in patterns of, 254; in support for immediatism, 168–69
Virginia, 35, 373–75, 395
voting rights: colonizationists against, 170; for free Black men, 137–38, 144–50, 237–38; in the gubernatorial election of 1838, 204–5; John Quincy Adams belief in, 281–82; in the New York constitutional convention of 1821, 144–48; in rebutting the Dred Scott decision, 328; in Reconstruction, 370–71, 372–73; universal male suffrage, 144–45, 147, 148, 370–71, 378–79

wages, 120, 132–34, 135–36, 176
Walker, Zachariah, 394–96, 398–400
war: for freedom in the West Indies, 174–75; Mexican War, 256–57, 273–80; Revolutionary War, 42–44, 58–66, 141, 261, 318, 320, 326, 346; against whites as fear of immediatism, 126; William Jay’s advocacy against, 258–61
Washington, D.C., 153–55, 293, 295, 347
Washington, George, 2, 3–4, 48, 64
Washington, Madison, 245, 248
Watkins, Judith Livingston, 112, 130
wealth: in anti-abolitionism, 193–94; in conflict in New York colony, 15; in lives of household servants, 179–80; and slavery in New York City, 75; slaves as marker of, 112; slaves as repositories of, 107–8
Webster, Daniel, 245, 246–47, 294, 303
Westchester County, 25–27, 42–44, 136, 319–20, 340–41, 352–56
West Indies, 17–19, 174, 287
West Virginia, 377–78
Wheatley, Phillis, 34
Whigs, 32–33, 204–6, 232–33, 269–70, 274, 312–13, 318–19
white supremacy, 288, 365–66, 385–86, 390
white-washing, 384
Wilberforce, William, 96, 122, 125, 173–74, 333
Williams, Peter Jr., 164–65, 218, 262–63
Williams, Peter Sr., 108–9, 115
Wilmot, David, 274
women: Jay family, 215, 217–19; women question, 214–17, 225–29
Wool, John Ellis, 342–44
working class, white, 357–58

Yaff (enslaved person), 89–90
Yale College, 123–27
Yonkers Overseers of the Poor, 138
Young Men’s Anti-Slavery Society, 166–69, 208, 227, 286, 441n31
Young Men’s Colonization Society, 186–87
Young Ralph, 120

Zilpah. See Montgomery, Zilpah
Zilpha (enslaved person), 56, 57–58, 75–76

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