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INDEX
Figures are indicated by “f” following page numbers.
- Adventists, 114–16, 208, 271n89
- Afghanistan, Soviet invasion of (1979), 3, 129, 131, 273n26
- Aitmatov, Chinghiz, 163
- Aksakov, Ivan Sergeevich, 45
- Aksenov-Meerson, Michael, 59, 60, 257n30
- Aksiuchits, Viktor, 164, 168, 200–204, 201f
- Albats, Yevgenia, 184
- Aleksenko, Leonid Demianovich, 105–6
- Alekseyeva, Liudmilla, 267n10
- Aleksii I (patriarch of Moscow): on church-state relations, 54; letter to (1965), 31–32, 39–54, 57, 85, 91, 113, 252n1, 257n20, 276n59; Stalin’s cult of personality and, 169–70; suspension of Yakunin from priesthood, 1, 54, 101; Yermogen and, 38, 253n21
- Aleksii II (patriarch of Moscow): challenges facing, 209–10, 213, 218; KGB and, 183–84, 187, 286n25, 286n28; on missionaries, 208, 211, 217; pressure from church factions, 197; on revitalization of Russian Orthodox Church, 162–63, 199; on Ukrainian independence, 219; Yakunin and, 204, 210–17, 293n78; at Yeltsin’s inauguration, 289n81
- All-Russian Church Council (1917–1918), 42–43, 45, 214–15, 221–22, 229, 232
- American Historical Association, 281–82n25
- American Orthodox Church (AOC), 115
- Andropov, Yuri, 2, 143, 155
- antireligion campaigns: Bolsheviks and, 45, 55, 106, 179, 181; ideological basis of, 63; of Khrushchev, 7, 28–29, 33, 38, 53, 89, 91, 167–68, 251n66; persecution and, 75–76; propaganda, 13, 28, 106, 121; of Stalin, 89, 167–68. See also atheism
- antisemitism, 11, 27
- Apostolic Orthodox Church (AOTs), 8, 228–33, 231f, 297n53
- Applebaum, Anne, 144
- Argentev, Aleksandr, 270n59
- Arnold, John, 87
- Arutiunian, Vardan, 278n34
- atheism: Bolsheviks and, 43, 44, 58; in cultural history, 33; in educational settings, 13, 59, 92, 109; in literature, 108; resistance to, 22, 128; scientific, 92, 109; of Yakunin, 13, 15, 26, 35. See also antireligion campaigns
- Atkinson, David, 134, 141, 275n54
- authoritarianism: criticisms of, 8; mass systems of belief and, 163; Miłosz on, 9–10; reemergence of, 222–27; Russian Orthodox Church and, 113, 169–72, 197, 208, 215, 224
- Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 90, 115, 197, 219
- Baptists: Christian Committee and, 279n51; illegal operations, 114–15; Irkutsk community, 20; missionaries, 208, 211–12; persecution of, 78, 81, 263n34; Reformed, 89–90, 116, 271n89; Riazan’, 112; Southern, 208
- Barabanov, Evgenii, 106–7, 158
- Baran, Emily, 224
- Beak, David, 141
- Belov, Aleksei, 238f
- Berdiaev, Nikolai: Dudko and, 36; Marxism renounced by, 24–25; The Meaning of Creativity, 25; Men on, 24, 291n18; on personalism, 26, 203; The Philosophy of Freedom, 25–26, 29, 98; rediscovery of, 43, 50, 65, 67; Yakunin and, 24–27, 29, 153, 251n49
- Bergson, Henri, 69, 71–72
- Berman, Harold J., 165
- Bibikova, Valentina, 20–21
- Bloom, Anthony, 97, 128
- Bochkov, Pavel, 228, 230
- Bociurkiw, Bohdan R., 88, 90–93, 265–66n69
- Bogdanova, Paulina, 184–85
- Bogolep (archbishop of Kirov and Nikolaev), 269n35
- Bolotov, Vasilii, 50
- Bolsheviks: antireligion campaigns of, 45, 55, 106, 179, 181; atheism promoted by, 43, 44, 58; church-state relations and, 21, 22, 58, 167, 172–73; language of, 106, 269n45. See also Communist Party
- Bondarenko, Valeriia Petrovna, 112
- Bonner, Elena, 98, 138, 267n10
- Borovoi, Vitalii, 82
- Borshchev, Valerii, 242
- Bourdeaux, Michael, 76, 87–88, 128, 142, 264n55, 279n51
- Bradley, Mark Philip, 262n7
- Brezhnev, Leonid, 3, 124, 128, 143, 145, 155, 170
- Bruhl, Lucien Lévy, 18
- Buchanan, John H., 90, 265n64
- Buddhism, 212, 224
- Bukovsky, Vladimir, 133, 192
- Bulgakov, Sergei, 25, 43, 46, 50, 67, 153
- Burgess, John, 191
- Burtsev, Vladimir, 127, 274n28
- Bychkov, Sergei Sergeevich, 8–9, 189, 230–31, 237, 253n15
- canon law: on church-state relations, 195; on geographical dominion, 115; Nikodim on, 86; violations of, 33, 54, 188, 214, 222, 256n5; Yakunin-Eshliman letters on, 44
- Carter, Jimmy, 265n60, 266n83
- Catacomb Church, 16, 20–22, 229, 250nn39–41, 251n46, 260n63
- Catherine the Great (Russian Empire), 11, 35
- Catholic Church: Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights, 109, 267n13; converts from Russian Orthodox Church, 12; corruption in, 226; decline of, 55; illegal operations, 114–15; Irkutsk community, 16, 19–20; missionaries and, 208; persecution of, 78; reconciliation with Russian Orthodox Church, 116; Syllabus, 225, 295n16
- censorship, 57, 70, 130, 227, 266n69
- Chebrikov, Viktor, 183
- Chekhov, Anton, 110, 161
- Chernenko, Konstantin, 155
- Cherniak, Andrei, 258n33
- Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 286n19
- Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights: archives, 2, 100, 103–13; Baptists and, 279n51; Dakin and, 7, 9, 102–3, 112, 115–16, 118; founding members, 7, 95–97, 111f; on freedom of conscience, 98, 100, 116–17; KGB and, 95, 119, 122–23; letters written by, 116–17, 124; purpose of, 95–99, 112, 116–18, 273n18; on religious persecution, 96, 98, 111–12, 117
- Christianity: conversion to, 15, 17–19, 22, 24, 35, 62, 67, 123, 176; education on, 210; freedom and, 18, 25, 26; Lenin on, 55; open forms of, 19, 250n30; politics and, 196, 201–3; Shchipkova on, 63; Solov′ev on, 69, 142, 260n74. See also specific denominations
- Christian Seminar: KGB and, 2, 68–69, 127; origins of, 62–63; participants, 63–68, 114, 134, 239, 259n45, 260n59, 270n59, 277n17; reading list for, 69–72, 260n66
- Chunikhin (Council for Religious Affairs representative), 104, 268n34
- Church of England, 128, 274n31, 279n51
- church-state relations: Aleksii I on, 54; authoritarianism and, 169–72; Bolsheviks and, 21, 22, 58, 167, 172–73; canon law on, 195; Kuroedov on, 5; Levitin-Krasnov on, 91, 283n47; Nikodim on, 85, 86; normalization of, 55; parish reform and, 33–34, 38, 54; remodeling, 164–71; separation of, 48, 80, 92, 168, 172, 195–96, 212; Yakunin-Eshliman letters on, 32, 41–48
- Clark, Bruce, 286n25
- Clarke, B. O. Fielding, 87, 264n57
- closed societies, 8, 71–72, 159, 250n30, 261n85
- Codevilla, Giovanni, 165–66
- Coggan, Donald, 264n50
- Cohn, Norman, 120
- Cold War, 9, 32, 76, 84, 87–88, 93, 118
- Coles, Robert, 77
- Committee for State Security. See KGB
- Communist Party: archives, 178; criticisms of, 162, 200–202; ideology, 57–58, 90, 108, 117, 120, 124, 158, 200; religious persecution and, 73, 75, 88; Yakunin-Eshliman letters on, 43. See also Bolsheviks
- Congress of People’s Deputies, 7, 159, 164–65, 178–79, 200
- conscience, freedom of: activism, 1, 3, 142, 179; for children, 109–10; Christian Committee on, 98, 100, 116–17; Congress of People’s Deputies on, 164; constitutional guarantee, 2, 5, 89, 166; democracy and, 163, 217, 218, 224; Helsinki Accords on, 98; as human right, 98, 163, 168; suppression of, 6, 77, 96, 146; Yakunin-Eshliman letters on, 47. See also Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations
- Constitution of Soviet Union: on church-state relations, 48, 92; on Communist Party, 124; freedoms guaranteed by, 2, 5, 47, 89, 166; violations of, 2, 31, 33, 48, 103, 195, 218
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations), 270n61
- Corley, Felix, 89
- Council for Religious Affairs: abuses of power within, 47–48, 104; beneficial work of, 80; establishment of, 248n21, 255n57; Furov and, 55; KGB and, 182, 186, 190; Kharchev and, 179, 283n45, 285n14; Kuroedov and, 5, 38, 248n22; RCDM’s calls for abolition of, 203
- Council of Ministers, 80, 248n21, 255n57
- Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of (1968), 64
- Dakin, Adriana, 101
- Dakin, Henry S.: background of, 100–101, 268nn18–19; Christian Committee and, 7, 9, 102–3, 112, 115–16, 118; on human rights, 268n27; person-to-person diplomacy and, 118, 272n101; Regel′son and, 120–21, 141; Washington Street Research Center, 6, 101, 103, 118, 141
- Dakin, Richard, 268n26
- Dakin, Susanna, 101
- Dakin, Vergilia, 118, 268n18
- Dashkov, Georgii, 45
- Davis, Nathaniel, 251–52n68
- “Declaration of Human Rights and Dignity” (2006), 233–35
- Della Cava, Ralph, 288n66
- democracy: creative, 202–3; foundations of, 240; freedom of conscience and, 163, 217, 218, 224; Russian Orthodox Church and, 80–81, 197, 214–15; Soviet movement toward, 156, 159–61, 166, 168–69; threats to, 225, 234
- Denisenko, Mikhail Antonovich. See Filaret, Metropolitan
- Dimitrios I (patriarch of Constantinople), 116
- Dobczansky, George, 265n61
- Dobriansky, Lev E., 265n61, 266n76
- Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 26, 43, 51, 156, 161
- Dudko, Dmitrii: arrest of, 126–28; confession by, 129–30; Krakhmal′nikova as spiritual daughter of, 285n3; in labor camp, 36; Levitin-Krasnov on, 4, 36, 277n23; parish assignments, 37, 253n13; personality of, 36, 61, 114, 253n14; on religious persecution, 266n74; Roshchin’s portrayal of, 121; sessions held by, 61–63, 258n39; Yakunin-Eshliman letters and, 49
- Dunlop, John, 88, 91–92
- Dvorkin, Aleksandr Leonidovich, 222–24
- Edel′stein, Georgii, 177f, 190, 191, 200, 201f, 287n38
- education: atheistic agenda, 13, 59, 92, 109; freedom of thought in, 207; political change and, 202–3; religious, 65, 161–62, 166–67, 209–10, 212; religious persecution in schools, 92, 266n74
- Ellis, Jane, 85–86, 96, 113, 252n5, 274n28, 283n43
- enlightened patriotism, 203–4
- Esalen Institute (California), 118, 272n101
- Eshliman, Nikolai: “Appeal to the Patriarch, Holy Synod and the Diocesan Bishops” (1966), 256n5; death of, 55; letter to Aleksii I (with Yakunin, 1965), 31–32, 39–54, 57, 85, 91, 113, 252n1, 257n20, 276n59; letter to Supreme Soviet Chairman (with Yakunin, 1965), 31, 39, 47–53, 91, 255n66, 257n20, 276n59; parish assignments, 36; personality of, 35, 54–55; photograph of, 42f; suspension from priesthood, 7, 54
- Fagan, Geraldine, 296nn17–18
- Filaret, Metropolitan, 183, 186–88, 197, 219–21
- Filatov, Sergei Borisovich, 197, 213, 217, 284n55, 292n42, 294n85
- Florenskii, Pavel, 43, 50, 260n66
- Fonchenkov, Vasilii, 123
- Frank, Semen, 32, 260n66
- Frank, Victor, 32
- Fraser, Donald M., 88
- freedom: of assembly, 203; of belief, 1, 59, 98; Berdiaev on, 25–26, 29, 36; of choice, 25, 26, 60, 71; Christianity and, 18, 25, 26; of expression, 57, 59; of speech, 57, 59, 98, 153, 203. See also conscience, freedom of; religious freedom; thought, freedom of
- Freeze, Gregory, 44
- Furov, Vasilii Grigor′evich, 55–56
- Gainov, Nikolai, 123, 237
- Gandhi, Mahatma, 146
- Ganson, Nicholas, 130, 274n38
- Gavriil, Archimandrite, 106
- Genis, Aleksandr, 160–61
- Ginzburg, Aleksandr, 2, 247n12, 267n10
- Gogol, Nikolai, 43, 67, 153, 154, 156, 161
- Golubev, Aleksii Stepanovich. See Yermogen, Archbishop
- Gorbachev, Mikhail, 7, 155–57, 159, 165–66, 176–77, 199
- Goricheva, Tat′iana, 56–57, 259n53
- Greene, Robert, 250n29
- Gregory of Nazianzas, 137, 161
- Grigorenko, Petro, 267n10
- gulag. See labor camps
- Hamsun, Knut, 14, 249n9
- Harman, Willis, 101
- Helsinki Accords (1975): Monitoring Group, 3, 98, 247n12, 267n10; Point 7 of Final Act, 81, 98; signatory states, 82, 85, 98; violations of, 81, 88, 98
- Helsinki Human Rights Watch, 285n9
- Hexter, J. H., 62
- Hickman, Jim, 102
- Holloway, Richard, 81, 82
- Howard-Johnston, Xenia, 88
- human rights: activism, 2–3, 57, 89, 98, 102, 109, 133, 143–44, 242; for children, 109–10, 270n61; Dakin on, 268n27; “Declaration of Human Rights and Dignity,” 233–35; freedom of conscience, 98, 163, 168; legal processes and, 138–39; United States on, 265n60, 265n64; Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 233–35; violations of, 3, 93, 95, 103, 247n12, 262n7; WCC and, 74, 75, 77, 84, 87. See also Helsinki Accords
- hunger strikes, 146–47, 281n18
- “The Individual and Mass Consciousness” symposium (1989), 163, 282n33
- Innokentii (Orthodox monk), 139–40, 213
- Institute of Zoology (Irkutsk), 7, 14–24, 27, 28, 100–101, 251n60
- Irkutsk (Siberia): Aleksii II in, 210; exile of Khrizostom to, 190; Institute of Zoology in, 7, 14–24, 27, 28, 100–101, 251n60; labor camps in, 22; religious communities in, 16, 19–24
- Islam. See Muslims and Islam
- Ivanov, Viacheslav, 43, 153
- Ivashura, Galina Afanas′evna, 112
- Kapitanchuk, Viktor: arrest of, 127, 130, 277n13; Christian Committee and, 96–97, 99, 111; letter to Pimen (1975), 67; on martyrs, 172–73, 260n67, 263n22; at Men’s parish, 97, 267n7; photographs, 99f, 111f; as witness at Yakunin’s trial, 132, 133, 140, 141; Yakunin-Eshliman letters and, 40, 50, 51
- Karamzin, Nikolai, 45
- Karatsuba, Irina, 240
- Karelin, Feliks, 40, 42f, 50, 51, 132, 134–35, 276n59
- Kashtanova, Elena, 259n45
- Kazantsev, Nikodim, 45
- Keston College (England): Cold War and, 9, 88; founding members, 87; petition for Vin’s release, 265n64; Religion in Communist Lands, 88, 265n59, 271n92; on Yakunin, 128, 142, 146–47
- KGB: Aleksii II and, 183–84, 187, 286n25, 286n28; archives, 7, 8, 178–89, 196, 286n16, 286n18; arrests, 1–3, 89, 108, 112, 122–30; Christian Committee and, 95, 119, 122–23; Christian Seminar and, 2, 68–69, 127; coup attempts and resurgence, 177–78, 195–96, 198; Russian Orthodox Church and, 178–97, 222, 229; searches of Yakunin’s home, 1–2, 119, 130; WCC and, 79, 186–87
- Khaibulin, Varsonofi, 56, 96–97, 111, 111f
- Kharchev, Konstantin, 179, 282n38, 283n45, 285n14
- Khar′iuzov, Bishop N. A., 172
- Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 180, 284n59, 286n16
- Khodorovicha, Natalia, 102
- Khomiakov, Aleksei, 25, 43, 67, 69–71, 261n79, 261nn81–82
- Khrizostom, Archbishop, 189–91, 196–97, 288n59
- Khrushchev, Nikita: antireligion campaigns, 7, 28–29, 33, 38, 53, 89, 91, 167–68, 251n66; anti-Stalin speech (1956), 21, 56; church-state relations and, 34; criticisms of, 40, 53, 107; dismissal of, 39, 44, 47–48, 54, 255n72; labor camps and, 143
- Kireevskii, Ivan, 156
- Kireevskii, Pyotr, 67
- Kirill, Metropolitan, 173, 217, 233–36
- Kiselev, Alexei A., 88
- Klassen, David D., 92–93, 265n61, 266n75
- Kleimionova, Anastasiia, 106
- Kolosov, Leonid, 141
- Konin, Lev, 107–8, 270n53, 270n58
- Kosygin, Aleksey, 252n1
- Kotkin, Stephen, 106
- Krakhmal′nikova, Zoia, 4–5, 175–77, 177f, 196, 225, 281n22, 285nn2–3
- Krotov, Iakov, 230
- Kubyshkin, Evgenii Dmitrievich, 287n42
- Kucharev, Anya, 272n101
- Kuraev, Andrei, 196
- Kuroedov, Vladimir Alekseevich, 5–6, 38, 248n22
- Kyrlezhev, Aleksandr, 199
- labor camps: Burtsev in, 127; conditions in, 22, 143–46, 151, 278n29, 278n34; Dudko in, 36; Orlov in, 144–46, 278n29; Popkov in, 127, 134; Shchipkova in, 127; Talantov in, 58; Yakunin in, 9, 143–47, 150–51, 154–55, 159, 242, 278n29
- Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations (1990 & 1997), 164–68, 217–18, 222–25, 295n12
- Law on Religious Associations (1929), 164, 282n37
- Lebedeva, Tat′iana, 66, 97, 239, 240f, 260n59, 298n73
- Lefortovo Prison (Moscow), 3, 125, 129–33, 139, 142–43, 176
- Lenin, Vladimir, 55, 181, 263n22
- Leningrad: Ecclesiastical Seminary, 108; ideological crisis in, 122; religious-philosophical seminars in, 51, 64, 66, 259n53; Theological Academy in, 183; underground literary movement in, 61–62, 259n53
- Leontiev, Konstantin, 43
- letters. See Yakunin, Gleb, letters by
- Levada, Yuri, 198
- Levitin-Krasnov, Anatolii: on church-state relations, 91, 283n47; on Dudko, 4, 36, 277n23; human rights activism, 258n34; marriage of, 149; on Regel′son, 4, 65, 277n23; Roshchin’s portrayal of, 121; as teacher, 60–61; on Yakunin, 4, 13, 14, 30, 142; Yakunin-Eshliman letters and, 49
- Lomonosov, Mikhail, 43
- Lubentsova, Valentina G., 133, 135–36
- Luther, Martin, 226
- Lysenko, Nikolai, 216
- Mandel′stam, Nadezhda, 150, 240–41
- Mandel′stam, Osip, 150
- Marchenko, Anatoly, 159, 267n10, 281n18
- Maritain, Jacques, 203, 291n18
- martyrs, 6, 46, 76, 172–73, 227, 235, 260n67, 263n22, 284n71
- Marxism, 24–25, 65, 90
- Marxism-Leninism, 5, 157, 230, 270n59
- Maslenikova, Zoia, 16
- Meerson, Mikhail, 221
- Men, Aleksandr: Apostolic Orthodox Church and, 230, 231f; on Berdiaev, 24, 251n49; on creativity, 18, 44, 254n43; death of, 44, 163, 230; History of Religion, 17–19, 152; at Institute of Zoology, 7, 14–24, 27, 251n60; on Karelin, 50, 51; KGB surveillance of, 184, 185; on Khomiakov, 70–71; lecture on Solov′ev, 290n12; Magic and Monotheism, 17–18; parish assignments, 34–35, 60, 97, 210, 254n32, 269n48; personality of, 34, 35, 114; Son of Man, 250–51n45; The Wellsprings of Religion, 291n18; Yakunin-Eshliman letters and, 40, 43–44, 49–51; Yakunin’s relationship with, 7, 14–24, 29, 35, 239
- Men, Mikhail, 230
- Miłosz, Czesław, 9–10, 72, 114, 169
- missionaries, 208–9, 211–12, 217, 224, 292n42
- Moltmann, Jürgen, 298n74
- moral regeneration, 172, 187–91, 284n71
- Moscow: Christian Seminar, 2, 62–72, 260n59; Helsinki Monitoring Group, 3, 98, 247n12, 267n10; ideological crisis in, 122; Lefortovo Prison, 3, 125, 129–33, 139, 142–43, 176; messianic vision of, 171–72; Olympic Games (1980), 3, 126, 129, 268n26; Theological Academy and Seminary, 28–29, 35, 36, 123, 132, 178, 187
- Moscow Patriarchate: AOC and, 115; criticisms of, 8, 24, 114, 116, 207–8, 214–15, 222, 271n79; Department for External Church Relations, 123, 135, 182, 192–93, 233, 288n69; Department of Foreign Relations, 79; Holy Synod, 38, 45, 82–83, 156–57, 183, 196, 213–16, 232, 293n78; Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate, 4, 65, 106, 171, 182, 196; Men’s collected writings published by, 250–51n45; restoration of, 53, 214, 215. See also specific patriarchs
- Muslims and Islam, 20, 55, 78, 212, 224
- Ogorodnikov, Aleksandr, 3, 62–70, 121, 145–46, 184–85, 260n63, 260n66, 277n17, 277n23
- Old Believers, 16
- Olympic Games (1980), 3, 126, 129, 268n26
- open societies, 71–72, 159, 197, 217, 222, 250n30, 261n86
- Orlov, Yuri, 2, 98, 133, 144–46, 247n12, 267n10, 278n29
- Osipov, Andrei Il′ich, 132, 134, 275–76n55
- Osipova, Irina Ivanovna, 250n39
- paganism, 18, 57, 137, 152, 201, 250n29, 261n85
- Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 62
- Paul, Anna, 112
- Paul VI (pope), 87
- Pavlova, Natal′ia, 159
- Payne, Ernest, 81–82
- Pentecostals, 78, 110, 114–16, 208, 271n89
- perestroika, 156, 159–60, 164, 185, 199
- Perm-37 labor camp, 143–47, 150–51, 154–55, 278n29, 278n34
- persecution. See religious persecution
- personalism, 26, 203
- person-to-person diplomacy, 118, 272n101
- Peter the Great (Russian Empire), 15, 41, 43–45
- Pimen (patriarch of Moscow): criticisms of, 117; death of, 162, 187; Dudko sessions suspended by, 61, 62; letters to, 67, 100, 103–6, 276n61; martyrs and, 172, 260n67; meeting with Gorbachev, 156–57
- Pitirim, Metropolitan, 182, 196
- Pius IX (pope), 225
- Podgorny, Nikolai, 31, 39, 48, 53, 91, 252n1, 255n66, 257n20, 276n59
- poems. See Yakunin, Gleb, writings by
- Pogodin, Aleksei Alekseevich, 288n69
- Poiarkov, Vladimir Kirillovich. See Yuvenalii, Metropolitan
- Poland: partition of, 11; Soviet interventions in, 9, 132; workers’ strikes in, 131–32, 275n47
- Polosin, Viacheslav, 164, 167–68, 178–82, 196, 200–204, 284n58, 286n19
- Ponomarev, Lev Aleksandrovich, 178–79, 193–96, 242, 285n9, 286n16
- Popkov, Viktor, 66, 68, 127, 132, 134, 239, 240f, 259n45, 274n28, 298n73
- Popov, L. M., 132
- Popovskii, Mark, 66–67, 130, 274–75n40
- Poresh, Vladimir, 63–66, 69–70, 145–46, 277n23
- Pospielovsky, Dimitry, 96, 221
- Potter, Philip, 82, 84, 92, 93, 187
- Primakov, Evgenii, 180
- propaganda: Aleksii II on, 211; antireligious, 13, 28, 106, 121; anti-Soviet, 5–6, 87, 120, 138, 140, 176; religious, 64, 112, 114
- Protestantism. See specific denominations
- Pugo, Boris, 196
- Pushkin, Alexander, 43, 160, 161, 204
- Pussy Riot, 236–37, 297n62, 298n66
- Pustoutov, Iosif, 132, 134, 276n57
- Putin, Vladimir, 226–27, 233, 235–37
- Razveev, Boris, 220
- RCDM. See Russian Christian Democratic Movement
- Reddaway, Peter, 87–88
- Regel′son, Lev: “Appeal to Christians in Portugal” (1975), 78, 133; arrest of, 126, 128, 130, 277n13; Christian Seminar and, 63–66, 72, 277n17; Dakin and, 120–21, 141; Facebook page, 259n54; Furov on, 56; letter to Pimen (1975), 67; letter to WCC (1975), 9, 73, 75–81, 87, 91–92, 134, 142; Levitin-Krasnov on, 4, 65, 277n23; on martyrs, 172–73, 260n67, 263n22; photograph of, 99f; The Tragedy of the Russian Orthodox Church, 1917–1945, 65; as witness at Yakunin’s trial, 132, 133, 140; Yakunin-Eshliman letters and, 40, 50, 51
- religion: culture and, 43–44; education on, 65, 161–62, 166–67, 209–10, 212; in Irkutsk, 16, 19–24; politics and, 4, 91, 220–22, 241, 293n69; science and, 15, 43, 69. See also antireligion campaigns; church-state relations; Council for Religious Affairs; missionaries; World Council of Churches; specific religions and denominations
- religious freedom: activism, 1, 3, 8, 72; constitutional guarantee, 47; Helsinki Accords on, 98; Marxism-Leninism on, 5; restrictions on, 218; WCC position on, 81–84; Western views of, 86–91, 93; Yakunin-Eshliman letters on, 47; Year of Religious Freedom, 116
- religious persecution: Christian Committee on, 96, 98, 111–12, 117; Communist Party and, 73, 75, 88; data collection on, 9, 83, 92–93, 96, 263n34; at labor camps, 146; letter to Aleksii I on (1965), 31; letter to WCC on (1975), 7, 75–79, 92, 142; psychiatric hospitals and, 77, 92, 108, 117, 270n59; in schools, 92, 266n74; Soviet response to accusations of, 80–81, 85–86; Western reactions to, 87–88, 92, 94, 128–29
- religious tolerance, 73, 181–82, 187
- Riabikova, Mariia, 242
- Richardson, James T., 295n10
- Ridiger, Aleksii Mikhailovich. See Aleksii II
- Ronionova, Evgeniia Petrovna, 188
- Rosenau, James, 118
- Roshchin, Boris, 120–21
- Rossel, Jacques, 81, 82
- Rovenskii, Georgii Vasil′evich, 8
- Rudenko, Roman, 112, 252n1
- Runcie, Robert, 264n57
- Russia: authoritarianism in, 222–27; education system in, 207; missionaries in, 208–9, 211–12, 217, 224, 292n42; nationalism in, 198–200, 208, 214–18, 224–28; political framework for, 177, 178, 198, 202–3; religious diversity in, 199; Ukraine invasion (2022), 235. See also Soviet Union; specific leaders
- Russian Christian Democratic Movement (RCDM), 164, 179, 200–205, 207, 283n41, 293n67
- Russian Church Abroad, 197
- Russian Orthodox Church: abuses of power within, 103–7, 193, 195, 207, 269n49; authoritarianism and, 113, 169–72, 197, 208, 215, 224; Catholic converts in, 12; criticisms of, 3, 24, 26–27, 37, 41, 125–26, 205; decline of, 7, 28–29, 33, 45, 55, 251–52n68, 252n3; democracy and, 80–81, 197, 214–15; excommunication of Yakunin, 7, 220–22, 293n77, 295n10; gathering of young priests, 32–37, 39, 49–51; KGB collusion with, 178–97, 222, 229; parish reform, 33–34, 38, 40, 49, 54, 252n5; perestroika and, 156, 159–60, 164; public loss of trust in, 93, 103, 107, 266n79; reconciliation with Catholic Church, 116; revival of, 39, 44, 49, 59, 91, 156–57, 162–68, 199–200, 209; ritualistic practices, 7, 13, 16, 250n29; WCC membership, 74, 76, 116; Yakunin’s report on (1979), 113–15, 117. See also canon law; church-state relations; martyrs; Moscow Patriarchate; specific leaders and sects
- Russian Revolution (1917), 12, 44, 78, 103, 115, 121, 173, 214
- St. Petersburg. See Leningrad
- Sakharov, Andrei: arrest and exile, 127, 138, 155, 273n26; death of, 178; human rights activism, 2–3, 89; Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom, 257n15; on Velikanova, 125, 138–40; on Yakunin, 138–40, 159
- Sakwa, Richard, 156, 159, 283n41
- Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 153, 280n78
- samizdat publications: Christian Committee and, 100, 102–3; A Chronicle of Current Events, 3, 125, 247n13, 276n61; on freedom of thought, 57; Keston College and, 88; Nadezhda, 176; by Regel′son, 65; on religious persecution, 96; on Yakunin, 5, 128, 139
- Schapiro, Leonard, 87–88
- schools. See education
- Scott, Edward, 82
- Semenova, Iraida Georgievna. See Yakunina, Iraida Georgievna
- Seraphim of Sarov (saint), 173
- Sergei, Metropolitan, 21, 58, 91, 170, 229
- Sergius of Radonezh (saint), 173
- Shafarevich, Igor, 56
- Shcharansky, Anatolii, 2, 247n12, 267n10
- Shcheglov, Vadim, 97–98, 123
- Shchipkov, Aleksandr, 259n45
- Shchipkova, Tat′iana, 63–66, 68–69, 127, 259n45, 277n23
- Shchyolkovo, 8, 157–58, 204–6, 281n13, 291n31
- Sheehan, James, 160, 281n25
- Sheville, Ian, 264n57
- Shkarovskii, Mikhail Vital′evich, 96
- Shpiller, Vsevelod, 274n38
- Shterin, Marat, 295n10
- Shushpanov, Aleksandr, 135, 140, 192–93, 276n61, 288nn68–69
- Siberia: exile of Yakunin to, 7, 9, 147–51, 149f, 154–55; labor camps in, 9, 22, 150–51, 155; missionaries in, 89. See also Irkutsk
- Simanskii, Sergei Vladimirovich. See Aleksii I
- Skaredov, G. I., 132–34
- Smirnov, Aleksandr, 230
- Smits, Yanis, 88, 92–93, 265n63
- sobornost′ (conciliarity), 7–8, 36, 71, 203, 215, 226, 229, 232, 297n51
- Solov′ev, Vladimir, 43, 45, 50, 67, 69, 142, 153, 156, 201, 260n74, 290n12
- Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 102, 129, 135, 278n37
- Solzhenitsyn, Natalia, 102, 279n51
- Sorokin, Sergei Ivanovich, 110–11
- Sorokina, Tati′ana Ivanovna, 110–11, 270n67
- Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion (1979), 3, 129, 131, 273n26; conspiracy theories in, 119–22; Council of Ministers, 80, 248n21, 255n57; Czechoslovakia invasion (1968), 64; democratization in, 156, 159–61, 166, 168–69; dissolution of, 7, 156, 197, 216, 218; famine (1921–1922), 75–76, 172; moral challenges for, 94, 273n24; nationalism in, 76, 171, 203, 207; Poland, interventions in, 9, 132; religious awakening in, 56, 66–67, 96, 113, 119–20, 122, 273n12. See also authoritarianism; Bolsheviks; Cold War; Communist Party; Constitution of Soviet Union; KGB; religion; Russia; specific leaders and locations
- Spengler, Michael, 193
- Stalin, Joseph and Stalinism: antireligion campaigns, 89, 167–68; collectivization campaign, 36; Council for Religious Affairs and, 248n21; critiques of, 21, 56–58; cult of power and personality, 18, 169–71, 173; death of, 39, 143, 265–66n69; labor camps under, 143, 144; Moscow Patriarchate restored by, 53, 215; purges by, 6, 39
- Struve, Nikita, 260n66
- Stryzhik, Pyotr, 103–6, 114
- subbotnik (Red Saturday), 263n22
- Suslov, Mikhail, 132
- Svetlov, Feliks, 4–5, 175–76
- Sychev, Vladimir, 185
- Tabak, Iurii Mikhailovich, 258n33
- Talantov, Boris Vladimirovich, 58–59, 191, 239, 257nn19–20, 257n22
- telecommunications, 118, 272n100
- thought, freedom of: activism, 1, 10, 257n15; in education, 207; Helsinki Accords on, 98; in Russian literature, 153, 154; suppression of, 10, 57–59, 64, 77
- Tikhon (patriarch of Moscow), 75–76, 91, 153, 170, 172, 284n67
- Timoshevskii, V. N., 185–86
- Tishkovskaia, Evgeniia, 216
- Tolstoy, Leo, 43, 156, 161
- Troitskii, Konstantin, 199
- Trubetskoi, Nikolai and Evgenii, 50
- True Orthodox Church, 58, 229
- Turgenev, Ivan, 156
- Tyutchev, Fyodor, 43
- Ukraine: independence movement, 189, 219; Russian invasion (2022), 235; Jewish population, 11; Nikolaev Church, 103–5, 269n38; religious persecution, 111–12
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Church, 90, 197, 219
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 189, 197, 219, 222
- Ulitskaia, Ludmilla Evgen′evna, 257n30
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations), 233–35
- Vail, Pyotr, 160–61
- Velikanova, Tat′iana Mikhailovna, 3, 5, 125–26, 127f, 138–40, 239–40, 247n13, 276n1, 277n23
- Veniamin, Metropolitan, 172, 225, 295n16
- Vinikov, Viacheslav, 149, 181, 227
- Vins, Georgi, 88–90, 94, 123, 265n64, 266n83
- Vins, Peter, 88–89
- Volkova, Elena, 1, 8–9, 14, 151, 227, 251n49, 275n43
- Vorontsova, Liudmila Mikhailovna, 283n55
- Walesa, Lech, 132
- Weingartner, Erich, 87, 264n55
- Wong, David Y. K., 264n57
- World Council of Churches (WCC): Geneva meeting (1976), 84; Helsinki Colloquium (1976), 84; human rights and, 74, 75, 77, 84, 87; KGB and, 79, 186–87; Kirill’s address to (1996), 217; letter to (1975), 7, 9, 73, 75–81, 87, 91–92, 134, 142; membership of Russian Orthodox Church, 74, 76, 116; Nairobi Assembly (1975), 75–86, 89–92, 96, 134; on religious freedom, 81–84
- World War II, 27, 39, 53, 59, 91, 168, 171, 274n40
- Wright, Gordon, 281–82n25
- Yakunin, Aleksandr (son of Gleb), 96, 97f, 125, 126f
- Yakunin, Gleb: Aleksii II and, 204, 210–17, 293n78; Apostolic Orthodox Church and, 8, 228–33; arrest of, 1, 3, 7, 96, 122–28; atheism of, 13, 15, 26, 35; birth (1934), 6, 12; Christian Seminar and, 66, 67, 72, 114; conversion to Christianity, 15, 17–19, 22, 24, 35; death (2014), 8, 221, 238; election to Congress of People’s Deputies, 7, 159, 161, 161f, 164, 200; election to Federal Assembly of State Duma, 215–17, 293n77; excommunicated from Russian Orthodox Church, 7, 220–22, 293n77, 295n10; exile to Siberia, 7, 9, 147–51, 149f, 154–55; family background, 6–7, 12–13, 15; health challenges, 236–38; at Institute of Zoology, 7, 14–24, 27, 28, 100–101; KGB archive investigations and, 178–79, 182–87, 286n18; in labor camp, 9, 143–47, 150–51, 154–55, 159, 242, 278n29; in Lefortovo Prison, 3, 125, 129–31, 139, 142–43; libel case against Dvorkin, 222–24; marriage and children, 3, 7, 10, 27–30, 96, 97f, 125, 126f; on martyrs, 172–73, 260n67, 263n22, 284n71; ordination into priesthood, 7, 30; personality of, 10, 12–14, 24, 30, 35, 182; photographs of, 42f, 83f, 97f, 99f, 111f, 201f, 241f; portrayals of, 3–9, 120–21, 140–42, 159, 185, 220; press conferences, 95, 121–23; RCDM and, 164, 179, 200–205, 207; seminary education, 28–29; at Shchyolkovo parish, 157–58, 204–6, 291n31; suspension and defrocking from priesthood, 1, 7, 54, 78, 101, 213–22; trial and sentencing, 131–42, 192. See also Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights
- Yakunin, Gleb, letters by: to Aleksii I (with Eshliman, 1965), 31–32, 39–54, 57, 85, 91, 113, 252n1, 257n20, 276n59; to Aleksii II (1993), 216; to Aleksii II (1994), 214–15; to Brezhnev (1981), 145; to Pimen (1975), 67; to Supreme Soviet Chairman (with Eshliman, 1965), 31, 39, 47–53, 91, 255n66, 257n20, 276n59; to WCC (1975), 7, 9, 73, 75–81, 87, 91–92, 134, 142; to Yeltsin (1995), 207–8
- Yakunin, Gleb, writings by: “Appeal for the Glorification of Russian Martyrs in the USSR” (1975), 172–73, 260n67, 263n22; “Appeal to Christians in Portugal” (1975), 78, 133; “Appeal to the Patriarch, Holy Synod and the Diocesan Bishops” (1966), 256n5; “Appeal to Western Christians” (1981), 145–46; “Eulogy of a Simple-minded Fool of God” (1981), 151–53, 155; “In Service to the Cult” (The Moscow Patriarchate and Stalin’s Cult of Personality) (repub. 1989), 169–73; poetry, 17, 35, 147, 150–53, 155, 157; report on Russian Orthodox Church (1979), 113–15, 117
- Yakunin, Pavel Ivanovich (father of Gleb), 12–13
- Yakunina, Anna (daughter of Gleb), 96, 125, 126f, 148
- Yakunina, Iraida Georgievna (wife of Gleb): background, 27, 28; KGB and, 2, 130–31; marriage and children, 3, 7, 10, 27–30, 96, 97f, 125, 126f; opposed to Gleb confessing, 131, 275n44; visits to Gleb in prison and exile, 130–31, 144, 148
- Yakunina, Klavdiia Iosifovna (mother of Gleb), 6–7, 12–15, 30
- Yakunina, Mariia (daughter of Gleb): birth, 30; family environment, 96, 125; on Gleb’s health challenges, 237; on Gleb’s personality, 182; photographs, 97f, 126f, 238f; on Shchyolkovo’s parish, 205–6, 291n31; visit to Gleb in exile, 148
- Yeltsin, Boris, 177–79, 198, 206–8, 213, 217, 224–26, 289n81
- Yermogen, Archbishop, 37–40, 48, 49, 253n15, 253n21
- Yuvenalii, Metropolitan, 79–81, 85, 182, 186, 263n27, 263n36