Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abboud, Ibrahim, 69, 99, 101, 109
‘Abd al-Rahim, Muddathir, 69
Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), 118
Adichie, Chimamanda, 99
African Americans: African liberation and, 92–95; Black Lives Matter, 172–173, 176–180; on goodwill tours, 81; Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 78–79, 175–176; politics of post-emancipation labor, 26–29. See also blackness; Hunt-Washington cotton project; internationalism, Black; press, Black; women, African American
African Nationalist Activist Movements, 94
African Repository, 96
African Times and Orient Review (ATOR), 47–48
African Union: Bashir and, 141; Darfur crisis and, 149; Obama and, 159, 166; South Sudan independence and, 153
Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung summit), 55, 105
agricultural development, 75–77
aid work: economic, 72–79; social and cultural, 81–90. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Al-Azhar University, 121
al-Da’in (Darfur) massacre, 124
Algeria, 177
Alley, Sabit Abbe, 134–135, 138
Alor, Deng, 160
Alpher, Yossi, 110
American Anti-Slavery Group (AASG), 127–128
American Colonization Society (ACS), 25, 33
American Committee on Africa (ACOA), 93–94
“American Negro Fiction” (Hughes; lecture), 83–85
American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA), 93–94
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement (1953), 52
Anglo-Egyptian Condominium: agreement to terminate, 52; Arabness and, 56; banking system, 73; cotton and, 41; educated elite and, 51; North-South division and Southern Policy, 69–70; rule of, 6, 22–23, 46; slavery and, 26, 96–98. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1899), 46
A. Philip Randolph Institute (APRI), 136–137
Appell, Stephen, 112
Arab-Black dichotomy: in American public imagination, 108; Black Lives Matter and, 178–179; Black press and, 94–95, 98–103; exclusion of Arabs from African art festival, 13–14; Farrakhan and, 135, 137; First Sudanese Civil War and, 99–108; Israel and, 12–13; multiculturalism and, 105; Nation of Islam and, 131–132; oppressor as Northern Arabs vs. Egypt, 92; Second Sudanese Civil War and, 125; Sudan’s dual heritage, 3–4
Arabic language, 56
Arab-Israeli conflict: African Americans and, 13; Arab League Summit and, 106; Black Lives Matter and, 178–179; Camp David Accords, 139; enduring proximity of, 140; events of, 108–110
Arab League Summit (Khartoum, 1967), 106
Arabness: American conception of, 57; Egypt and, 54–55; Nation of Islam on anti-Arab agenda, 130; Nimeiri and, 71; Pan-Arabism, 55, 71, 105–106; Sudan, Arabism, and, 55–57; Sudan as Arab state, 105–106. See also Arab-Black dichotomy
Ashigga (Ashiqqa) Party, 51, 57
Athie, Mohammed, 127
Atlantic Charter, 51
Austin, Algernon, 9
Azania Liberation Front, 113–114
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 175
Baltimore Sun, 131
Banda, Kamuzu, 175
Bandung summit (Afro-Asian Conference), 55, 105
Ban Ki-Moon, 151
banking system, 73
Bashir, Omar al-, 118, 124, 132–134, 133, 138, 140–141, 159, 170
Benjamin, Barnaba, 165
Ben-Uziel, David, 110
Black Lives Matter (BLM), 172–173, 176–180
blackness: American system of racial categorization, 9–10; bounds of, 8–9; comparison of Sudanese to African Americans, 53, 102, 133; Egyptians and, 57–60; Farrakhan and, 135, 137; Hegel’s “true” or “Black” Africa and, 3, 176; international politics and, 10–11; Nation of Islam and, 132–134; race vs., 9–10; shifting US meanings of, 91; Sudanese and, 45–46, 53–54; Sudan recognized as Black, 95; US government and, 103–105. See also Arab-Black dichotomy; solidarity, racial
Black-white dynamics, 12
blind education, 80
Bradshaw, Gordon L., 79
Brimmer, Andrew, 44, 72–73, 90–91
British Cotton Growing Association, 28
British Sudan. See Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
Broadsky, Phillip, 128
Brown, Michael, 172
Brown, Theodore, 94
Camp David Accords, 139
Carson, Johnnie, 157
Carter, Howard, 58
Cayton, Horace R., Jr., 45–47, 122–123
Central African Republic, 140
Central Bank of Sudan, 73
Chicago Defender, 53, 59–62, 67, 95, 99–102
Christian Solidarity International (CSI), 125–127, 131
Chukudum Agreement, 136
City Sun (New York), 127–128, 134
civil wars. See First Sudanese Civil War; Second Sudanese Civil War; South Sudan
Cohen, Herman J., 146
Collier’s Weekly, 34
Colored American, 96
Communist Party of Sudan, 84
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 118, 125, 149–153
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 139, 140
Congressional Black Caucus, 93, 125–126
Congress on Racial Equality (CORE), 94, 107
Conkey, Frank, 39
Cotton, Samuel, 127–129, 134, 137–138, 141–142
cotton project. See Hunt-Washington cotton project
Council on African Affairs (CAA), 50, 93. See also International Committee on Africa
Crockett, William J., 72
Cromer, Evelyn Baring, first Earl of, 26–28, 42–43
Cullors, Patrisse, 172
Daily Record-Miner (Juneau), 33
Darfur crisis and genocide, 131–133, 138–141, 147–151
Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (US, 2006), 149
Darfur Rebellions, 138
David Project, 128
Davis, Henrietta Vinton, 48
Davis, John Warren, 75, 78, 81
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 80, 85–88
De Mena, Maymie, 48
Deng, Valentino Achak, 149–150
de Paris, Wilbur, 81
Diggs, Charles, 68
Douglass, Frederick, 24–25, 58, 126–127
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 68
Edgard, Mildred, 87
Edmonds, Randolph, 81
Egypt: ancient, 58, 144, 181–182; Arab imperialism and, 60–64; Arabness and, 54–55; Bandung summit and, 105; blackness and, 57–60; Israel and, 139–140; Soviet alliance, 69, 71; Sudanese in, 54; union with Sudan, question of, 51
emigration movement: about, 24–25; in Arkansas, 33–34; Garvey and, 48; Hunt, Roosevelt, and, 38; media on, 31–32. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Essian-Udom, E. U., 121
European Union, 165
famines in Sudan, 124
Farrakhan, Louis Abdul, 117–119, 129–131, 134–142
Fauntroy, Walter, 126
Fax, Elton, 68, 102–105, 106–107
Federal Reserve Central Banking mission, 73
Federation of Pan-African Nationalist Organizations, 94
Fellows, Lawrence, 108
First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972): Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), 118; agricultural production disrupted by, 77; Arab-Black binary and, 99–108; Israeli involvement in, 111–115; refugees from, 107; slavery, race, and, 98–99; Sudanese newspapers on Israel and, 114–115; Torit mutiny, 98
Fischbach, Michael R., 13
Florida A&M University Playmakers Guild, 81
Frazer, Jandayi, 146
Freeman (Indianapolis), 35, 37–38, 40
Fur tribe, 138
Garang, John, 118, 123, 125, 130, 146
Garang, Rebecca, 130
Garvey, Amy Jacques, 48
Garza, Alicia, 172
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 5, 181
genocide in Darfur, 131–133, 138–141
Ghandour, Ibrahim, 140
Gold Coast, 25
goodwill tours, 81
Graduates’ General Congress, 51, 56
Gration, Scott, 150
Greene, David, 163
Grey River Argus (New Zealand), 35
Hall, Bill, 72
Hall, Chatwood (pseud. for Homer Smith), 101–102
Hammond, Ray, 126
Hampton Institute, 53, 74, 79, 175
Hansberry, William Leo, 82–83, 175
Hassoun, Sheikh, 122
Height, Dorothy, 93
Helms, Jesse, 126
Henderson, Freddye, 86
Hill, Norman, 136
Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), 78–79, 175–176. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Holmes, Alan, 73
Holmes, Julius C., 104
Houser, George, 93
Howard University, 80–83, 85, 175
Hunt, Leigh S. J., 19, 21–22, 41–42, 175. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Hunter, Charlayne, 86
Huntsville Times, 155
Hunt-Washington cotton project: background, 19–23; Cromer’s report, 26–28; emigration schemes, colonization movement, and, 24–25; Hunt’s arrival in Sudan, 28–29; Hunt’s early planning and Roosevelt, 23–24; implications, 42–44; malaria and returns to US, 39–42; media coverage, 30–35, 37–38; Sudan Experimental Plantations Syndicate, 34–41; Sudan Plantations Syndicate, 41–42; Washington enlisted, 29–30
Idris, Amir, 56
Ijoma, Diane, 175
India: African Americans and, 10–11
Innis, Roy, 107
International Committee on Africa (ICA), 50, 74, 78–79
International Criminal Court (ICC), 138
internationalism, Black: Italian invasion of Ethiopia and, 44, 64; rise of, 47–50, 52; Washington and, 20
Islam, African American, 120–123. See also Nation of Islam
Israel: African Americans and, 13–14; Du Bois and Prattis in, 110; formation of modern state, 108–109; positive and negative views in Black press, 111–114; Sudan ties with, 109, 139–140. See also Arab-Israeli conflict
Kaepernick, Colin, 180
Kane, Gregory, 131
Kennedy, John F., 71
Kerry, John, 161–162, 164, 168
Kessel, Joseph, 97
Khalifa, al-Sirr al-, 71
Kiir, Salva, 146, 152, 159–162, 166–167
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 2, 93, 110–111, 114, 121, 154–155
Kirk, Ron, 157
Kitchen, Robert, 74–75, 77–79, 175
Kitchener, Herbert, 96
Kutla as-Suda (the Black Bloc), 57
Kuwait, 106
Lang, John, 23
Lantos, Tom, 139
Lawson, James R., 112
Levinson, Richard, 112
Lewthwaite, Gilbert A., 131
Libya, 95, 105–106, 131, 162, 177
London News, 96
Los Angeles Times, 108
Lubin, Alex, 13
Lyman, Princeton, 152
Machar, Riek, 160–162, 166–167
Madison, Joe, 126, 147–148, 163
Mahdi, Abdul Rahman Mohammed Ahmed el, 60–62, 61, 133
Mahdi, Al-Hadi al-, 122
Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad (“the Madhi”), 22, 96, 98–99, 122–123
Mahgoub, Muhammad, 106
Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad, 71
Major, Gerri, 87
Maker, Makur, 175
Malcolm X, 68, 117, 121–123, 179–180
Mamphilly, Zachariah, 152–153, 155
Mandela, Nelson, 179
Manibe, Kosti, 160
Mardenborough, John, 33
Martin, Louis, 67
Martin, Trayvon, 172
Masaslit tribe, 138
Matin, Le, 97
Mboro, Clement, 99
McCray, George F., 59
McEvers, Kelly, 167
Miniclier, C. C., 108
Ministry of Agriculture, 75–77
Montgomery (AL) Advertiser, 33
Moorish Science Temple (MST), 120–121
Morehouse College, 74, 82, 175
Morning News (Sudan), 103
Morris, Lorenzo, 170
Muhammad, Abdul Akbar, 141
Muhammad, Akbar, 127–129, 131–132, 139
Muhammad, Elijah, 117–118, 121
Muhammad, W. D. Fard, 121
Muhammad Speaks, 102
Muslim Brotherhood, 71, 84, 140
Mutume, James, 130
My Sister’s Keeper, 126
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 55, 71, 105–106
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 8, 148
nationalism: African, 76, 79; Black, 47, 93, 117, 121–122; Egyptian, 55; pan-Arab, 110; Sudanese, 51, 56
National Newspaper Publishers Association, 130
National Urban League, 111
Nation of Islam (NOI): about, 117–118, 121; anti-Zionism of, 127–129, 139; Farrakhan and, 117–119, 129–131, 134–142; Final Call, 119, 130–133, 140–141; Muhammad’s defense against Jacobs, 127–129; Muhammad Speaks, 102; strategy and rhetorical approach to Sudan, 119, 142
N’djamena Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement (2004), 138
“Negro Speaks of Rivers, The” (Hughes), 84
newspapers, Black. See press, Black
New York Amsterdam News, 79–81, 85–86, 97, 107, 111–112
New York Globe, 96
New York Times, 107–108, 127, 134
New York World, 38
Nimeiri, Jaafar, 71, 106, 139–140
Nkrumah, Kwame, 1–2, 65–66, 175
North Africa, 3, 13–14, 176–177
Obama, Barack, 148; Darfur crisis and, 147–151; East Africa tour and African Union address (2015), 165–166; first term, 150–159; life and family background, 6, 143–144; Susan Page as ambassador to South Sudan, 145, 156–158, 161–163; presidential campaign (2008), 149–150; recognition of South Sudan, 153–155; second term, 159; in Selma, AL, 144; as Senator, 147–149; silence on race, 145, 169–170; South Sudanese Civil War and, 159–169; South Sudan nation-building and, 156–159; South Sudan referendum and, 151–153; UN arms embargo on South Sudan and, 168–169. See also Rice, Susan
October Revolution (1964), 99
Omar, Ahmed, 104
Our Families Protection Association, 94
Padmore, George, 59, 61–62, 133
Page, Susan, 145, 156–158, 158, 161–163
Palestinian National Liberation Movement, 13
Palestinians, 106, 139–140, 178–179. See also Arab-Israeli conflict
Palmer, Joseph, II, 72
Pan-African Congress, 30
Pan-Africanism, 5, 11–12, 145, 174
Pan-Africanist Student Organization for Black Unity (SOBU), 113–114
Parks, Rosa, 121
Payne, Donald, 126
Pharaohs, Black, 5
Philadelphia Tribune, 52–53, 97, 111
Pittsburgh Courier: on Arab-Black dichotomy, 95; Cayton in, 45–47; on Delta Sigma Theta tour, 86; on First Sudanese Civil War, 107; McCaw in, 80; Prattis in, 62–64, 133; on slave traffic, 97; on Sudanese blackness, 52–54; Weston in, 59–60
Plaindealer (Topeka), 31
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 72, 93
Power, Samantha, 168
Prashad, Vijay, 11
Prattis, Percival, 53–54, 58–59, 62–64, 110, 133, 135, 175
President’s Special International Program for Cultural Presentations, 81
press, Black: about, 7–8; Arab-Black racial dichotomy in, 94–95; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 108, 111–115; boom of, 47; on Egyptian rule of Sudan as Arab imperialism, 60–64; on Egyptian-Sudanese relationship as racial, 57–60; First Sudanese Civil War and, 107; on Hunt-Washington cotton project, 31–34; on Sudanese blackness, 45–46, 52–54; on US diplomacy and aid activity, 78–79. See also specific writers and newspapers by name
Price, Ned, 167
pump irrigation system, 41
Quashee syndrome stereotype, 26
Radcliffe, Kendahl, 20
Rakowsky, Jan, 128
Reed, William, 140
Rice, Condoleeza, 146
Rice, Susan, 147, 157; on arms embargo, 168–169; career of, 145–147, 159; Darfur crisis and, 150–151; NPR interview, 167; silence on race, 169–170; South Sudanese Civil War and, 159, 161–162, 164, 166–168; South Sudan referendum and, 151–152; Tough Love, 159–160
Riddle, Sam, 179
Roberts, George, 35
Robinson, Eloise, 49
Rogers, J. A. (Joel Augustus), 52–53, 58, 97
Rolandsen, Øystein H., 160
Rone, Jemera, 124
Roosevelt, Theodore, 23–26, 38, 42–43
Rustin, Bayard, 136
sanctions: on South Sudan, 165, 168–169; on Sudan, 146, 150–151
Save Darfur: Rally to Stop Genocide (2006), 147–148
Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005): Arab-Black binary and, 132–134; beginnings of, 118; Black Christian solidarity with southern Sudan, 125–128; Black Sudanese responses to Farrakhan, 134–138; Darfur genocide, 131–133, 138–141; Darfur Rebellions, 138; end of, 145–146; events of, 123–125; Farrakhan’s support for the government, 118, 129–131; Islamization and sharia, 123; jihad, 118, 124; Nation of Islam’s anti-Zionism and, 127–129; slavery during, 124–138, 141–142
Sefa-Nyarko, Clement, 160
Self-Government Statute, 51–52
Shambat Institute of Agriculture, 75–77
Sharrieff, Bayyinah (Christine Wilson), 102
Simmonds, Mark, 165
Slate, Nico, 11
slavery: First Civil War and racial view of, 98–99; Muslims on trans-Atlantic slave ships, 120; Second Sudanese Civil War and Nation of Islam denials of, 124–138, 141–142; in Sudan, 23, 26, 95–98; US-Sudan connection, claimed, 46, 54
Smith, Homer (pen name Chatwood Hall), 101–102
Smith, Poindexter, 35–37, 39–40
social and cultural aid work, 81–90
social media, Black, 172, 177–178
solidarity, racial: Arabs and, 107, 115–116; Black internationalism and, 47–50, 52; as fluid and capricious construction, 173; forms of, 12–13; geopolitical landscape and politics of, 179; Hunt and, 32; Israel and, 92; al-Mahdi and, 61–62; Nation of Islam and, 130, 133, 138, 140; Obama’s silence on, 145, 169–170; Pan-Africanism and, 5, 13–14; print media and, 141–142; problematic of, 180; religion and, 125–127; Washington’s silence on, 40–41, 43–44. See also Nation of Islam; press, Black
South Africa: apartheid and African Americans, 62–63, 93; apartheid and Sudanese, 115; Makar on, 155; Namibia, occupation of, 62–63; Washington and, 40–41
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 154–155
Southern Union Party, 70
South Sudan: civil war, 159–169; independence and US recognition, 153–156; map, 154; National Security Service Act, 164; nation-building, 156–158; Page as US ambassador to, 145, 156–158, 158, 161–163; referendum, 151–153; sanctions on, 165, 168–169; US aid to, 156–157; US embassy in, 157, 161–162
Spurlock, Lewis Nathaniel, 37
State Department, US: Black people in, 71–72; embassy in South Sudan, 157, 161–162; Farrakhan on, 131; goodwill tours, 81; Page as US ambassador to South Sudan, 145, 156–158, 158, 161–163; understanding of Sudan, 102–105
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 31–32
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 13, 111, 113
Sudan: dual Arab and African heritage, 3–4; history of, 5–6, 22–23; independence of, 6, 46, 51–52; map at independence, 70; multiculturalism in, 105; sanctions on, 146, 150–151. See also Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
Sudan Democratic Gazette, 136
Sudan Experimental Plantations Syndicate. See Hunt-Washington cotton project
Sudan People’s Armed Forces, 123
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), 118, 123–124, 134, 136, 145–146, 152, 160
Sudan Plantations Syndicate, Ltd. (SPS), 41–42. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Sudan Times, 136
Sunday Leader (Port Townsend), 34
Through Black Eyes (Fax), 103
Time, 108
Todman, Terence, 71
Tometi, Opal, 172
Torit mutiny, 98
Toynbee, Arnold, 58
Trenton Evening Times, 31
Tunisia, 177
Turabi, Hassan al-, 140
Turco-Egyptian Sudan, 22
Turner, Henry McNeal, 24
Tuskegee Institute, 29, 44, 175. See also Hunt-Washington cotton project
Tuskegee Student, 37
Tutankhamen, 58
United Nations: Obama’s first General Assembly speech, 151; peacekeepers in South Sudan, 168; protests at, 107, 163; resolutions, 109, 149; Rice as ambassador to, 145; sanctions on South Sudan, 165, 168–169; Security Council delegation to Sudan, 152
United States: anti-Islamic legislative efforts, 174; Bush (G. W.) administration, 146; Congressional Black Caucus, 93, 125–126; Darfur Peace and Accountability Act (2006), 149; early Sudan-US relations, 69–72; embassy in South Sudan, 157, 161–162; power, US, 7; understanding of Sudan, 103–105. See also Obama, Barack; Rice, Susan; State Department, US
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 48
University of Khartoum, 79–80, 83–85
US Agency for International Development (USAID), 69, 72, 74–79
US Information Agency (USIA), 69, 72, 82
US Information Service (USIS), 104
Vigilant (Khartoum), 136
Walkley, R. Barrie, 157
Ward, Samuel Ringgold, 58
Washington, Booker T., 29; African affairs, involvement in, 30; Black internationalism and, 20; Cayton and, 45; Hunt-Washington cotton project and, 29–31, 34–43; Pan-Africanist views of, 19; silence on Sudan and the Sudanese, 40–41, 43–44
Wells, William, 58
What Is the What (Eggers and Deng), 149–150
Wheeler, Oliver, 73
White-Hammond, Gloria, 126
whiteness and Arabness, 54–55, 57
Wiesel, Eli, 139
Williams, F. A., 79
Williams, W. Kenneth, 80
Wilson, Christine (Bayyinah Sharrieff), 102
Wisconsin Weekly Advocate, 96
women, African American, 48–49. See also specific women by name
Worcester (MA) Daily Spy, 31
World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC), 14