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Index
- abbesses and prioresses: authority, 15, 57–61, 63–64, 67, 70, 73, 75, 231, 248–49; as confessors, 14–15; enclosure, 58–60, 74; as estate managers, 63–66, 72, 75; historiography of, 57–58, 60, 61n15, 65; literacy, 21, 61–63, 72, 75; as litigators, 59, 62–64, 66, 72; as lords, 64, 66; preaching, 14–15, 194n89; related to ecclesiasts, 57, 66; removed from office, 74–75
- abbots, 50, 58, 64, 73
- Akyr, Helen, 89–91
- Amussen, Susan, 22, 116, 130
- anchorites, 161, 196–97
- anxiety, 22–23, 52–53, 55, 60, 73–79, 83, 102–03, 112, 131, 138, 160, 166, 174, 177–78, 187, 191, 201–02, 206–07, 212, 215, 221–22, 229, 232, 237, 241, 243, 246, 249–52
- apparitors. See summoners
- Aquinas, Thomas, 42, 46, 159
- Aristotle, 45–47, 53
- Armstrong-Partida, Michelle, 96, 98, 130, 137
- ars dictaminis, 33–39, 45, 70
- Aston, Margaret, 159, 170–73
- Atwater, William (bishop of Lincoln), 122, 140, 182
- Auvergne, William of, 176
- baptism, 93–94, 124, 179, 183, 185, 221; conferred by women, 158, 162–66, 185–7, 200–01, 249
- Barking Abbey, 173–75
- Baxter, Margery, 164–66, 172, 197–99
- Bekket, Robert, 92–94
- bell ringing, 180–81, 187; by women, 180–81, 183–84, 200–01
- Benedictine Rule for nuns, 57, 73
- benefit of clergy, 17n36, 140, 206–07
- Bennett, Judith, 5, 16, 20, 183–84, 235, 250
- binding and loosing, 185–87; conferred by women, 157–58, 188–93
- bishops: administration by, 11, 27–28, 31, 36, 154, 244–46; letters of, 30–43, 52–53, 61, 68, 71, 92; registers of, 28–29, 159. See also visitation: records
- Blackburn, Mariota (prioress of Coldstream), 62–63
- Broun, Alison, 187–91, 193, 199
- Brut, Walter, 157–60, 163–64, 177–79, 181, 185–87, 200–01, 231, 242–43, 249, 252
- Bubwith, Nicholas (bishop of Bath and Wells), 37–38
- Bugyis, Katie Ann-Marie, 173–75
- Buridan, Jean, 47
- Butler, Judith, 8, 153, 250
- Bychowski, M. W., 238, 244
- Canterbury Interlude, 212–13, 224, 233–34
- castration, 217–19, 225, 229
- charity: virtue, 32, 49 (see also love); welfare, 124
- Chaucer, Geoffrey, 59, 67, 189–92, 194–95, 207, 210, 212, 222–25, 227, 232–34, 237–38, 242, 244
- Chekyn, Elizabeth, 183–84, 236
- Chichele, Henry (archbishop of Canterbury), 35, 67–68, 126
- childbearing, 164–65, 172, 187, 198, 239–40, 243
- church courts: women and, 88–95
- churching. See purification
- churchwardens. See parishes: churchwardens
- Cicero, 39, 45–47, 49–50, 52, 70
- Claydon, John (William), 171–72
- Clerkenwell Priory, 57, 64, 69
- clerical households: children, 96, 99–100, 102, 105, 118, 131–32, 138; de facto wives, 11, 13, 85, 95–103, 111, 137–45, 149, 176–77, 182, 231, 249–50; dependent clergy, 131; mothers, 105, 107, 123, 131–32, 140; servants, 11, 85, 95, 97, 104–08, 111, 116, 120–21, 131–32, 135, 140, 180–82, 229–30, 234, 249, 252; sisters, 105, 107, 123, 140; temporary female companions, 103–04. See also parish clergy: as householders
- clerks. See parish clergy: clerks
- Clyfland, Joan, 197–98
- Cobham, Thomas, 194
- Coldstream Priory, 62–63
- concubine (derogatory term), 96, 106, 148n106, 175–77. See also clerical households: de facto wives
- confession, 89, 100, 126, 133, 138, 177, 179, 185–86; heard by women, 186–87, 201
- Connell, Raewyn, 8, 10, 114–15
- Cossar, Roisin, 96, 116, 121
- Coterell, Margery, 91–92
- cross dressing, 183–84, 238; regarded as disguise, 231–32, 236, 243–44
- Cullum, Patricia, 104, 114–15
- cursing, 188–92. See also excommunication
- Eardisley (Herefordshire), 179–82
- effeminacy. See femininity: of men
- Emneth (Norfolk), 89
- Enloe, Cynthia, 22
- Eucharist, 124, 168, 179–80, 216–17; conferred by women, 157
- Eulogium historiarum, 240
- eunuchs, 217, 222, 244, 246. See also castration
- Euphemia (abbess of Wherwell), 67–68, 72
- excommunication, 15n31, 91, 99, 104, 180, 185, 188–93
- Faba, Guido, 42, 45
- Farman, Juliana, 91–92
- faith, 37–39, 214
- Felton, Sybil de (abbess of Barking), 173–74
- femininity: and the body, 165, 241; and dangerous speech, 192–93; and deceit, 223, 234; and faith, 39; and hair, 149, 170–71, 222–23; and humility, 69; and gossip, 110, 126, 152; and greed, 102; and inconstancy, 146, 152–53; and infantilization, 68–69, 72; and irrationality, 153, 193; and labor, 86–87, 106; and lack of restraint, 128, 223, 240; and lust, 75, 240; of men, 77, 103, 127, 144, 146, 152, 222–25, 228–29, 231–33, 243, 245; and need, 36, 45, 70; and passivity, 143; and privacy, 22, 74–75, 78, 194–95; and profligacy, 76, 177, 223, 233; and promises, 39; and seduction, 223, 232–34, 241; and sweetness, 69; and vanity, 110, 177; and virtue, 67; and weakness, 69–70, 111, 148, 223, 231–32
- feminism, 9, 18–19, 22, 30, 78, 87, 201
- fidelity, 31, 37, 39, 108
- fiducia, 37–38
- FitzRalph, Richard, 135, 146
- Foucault, Michel, 18–19
- freedom, 40, 46, 52
- free will, 40–41
- French, Katherine, 86–87, 92, 169
- friendship, 29–30, 70–71, 108, 138–39; equality in, 34, 68, 214; ritualized, 29, 33–34, 44–50, 52–53, 139, 154, 204, 215, 230, 247, 251
- Gellner, Ernest, 51–52
- gender: binary, 13, 202, 216, 220, 230, 239, 243, 249, 253; determined in the womb, 164n18, 223n65, 234n101; essentialism, 165n20, 221; grammatical, 174–75, 240; historiography of, 8–10, 18–19, 55, 253; lies about, 78–79; nonnormative expression, 184, 204–07, 216, 221, 223, 232, 243–45, 247–49, 253; passing, 237, 244. See also masculinity; femininity; transness
- Godstow Abbey, 61, 65, 69
- Grandisson, John de (bishop of Exeter), 35, 40–41, 44, 49, 76–77, 211, 215, 233
- Gratian, 14, 190, 217, 220
- Gutt, Blake, 3n3, 204
- Hardyng, William, 182–85
- Hart, Herbert, 17–19
- Hartlebury (Worcestershire), 122, 151, 175, 178, 182
- Hawthorn, Geoffrey, 52
- hegemony of men. See patriarchy
- heresy, 163, 192. See also lollardy
- hermaphrodite (derogatory term), 220–22, 225, 229, 231, 245–46. See also intersex
- Hermit, Isabella (prioress of Redlingfield), 75
- Hethe, Hamo de (bishop of Rochester), 32, 34, 36
- Heywood, John, 224, 235–36
- Higden, Ranulf, 45, 192–93, 239–41, 243
- homosexuality, 237
- horses, 209, 228, 237–38; castration, 222, 225; mutilation, 225–31, 245
- Huguccio, 220–21
- humoral theory, 151, 223
- Hungerford (Berkshire), 91–92
- Lanercost Chronicle, 100–03
- Langland, William, 212, 224, 228, 235, 242
- last rites, 124, 127, 179
- Lawrence, Walter, 218–19, 221–22
- Laycock Abbey, 64, 66
- Leverington (Cambridgeshire), 166–71
- liturgical drama, 173–75
- lollardy, 16, 37, 75, 93–94, 120, 122n25, 159, 164, 171–73, 177, 181, 187n70, 191, 197–200, 203, 241, 252
- love, 39, 44, 48, 71, 108, 138–39. See also charity: virtue
- loyalty. See fidelity
- Lydgate, John, 242–43
- Lyndwood, William, 140, 163
- magic, 188–89
- maleness: of clergy, 83–84, 124–25, 143, 150, 154, 201, 216–19, 221, 229–30, 246–48, 253; of God, 83–84, 124
- Mannyng, Robert, 100, 132, 189
- Markawntt, Margaret, 166–70, 199
- Martival, Roger (bishop of Salisbury), 31–32, 34, 36
- masculinity: and activeness, 143; and adulthood, 115, 126, 224; ambiguous, 206, 215–31, 234n101, 236, 246; and anger, 152–53; and the body, 146–50, 168; and boldness, 144–45; and celibacy, 114, 137, 140, 219, 250; of clergy, 77, 84; and discernment, 36, 42–43, 189; and discretion, 37, 42, 47, 250; and dress, 146, 148–49; and drink, 149–50, 168; and equality, 46, 116, 146, 154, 251; and equanimity, 147, 151; and faith, 39; and freedom, 40, 74, 103, 112, 127–28, 130, 134, 215, 249; and friendship, 44–46, 50–53, 136; and gambling, 150–51; and hair, 148–49, 171, 234, 242–43; historiography of, 2, 7–8, 12–15, 23–24, 113–16; and horses, 228–230; and hospitality, 134–36; and industry, 41–42; and labor, 133; and modern professions, 2n1; and obligation, 128–31, 135–36, 146, 250; and pleasure, 92, 127–28, 131, 135, 144; and power, 70, 109, 117, 131; and property, 144; and public speaking, 200; and reason, 153; and self-control, 114, 126, 128, 130–31, 137–38, 142–47, 150, 153, 223–24, 250; and skill, 43; and violence, 151–53; and virtue, 37–43, 46, 52–53, 70, 151; and voice, 126, 146, 222; of women, 67, 72, 135, 246; and zeal, 127
- Mass, 125, 127–28, 133, 161, 168, 176–77, 179, 209, 216; assistance by women, 167–68, 170–71, 178–85, 201; celebration by women, 170–72, 177. See also Eucharist
- McDougall, Sara, 219, 237
- McNamara, Jo Ann, 60
- McSheffrey, Shannon, 183–84
- midwives, 163
- Miller, Andrew, 227–30,
- Minnis, Alastair, 159–60
- Mirk, John, 132, 163
- misogyny, 67, 70–71, 73, 78, 162, 165, 172n34, 173, 236, 240, 248–49; transmisogyny, 244, 246–48
- Myers, Jeffrey, 237–38, 244
- pardoners, 203, 207–13, 215, 222–25, 230, 232–37, 244–46, 253
- parish clergy: appointment, 117–18; clerks, 104, 124, 140–42, 147, 154, 168, 170, 180n53, 181–84, 229, 231, 236, 252; conflict with pardoners, 209, 215; disability, 126, 216–17; as householders, 76, 115–16, 122–23, 128–36, 150, 179; ministries of, 115–16, 122, 124–28, 150, 179, 217 (see also baptism; binding and loosing; confession; Eucharist; last rites; Mass; preaching); sexuality, 13–15, 72, 79, 92, 95, 97, 103–04, 113–15, 119, 123, 137–45, 190, 219; social behavior, 114–15, 119, 145–54. See also clerical households
- parishes: churchwardens, 85, 90, 111, 169; community, 88; fundraising, 84–88, 91–92, 111, 169, 201; gendered space in, 167–68, 172n34, 175–76, 178, 201
- patriarchy, 9–10, 12, 19–24, 68, 76, 87–88, 113, 115–16, 200, 250, 253
- patrons of churches, 50, 78, 85, 108–11, 117–18, 153, 167–68
- peasants’ revolt of 1381, 62
- penance, 118, 124, 158, 171, 186, 208, 233. See also binding and loosing; confession
- penises, 217, 227–28, 241
- plague, 56, 105, 136, 161, 181, 186, 200, 207, 251
- Polonus, Martinus, 238–39, 241
- preaching by women, 157–58, 175, 187, 193–200. See also abbesses and prioresses: preaching
- prostitution. See sex work
- Prowd, Katherine, 166–70, 199
- prudence, 31, 36–37, 42–43, 47, 102, 214
- pseudo-Demetrius, 49–50
- purification of women, 171–72
- sacerdos, 174–75
- sacerdotissa, 175–78
- Sampson, Isabella, 76–77
- scolds, 103
- Scott, Joan, 5, 8
- servants, 39, 47–48, 50, 63, 65, 68, 73, 75, 92–93, 198–99, 226. See also clerical households: servants
- sex work, 77, 87, 93n22, 100n50, 183–84, 234–36
- Shrewsbury, Ralph of (bishop of Bath and Wells), 186
- Slattere, Rose (Roos), 191–93, 199
- Slitt, Rebecca, 70–71
- sodomy, 139, 227
- Spencer-Hall, Alicia, 3n3, 204
- St. Augustine, 38–41, 43, 46, 49–50
- St. Germanus, 191–93
- St. Modwenna, 57, 65
- St. Paul, 39, 149, 164, 193–94
- summoners, 189–90, 203, 207–15, 225–32, 234–35, 245–46, 253
- Swanson, Robert, 114, 175, 210
- tallies, 226–28
- Thibodeaux, Jennifer, 114–15, 119, 123, 134, 137
- Transmundus, 34–35, 44, 47
- transness: definitions and terminology, 204–06; historiography of, 3n, 114, 204–05; trans people, 204, 215, 237–39, 241, 243–45, 247, 253. See also gender: nonnormative expression; intersex; ordination: of trans people
- Trefnant, John (bishop of Hereford), 109, 122, 157–59, 179, 181, 187, 211–12, 226
- Trevisa, John, 192, 240
- trust, 32–34, 36–41, 43–44, 47, 49–53, 63, 70–71, 107, 208, 213–15. See also faith, fiducia
- Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt, 21, 55, 87
- Usk, Adam of, 240–41
- vestments, 87, 91, 170, 174, 183–84, 206, 223, 236, 242
- Viktring, Johannes, 241
- virtue, 37–38, 85
- visitation: origins, 16; procedure, 63, 73, 90, 98, 101–03, 119–21, 131, 147, 207; quantification of complaints, 122–23; records, 59, 107, 119, 121–22, 141–42; women’s voices in, 84, 88–92, 251
- Vitry, Jacques de, 176–77
- Walker, Ralph, 226–27
- Walsingham, Thomas, 171–72, 184
- Waltham, John (bishop of Salisbury), 122, 141, 232
- Wantage (Berkshire), 147, 182–84, 236
- Warham, William (archbishop of Canterbury), 122, 127, 136, 145, 191
- Werner, Janelle, 99, 116, 120, 144, 235
- Wherwell Abbey, 67, 69, 72–73
- Whitney, Elspeth, 222–23
- wills and testaments, 41, 58, 76, 86–87, 107, 169, 207
- Wintney Priory, 75–76
- Wisbech (Cambridgeshire), 43, 89, 122, 132, 166–67
- Woolsthorpe (Lincolnshire), 92–94, 128
- women priests. See baptism: conferred by women; binding and loosing: conferred by women; confession: heard by women; Eucharist: conferred by women; ordination: of women; preaching by women; sacerdotissa
- Wyclif, John, 241–42, 246
- Wycliffism. See lollardy