Page numbers in italic refer to figures and tables.

abjection: blackness as, 23 (see also blackness-as-risk); spaces of suffering and, 6–9 (see also suffering)

Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes, 58–60, 61, 196

activists. See resistance

aesthetic concerns, 2, 4, 103, 112, 135, 144–47

Africans: colonial perceptions of, 24–25, 43–44, 49; enslaved (see slavery). See also blackness

Afro-pessimism, 17, 38

Agamben, Georgio, 218n5

Ahmed, Sara, 186

Alexander, Michelle, 223n71; The New Jim Crow, 40

American Dream, 6–7, 37, 124

antiblackness: as bodily response, 186; class difference and, 37; gendered, 210; humanity and (see humanity); killing and, 104; predatory policing and, 14 (see also predatory policing); property and, 143; racial formation theory and, 112–13; resistance against, 4–6, 211–14 (see also Ferguson Protest Movement; resistance); risk and, 18–19, 41, 165. See also racism; suffering

antipoverty initiatives, 147–52. See also war on poverty

antiracism, 27, 32, 39, 121, 148, 167. See also blackness-as-freedom; resistance

Arch City Defenders, 235n78

Arendt, Hannah, 218n5

arrest warrants, 2, 85–86, 99. See also jail time

assimilation, 26, 143, 171–72

Association for Community Organizations for Reform Now, 196

bail bonds, 89

Baker, Lee, 27

Baltimore, 65

Bartholomew, Harland, 66, 68

Bass, Charlotta, 33

Bell, Wesley, 106, 213

Bella Villa, 91, 92

Bellefontaine Neighbors, 68

Bellerive, 92, 101

Bel-Nor, 50, 67, 92, 101, 130

Bel-Ridge, 92

Benedict, Ruth, 27

Benhabib, Seyla, 167

benign neglect, 238n34

Berkeley, 65, 87, 92, 108

Better Together, 75, 235n78

Beverly Hills, 69, 92, 98

Beyond Housing, 147–52, 241n43

biopolitics, 6–7, 184, 211

biopower, 184

Black bodies: protesters’ performative use of, 178–89; slavery and, 215n3; visibility of, 19, 168, 180–89; vulnerability of, 202–3.

See also out-of-place bodies

Black deviance, tropes of, 1–2, 4, 7; culture-of-poverty thesis, 34–35, 37; gendered, 205; predatory policing and, 10, 83; “suburban crisis” and, 102–5

Black feminism, 210, 243n17, 244n37. See also feminism

Black identity, 31, 176, 180, 182–83, 209. See also identity

Black Jack, 93

Black leaders (municipal): post-Ferguson narratives about, 14; racialized predatory policing and, 3–4, 75, 97, 105–10; Uncle Tom politics and, 3. See also Black women leaders; municipal leaders

Black Lives Matter, organization and movement, 18, 205–9

Black masculinity, 174–77, 182, 201–5

Black migration to northern cities, 31, 58, 65, 154, 218n9

Blackmon, Traci, 198

blackness: commodification of, 186; embodied, 5, 8, 186–87, 212; fungible, 23, 38, 172, 215n3; humanity and (see humanity); moral polity of, 141; white gaze and, 246n6.

See also trauma

blackness-as-freedom, 5–6, 14–15, 19; cultural politics and, 34; resistance and, 166–72, 189, 209–10

blackness-as-risk, 14–18; antiblackness and, 214; Black women leaders and, 155; citizenship rights and, 113; concept of, 23, 81; inhumanity and, 198–99; municipal revenue and, 40–41, 108 (see also policing-for-revenue); predatory policing and, 75, 82 (see also predatory policing); property values and, 66, 102, 121, 137, 150, 198–99, 221n50; space and, 162; state violence and, 134; “suburban crisis” and, 103–5; technologies of modern racial state and, 109–10, 207; white neighborhoods and, 35, 65–73

Black political autonomy, 83, 105–10, 189, 214.

See also Black leaders; municipal autonomy

Black Power Movement, 34, 196

Black Student Alliance, 193

Black Studies, 23, 39

Black suburbs, 27, 37, 120, 221n50

Black women: brutality toward, 54–55; as heads of households, 142–43; scholarship by, 32–33; stereotypes about, 36, 244n37; vulnerability of, 202–3

Black women activists, 4–6, 17; attitudes toward, 201–5; cultural politics and, 33–34; as leaders of Ferguson resistance (see Ferguson Protest Movement); media attention on, 199–202; regimes of truth and, 153–54

Black women leaders, 3–4; blackness-as-risk and, 155; cultural politics and, 33; media coverage of, 138–39; in Pagedale, 17, 135, 137–40, 153–55, 233n55, 234n72; respectability politics and, 4, 141–43, 154; violence against, 139–40, 153. See also Black leaders; municipal leaders

blighted neighborhoods, 75

blockbusting, 3, 66, 70–71. See also home ownership; real estate practices

“Blue Lives Matter” signs, 190

Boas, Franz, 27

bodies. See Black bodies; out-of-place bodies

Bratton, William (“Bill”), 2, 223n69

Brenner, Neil, 2–3

Bricmont, Jean, 149

Briffault, Richard, 223n68

broken-windows policing, 2, 10, 40, 145, 149, 216n7, 223n69

Brown, Michael, Jr.: desecration of body, 5–6, 156, 158–60, 169, 171, 186, 189; killing of, 3, 13–14, 41, 76, 105, 112, 117, 156–58, 178; media coverage of, 118, 133, 158–60; memorial on Canfield Drive, 160–61, 190; protests against killing of (see Ferguson Protest Movement); spectacle of violence and, 55–56; as symbol, 213; Wilson’s perceptions of, 15, 38, 156–58

Brown, William W., Narrative of William W. Brown, 54

Brown v. Board of Education, 116

budgets, funding for. See revenue, municipal

Burgess, Ernest W., 28–29

Butler, Judith, 118, 186–87

California Eagle (newspaper), 33

Calverton Park, 88, 91, 93, 130

Campaign Zero, 207

Canfield Green Apartments, 117, 156, 162

capitalism, 31, 38–39, 113, 231n14

Carter, Angel, 243n12

Carter, Mary Louise, 137, 139, 233n55, 234n72

car title loans, 98

Cashin, Sheryll D., 221n50, 223n68, 235n81, 238n35

Castile, Philando, 99

catch-and-release policing, 10, 41, 103

Catholic schools, 73

Cayton, Horace R., 31

Césaire, Aimé, 32, 170

Charlack, 93

Cheng, Wendy, 143

Chicago, 31, 118–19

Chicago school sociologists, 28–29, 31, 37

choreopolicing, 183–84

choreopolitics, 17, 184, 189, 212

Chouteau, Auguste, 42, 43, 47–48, 51

Chouteau, Pierre, 48

cisgendered assumptions, 174–77

citations: from multiple cities, 98–99; municipal budgets and (see revenue, municipal); quotas for, 90–91; rates of, 229n103. See also nontraffic violations; ordinances; predatory policing; property violations; traffic violations

citizenship: antiblackness and, 113; Black women and, 32–33; fitness for, 26, 27–28; rights of, 49, 147 (see also rights); slavery and, 52. See also suburban citizenship

Civic Progress, 227n53

civilization, 24–25, 62

civil rights legislation, 34, 70, 121, 136

Civil Rights Movement, 172, 185, 195, 196, 204, 209

Clamorgan, Cyprian, The Colored Aristocracy of St. Louis, 53–54

Clark, Meriwether Lewis, 52

Clark, William, 51–52, 62, 63

class, 140–41; distinctions in, 58; inequality and, 37; spatial disparity and, 38; wageless, 231n14. See also middle-class identity

Clayton, 93

Clinton administration, 223n70

Clossum, Roosevelt, 137

Coates, George E., 69

Coates, Ta-Nehisi, 238n43

code violations, 144–47. See also property violations

Cohen, Cathy, 172–73

collective imagination, 154, 169

Collins, Patricia Hill, 222n64

color-blind society, 40, 120, 133, 224n71

Combahee River Collective, 243n17

commercial districts, 74–75, 82–83, 102.

See also economic development

community development, 148

conformity, 83, 171–72, 184

Congress of Racial Equity, 196

consent decrees, 152

consolidation. See municipal consolidation

Cool Valley, 93, 101, 233n55

Cooper, Anna Julia, A Voice from the South, 32–33

Cooper, Brittany, 154

corruption, 17, 49, 108, 213

Country Club Hills, 87

Cox, Aimee Meredith, 183

Cox, Oliver C., 31

Craig, Nicholas, 136

Crawley, Darline, 138–39

Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 216n10

criminalization: of Black citizens, 35–36, 120; for economic purposes, 102–5; of informal economies, 89; of poor and homeless, 145; of urban space, 36, 40–41

Crummell, Alexander, 218n14

cultural anthropology, 27, 39

cultural politics: law and, 49; regimes of truth and, 112, 153–54; state violence and, 134

cultural politics of race and space: antiblackness and, 211–14; blackness and war, 34–41; mapping race, 24–34; overview of, 14–17; in Pagedale, 135–55; suburbs and, 62–63, 123–24

culture-of-poverty thesis, 34–35, 37, 39, 148, 223n70, 238n34, 241n39

“Cut the Check,” 197, 245n6

Daniels, Cathy (“Mama Cat”), 191

Davis, Angela, 221n45

death, racialized politics of, 6–9. See also social death; violence

dehumanization, 5, 8, 41, 244n37. See also humanity; inhumanity

Department of Education, 113

Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, 116

desegregation, 114–15, 121, 133. See also racial segregation

design-thinking methodology, 24, 217n25

Des Peres, 93

deterritorialization, 25

Detroit Free Press, 138, 139

Dieckhaus, Robert, 69

difference, 27, 37, 112, 133, 196

Dillon, John, 234n73

Dillon’s Rule, 107

disciplinary frameworks, 11–12, 27–29, 31, 37

discipline, 1–3, 39, 45, 63, 81, 82

discrimination, 16, 70–71, 119, 216n10, 234n60. See also intersectional oppression; real estate practices

disinvestment, 41, 65, 72–73, 76, 83, 104, 113, 117–18, 120, 223n69

dissolution. See municipal consolidation

double consciousness, 27–28

Douglass, Frederick, 218n14

Drake, St. Clair, 31

Dred Scott case, 52, 53

driving: “driving while Black,” 88, 223n69; fear of, 87, 99–100. See also traffic violations

Du Bois, W. E. B., 32; The Philadelphia Negro, 28, 31, 144; “The Conservation of Races,” 27–28, 218n14

Easton, Rufus, 47–49

East St. Louis, Illinois, 56

economic development, 74–75, 151, 152.

See also commercial districts

Edmundson, 90

Ehrlichman, John, 23

Ellis, Nadia, 5–6, 213

embodied blackness, 5, 8, 186–87, 212

Emerson Electric, 83, 108

Enlightenment thinking, 24–25, 27–28

enslaved Africans. See slavery

epistemic violence, 18

equality, 54, 106–7, 171–72. See also inequality

eroticism, 180–82

Escobar, Aurturo, 10, 214

ethics of lived blackness, 171–72, 182, 213.

See also blackness-as-freedom

ethnic homogeneity, 67–68

European culture, 24–25

European immigrants, 26, 29, 58

exploitation, 9–10, 81, 102–5

Fair Housing Act (1968), 37, 69–70, 104, 121, 228n78, 238n41

Falcon Heights, Minnesota, 99

Fanon, Franz, 18, 32, 186, 246n6

fantasy, 121–22

Farrakhan, Louis, 199

Fausz, J. Frederick, 45

fear, 2; affective work of, 23; of driving, 87, 99–100; imaginative geographies and, 121–22

Federal Home Loan Bank Board, 72

Federal Housing Administration, 71–72, 122

feminism, 39, 204–5. See also Black feminism

Ferguson: consent decree and oversight of, 152; corporate investments, 108; demographics, 76, 93, 117–18; establishment of, 62; killling of Michael Brown in (see Brown, Michael, Jr.); Kinloch and, 65, 135; lawsuits against police department, 87; middle-class whiteness and, 112; municipal court, 97; racialized predatory policing, 3, 75–77, 82, 91, 93, 105–7; racial mismatch between leadership and residents, 82, 97; as suburban space, 125; white residents, 126, 127

Ferguson, Roderick, 142, 167, 205

Ferguson Commission, 105–6, 234n66

Ferguson October, 194–200, 245n6

Ferguson Protest Movement, 5–6, 165–210; affective environment, 177–82; confrontation and, 180, 184–85; counterprotesters, 190–91; generational differences in, 196; images of, 162, 178, 179, 188; leaders of (Black women, queer, and gender nonconforming individuals), 33–34, 165–77, 192–93, 201–9, 212; media attention on male activists, 199–202; militarized police response to, 161–62; performative use of bodies in, 178–89, 193–94; against predatory policing, 75, 82, 86, 91, 178, 190; “protest family,” 191–92, 198–99, 208, 214; report on causes of, 106; spectacle and, 180, 196; tensions in, 195–99, 205–9, 245n6; Veiled Prophet Ball and, 60

Ferrell, Brittany, 181, 190, 205

fines and fees: for failure to appear in court, 86 (see also municipal courts); increases in, 99; informal economies and, 89; jail time and, 76, 85, 89, 97–100, 232n24; loss of jobs and, 97; for low-level infractions, 9–10, 86, 88–89, 144–47; municipal budgets and, 1, 3, 75–76 (see also revenue, municipal); payment plans for, 100; punitive society and, 104–5. See also policing-for-revenue

Fleetwood, Nicole, 182

Florissant, 62, 76

foreclosures, 72, 150

Foucault, Michel, 19, 39, 111, 112, 211; The Punitive Society, 104–5

Fourth Amendment, 223n69

fragmentation, political and geographic, 16, 41, 42, 67–68, 74, 81, 98, 107–9, 122, 223n68

Francis Howell School District, 115–16, 236n18

Frazier, E. Franklin, 34, 148; The Negro Family in the United States, 31

freedom, 4–6. See also blackness-as-freedom

Freedom of Information Act, 232n48

French colonial territory, 42–46

French Creole elite, 49

Friesema, H. Paul, 216n13

Frug, Gerald, 223n67

fungibility of Black life, 23, 38, 172, 215n3

Garb, Margaret, 118–19

Garden City design, 30, 62, 63, 67, 219n24

Garner, Eric, 89

Garvey, Marcus, 33

gender, constructions of, 18

gender conformity, 119–20, 141–43

gendered oppressions, 153, 201–5, 209–10; resistance against, 174–77. See also misogyny

gender nonconforming individuals: as leaders of Ferguson Protest Movement (see Ferguson Protest Movement); regimes of truth and, 153–54; resistance and, 17

generational differences, 153, 171, 196

generations of poverty, 86, 220n35

geographic fragmentation. See fragmentation, political and geographic

ghetto: fear of, 117, 121; Jewish, 237n29; popular culture and, 8; suburban, 27, 119–20, 237n30; as urban space, 25–26, 125, 143, 237n29

GI Bill, 67

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson, 35

Gilroy, Paul, 39

Giuliani, Rudy, 223n69

Goldberg, David Theo, 39, 216n8

Gordon, Avery, 153, 212–13, 216n16

Gordon, Colin, 66, 227n65, 239n44

Green, Patrick, 123–24, 233n55, 234n72

Green, Percy, 61

Green, Percy, III, 196

Greendale, 50, 94, 101

Gregory, Derek, 121

Haitian Revolution, 45

Hall, Stuart, 112, 209, 231n14; Policing the Crisis, 102

Hancock Amendment (1980), 229n94

Hanley Hills, 94

harassment, 9–10, 97–98, 128, 137, 144, 148, 162. See also predatory policing; stop-and-frisk policing

Harris, Cheryl, 233n58; “Whiteness as Property,” 103–4

Harris, Dianne, 118

Hartman, Saidiya, 8, 16, 23, 216n19

Harvey, David, 224n72

haunting, 5–6, 19, 51, 118, 161, 169, 184, 187–89, 212–14, 216n16

health impact assessment (HIA), 11, 148–52

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, 24–25

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 27

Hermann, Merrill Clark, 60

heteronormativity, 174–77, 201

heteropatriarchy, 58, 195, 201, 209

Hinton, Elizabeth, 40, 223n71

Holland, Sharon Patricia, 180

homelessness, functional, 236n12

home ownership, 119, 123–24, 147–52; Black homebuyers, 69–73, 122, 137, 228n78, 238n43; predatory investment practices and, 71; white homebuyers, 65–67. See also foreclosures; mortgage lending; property rights; property values; property violations; racially restrictive covenants; real estate practices; white flight; zoning laws, racial

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, 3, 66, 71, 122

homophobia, 171, 178

Howard, Sir Ebenezer, 219n24

humanity: blackness and, 24–25, 29, 30, 43–44, 49, 118, 162; construction of ‘the human,’ 118. See also dehumanization; inhumanity

Hunt family, 63

identity, 154, 169, 176; claims to, 174; generational, 153; local, 68; middle-class, 37, 112, 119, 140–41; respectability politics and, 182; spatializing, 124–28. See also Black identity

imaginative geographies, 120–21

immigrant labor, 58

incorporation, 68

inequality: culture and, 37; in global context, 38–39. See also antiblackness; discrimination; racism

informal economies, 89

inhumanity, 170, 189, 198–99. See also dehumanization; humanity

Institute for Justice, 143–45, 152

International Property Maintenance Code, 101, 232n47

intersectional oppression, 39, 165–67, 171, 174–75, 178, 201–5, 210, 222n64, 243n17

Jacobs, Jane, 30

Jacques Garvey, Amy, 33

jail time, 2, 9–10; for inability to pay fines and fees, 76, 85, 89, 97–100, 232n24; jail conditions and, 85–86; loss of jobs and, 97; for minor offenses, 230n104; for missing court dates, 87; suicides during, 86, 155, 231n6, 242n55

Jefferson, Thomas, 45–47, 51

Jennings, 69–70, 98, 231n6

Jewish ghetto, 237n29

Jezebel figure, 173, 182, 244n37

Jim Crow laws, 40, 218n8, 224n71

Johnson, Dorian, 89–90, 156

Johnson administration, 34–35, 220n36, 220n40

juridical practices. See fines and fees; jail time; municipal courts; policing

Justice Department. See US Department of Justice

Kelley, Robin D. G., 209

Kelling, George, 223n69

killing of unarmed people of color. See Brown, Michael, Jr.; lynching; police brutality

King, Kimberlee. See Randle-King, Kimberlee

Kinloch, 64–65, 135, 239n47

Kirkwood, 64

Knowles, James, 111, 112, 117

Ku Klux Klan, 218n8

labor, wageless, 231n14

labor rights, 58

labor strikes, 226n49

Laclede, Pierre, 43

Ladue, 94

Lang, Clarence, 60, 196

Lauer, T. E., 75–76

law: 1994 crime bill, 223n70; antiblackness and, 186 (see also antiblackness); cultural politics and, 49; limiting predatory policing, 213.

See also Macks Creek Law; ordinances; zoning laws, racial

Lawrence, Stanton, 114

lawsuits: against Ferguson police department, 87; against Pagedale, 143–44, 152; against Senate Bill 5 (limit on fines), 234n74

Legal Aid Society, 137

Lepecki, André, 183–84

Lewis, Oscar, 34, 220n35, 238n34

LGBT activists. See queer women of color activists

liberation, 32, 180. See also blackness-as-freedom; resistance

Lincoln, Abraham, 56

Lipsitz, George, 215n2, 219n19, 230n3

literature, 39

Livingston, Robert, 46

loans. See mortgage lending; payday loans

local autonomy: importance of, 41, 42, 44, 46, 68, 216n13. See also Black political autonomy; municipal autonomy

local identity, 68

localism, 40, 109, 223nn67–68

Logan, John R., 224n72

Lorde, Audre, 180–82

Louisiana Territory, 43–47, 51

Lovejoy, Elijah, 55–56

Lucas, Charles, 51

Lucas, John Baptiste Charles (J.B.C.), 46–49, 51, 63, 225n19

lynching, 35, 55–56, 218n8; Michael Brown’s death as, 160, 162, 213. See also violence

Macks Creek Law, 89, 97, 231n11

majority-Black cities, 216n13, 234n74; autonomy of, 83, 105–10 (see also Black political autonomy; municipal autonomy); racialized policing in, 83 (see also racialized policing). See also Black leaders; Black women leaders; disinvestment

majority-white cities, 108; racialized policing in, 91

mammy figure, 182

Manhattan Institute, 133

“manner of walking” violations, 141, 156–57.

See also “walking while Black”

Maplewood, 94

Martin, Trayvon, 205

Marxist theory, 31, 37, 38–39, 231n14

mass incarceration, 2, 224n71

“Mass Meeting on Ferguson” (event), 198–99

Mauer, William, 145

Mbembe, Achille, 6

McCulloch, Bob, 106, 213

McIntosh, Francis, 55–56

McKittrick, Katherine, 167

McSpadden, Lezley, 160, 161, 173–74

Meacham Park, 64, 239n47

Melamed, Jodi, 121

Metro St. Louis Coalition for Inclusion and Equity, 193

Metzl, Jonathan, 35

middle-class identity, 37, 112, 119, 140–41

migration. See Black migration to northern cities

military industrial complex, 39–40

Million Man March, 199

Minneapolis, 99

Minoma, 52

misogyny, 58, 178, 205

Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment (MORE), 60, 195–97, 209, 227n54, 245n6

Missouri Compromise, 50–51

Missouri Constitution, 61, 229n94, 232n48

Missouri General Assembly, 49

Missouri State Board of Education, 114

Missouri Sunshine Law, 102, 232n48

Missouri Supreme Court, 49, 107, 114

Missouri Territory, 49

mob violence, 55–56. See also lynching; violence

modernist design, 30

Molotch, Harvey L., 224n72

Mondale, Walter, 238n41

Moore, Thomas, 227n50

mortgage lending: biases in, 35; predatory, 71–72; risk assessment and, 66, 71–72, 234n60. See also foreclosures; home ownership; real estate practices

Moses, Robert, 219n22

Moten, Fred, 212, 214

Movement for Black Lives, 205

Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 238n34; The Negro Family, 34–35

multiculturalism, 39

Mumford, Lewis, “What is a City?,” 29–30

municipal autonomy: importance of, 68, 73, 81; precedent for, 61; predatory policing and, 1, 4, 41, 58, 82–83; regional governance and, 109. See also Black political autonomy; fragmentation, political and geographic; local autonomy

municipal consolidation: attitudes on, 130; resistance to, 3–4, 73, 107–9, 140

municipal courts: abuses by, 75–76; appearances at, 89, 97, 100; duplication of, 68; reform of, 107. See also fines and fees

municipal home rule, 234n73

municipal leaders: Black residents’ views of, 129; cultural politics and, 10; majority-white, 13–14, 82; media coverage on, 138; predatory policing and, 2–4, 135, 137–38, 140–52; white residents’ views of, 129–30. See also Black leaders; Black women leaders

municipal services, 1, 41; duplication of, 68. See also municipal courts; police departments

Murphy, Viola, 233n55

Myers, VonDerrit, 193–94

NAACP, 70

Napoléon Bonaparte, 45

Natchez tribe, 47

National Guard, 117

Nation of Islam, 199

Native Americans, 43, 45, 47–49, 51

nature, 24–25, 30, 62

Negritude, 32

“Negro invasion,” 69–73, 122, 137, 238n43

neoliberalism, 38–40, 124, 149

New Deal-era housing policy, 119

New Madrid Relief Act (1815), 49–50

New York Times, 116

Nixon, Jay, 106, 117, 178, 234n66

Nixon, Rob, 239n63

Nixon administration, 35, 36

“noble savage,” 43, 49

nontraffic violations, 2, 9–10, 145–46; limit on fines for, 232n45; types of, 100–102. See also “manner of walking” violations; property violations

nonviolence, 178

Normandy: demographics and policing data, 94; land claims in, 50; mayor of, 233n55, 234n72; nontraffic citations, 101

Normandy Heights, 63

Normandy High School, 70, 117, 122, 156

Normandy Hills, 63

Normandy School District, 73; crisis of, 113–18, 120, 236n11

Normandy Schools Collaborative, 115, 151

North St. Louis County: attitudes toward, 128–34; blackness-as-risk and, 41; Black residents, 37, 64–65, 69–73, 79–81, 124–28; blighted neighborhoods, 75; built environment, 67; cultural politics, 16–17; demographic and policing data, 92–96; demographic shifts, 3, 7, 42, 79; development of, 6, 42, 62–67; discursive regimes and, 111–13; ethnic homogeneity in, 67–68; expansion in, 68; freedom and, 4–6; land claims in 1850, 50; maps of, 78–80; municipal budgets, 3–4; municipality boundaries, 98–99; Native Americans and, 51–52; predatory policing in (see predatory policing); risk and, 1–4; school districts, 73; space and, 7–9; as urban space, 120–28, 133–34; white neighborhoods in, 26–27, 67–73; as white suburban space, 120–28, 132–33. See also Ferguson; Pagedale

Northwoods, 94, 98

nuisance property ordinances, 17, 40, 147

occupancy permit ordinances, 71–72, 87, 137, 141

Occupy SLU, 193–94

Olivette, 94

Omi, Michael, 112; Racial Formation in the United States (with Winant), 37–38

Ong, Aihwa, 113

Onuf, Peter S., 47

oppression. See antiblackness; discrimination; intersectional oppression; racism

ordinances, 71–72, 75–76; aesthetics and (see aesthetic concerns); nuisance property, 17, 40, 147; occupancy permit, 71–72, 87, 137, 141; in Pagedale, 140, 144; quality of life, 17; violation of (see citations; nontraffic violations; property violations)

Ordower, Jeff, 245n6

Orff, Annie, 62

Organization for Black Struggle (OBS), 195–97, 209, 245n6

Osage tribe, 45, 47

Ottoline, Robert A., 73

out-of-place bodies, 4, 7, 28, 116–17, 128–34, 142, 162, 182, 183–84

Pagedale: Black women leaders in, 17, 135, 137–40, 153–55, 233n55, 234n72; class action lawsuit against, 143–44, 152; class status and, 125; consent decree and oversight, 152; demographics, 64, 70, 95, 135–37; discourses of race and space in, 135–55; housing audit, 150–52; jail suicides, 231n6, 242n55; policing-for-revenue practices in, 87, 95, 135, 137–38, 140–52; revitalization efforts, 147

Pan-Africanism, 32

Park, Robert E., 28

parochial schools, 73

Pasadena Hills, 86, 129

Pasadena Park, 101–2

Patterson, Orlando, 220n43

payday loans, 89, 98

performativity, 173, 178, 186–87, 212

personal responsibility, 10, 37, 123, 141–42, 148, 236n11

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 223n70

Piernas, Pedro, 43

Pine Lawn, 52, 95, 97, 98, 133, 231n6

place-based teaching, 9–11

Plessy v. Ferguson, 52

poaching of municipal resources, 235n81; by majority-white cities, 83; predatory policing and, 14, 40, 74–77, 103 (see also policing-for-revenue; predatory policing); sales tax and, 74–75

Poe, Tef, 198–99, 201

police brutality, 104–5, 162, 171–72, 202; killing of unarmed people of color, 104, 193, 234n61 (see also Brown, Michael, Jr.). See also violence

police departments: Black police officers, 14; Black residents’ views on, 126–28; duplication of, 68; voluntary calls to, 98; white residents’ views on, 128–29

policing: choreopolicing, 183–84; for municipal revenue (see policing-for-revenue); politics of, 102, 104–5; technologies of, 109–10, 207. See also broken-windows policing; catch-and-release policing; criminalization; predatory policing; racialized policing; stop-and-frisk policing; zero-tolerance policing

policing-for-revenue, 1–4, 10, 74, 89, 129; blackness as risk and, 40–41, 108; in Pagedale, 87, 95, 135, 137–38, 140–52; predatory policing and, 230n104; white spatial imaginary and, 17, 83. see also predatory policing

political autonomy. See Black political autonomy; local autonomy; municipal autonomy

political fragmentation. See fragmentation, political and geographic

pornotopology, 8–9, 133, 182, 217n20

pornotrope, 7–8, 180, 182

postcolonial analysis, 39

post-Ferguson narratives, 13–14. See also Ferguson Protest Movement

postracial discourse, 133

poverty: generations of, 86, 220n35. See also antipoverty initiatives; culture-of-poverty thesis; homelessness, functional; war on poverty

power, 104–5; discursive, 112–13, 153; of the erotic, 180–82; hierarchies of, 82; as productive force, 39; resistance and, 211

precarity, 2, 18, 186–87, 214

predatory policing: intergenerational effects of, 86; laws limiting, 213; majority-white leadership and, 13–14, 76–77; media coverage on, 91; municipal government and, 82–83 (see also policing-for-revenue); overview of, 1–4, 9–10, 16; poaching and, 40, 74–77; post-Ferguson narratives about, 13–14; types of, 83–90, 97–102, 126–28. See also arrest warrants; catch-and-release policing; citations; fines and fees; harassment; jail time; nontraffic violations; ordinances; property violations; racialized policing; traffic violations

Price, James, 70

prison expansion, 35–36

prison industrial complex, 39–40, 103, 221n45

private property, 40. See also home ownership; property values; property violations

private schools, 73

property: liens on, 147–50; protection of, 91, 102–3

property rights, 48, 123–24, 135, 233n58

property taxes, 74

property values: aesthetic concerns and, 2, 4, 103, 112, 135, 144–47; blackness-as-risk and, 66, 102, 121, 137, 150, 198–99, 221n50. See also home ownership

property violations, 9–10, 98; cosmetic, 84; in Pagedale, 140–47; rates of, 231n5; types of, 100–102. See also code violations

propriety, 82

protest: as collective imagination, 169. See also Ferguson Protest Movement; resistance

Pruitt-Igoe housing project, 37, 71

public housing projects, 36–37, 228n78

public safety, 91, 102–3, 129, 135

public transportation, 99–100

punitive society, 104–5

quality of life ordinances, 17

queering of protest, 165–68

queering politics, 172

queer of color critique, 17, 167, 209

queer of color theory, 38

queer theory, 17, 202

queer women of color activists: attitudes toward, 201–5; as leaders of Ferguson resistance (see Ferguson Protest Movement)

race: biology and, 27–28; capitalism and, 38–39; discourses of space and, 2, 26–27, 111–13, 124–28 (see also cultural politics of race and space; white spatial imaginary); geography and, 24–25; inequality and, 37

race riots, 56

racial apologia, 27

racial difference, 27

racial formation theory, 38, 112–13

racialism, 1–2

racialized bodies, 186–87

racialized policing, 76–77, 82–83, 91, 101–2; Black leaders and, 105–10; in majority-white cities, 91; municipal data on, 92–96. See also predatory policing

racially restrictive covenants, 35, 65–66, 68, 227n67. See also real estate practices

racial mixing, 46–49, 53

racial segregation, 52–53; in schools, 116; in St. Louis County, 64–73. See also desegregation; Jim Crow laws

racial state, 2, 16, 82–83, 109–10, 216n8

racial uplift, 31, 32, 54, 218n14

racism, 23, 38, 112, 115–16, 216n10, 236n18; color-blind, 133; housing and, 35; structural, 239n63. See also antiblackness

Rancière, Jacques, 183

Randle-King, Kimberlee, 155, 242n55

Reagan administration, 36, 38, 73

real estate practices, 3, 35, 137. See also blockbusting; home ownership; mortgage lending; racially restrictive covenants; redlining; zoning laws, racial

Reconstruction, 26, 58, 218n8

Reddy Chandan, 150

redlining, 3, 35, 72. See also real estate practices

reform measures, 107

regionalism, 40, 109, 223n68

repossession rates, 71

research methods, 9–13, 239n52

resistance, 4–6, 162; Black radical tradition, 32–34; culture and, 32; nonviolence in, 178; organic actions, 193–94; organizations involved in, 195–201. See also Black Power Movement; Black women activists; Civil Rights Movement; Ferguson Protest Movement; queer women of color activists

respectability politics: Black women leaders and, 4, 141–43, 154; community development and, 148; critiques of, 195, 209; identity and, 182–83; limits of, 171–72; Michael Brown and, 173–74. See also suburban respectability

responsibility. See personal responsibility

revenue, municipal: informal economies and, 89; policing for (see policing-for-revenue); sales tax, 73–75. See also fines and fees; fragmentation, political and geographic; poaching of municipal resources

rights, 1, 49, 120, 124, 147; cities as gatekeepers of, 82; constitutional, 98, 107; culture and, 25; demand for, 169–70 (see also Civil Rights Movement; Ferguson Protest Movement); labor, 58; white privilege and, 103–4. See also property rights

riots, 117–18, 161–62

risk, 1–4; political economy of, 41. See also blackness-as-risk

risk assessment (in lending), 66, 71–72, 234n60

Rittel, Horst, 217n25

Riverview Gardens School District, 114–15, 117

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 150–52

Robeson, Paul, 33

Robinson, Cedric, 18, 113; Black Marxism, 38

Rock Hill, 64, 239n47

Rodriguez, Juana Maria, 186–87

Roediger, David, 219n19

Rogers, Jamala, 196

Said, Edward, 120

sales tax, municipal, 73–75

Sandweiss, Eric, 46

Saucier, P. Khalil, 38, 112

school districts, 73; race and, 113–18, 120, 122–23; revenue, 91, 123–24

Scott, Dredd. See Dred Scott case

Scypion, Marie Jean, 47–49

Seals, Darren (King D Seals), 208–9

Senate Bill 5 (limit on fines), 100, 107–9, 124, 232n45, 235n75; lawsuit against, 234n74

sexism, 171

Sexton, Jared, 38

sexual identity, 153. See also queer women of color activists

sexuality, 182–83

Sharpe, Christina, 168, 180

Sharpton, Al, 195

Shelley v. Kramer, 68

single mothers, 142–43

slave codes, 144

slavery: afterlife of, 8, 113, 215n3, 216n19; brutality of, 43–44; Enlightenment thinking on, 24–25; federal slave codes, 47–48; in Louisiana Territory, 43–46, 51; in Missouri, 51; poverty and, 34; in St. Louis, 46–48, 52–55

slave uprisings, 45

social death, 19, 35, 211, 220n43

social media, 158–59

sociology: Chicago school, 28–29, 31, 37; feminist, 39; urban, 27 South Kinloch Park, 64–65

South St. Louis County, 76

sovereignty, 107

space: discursive regimes of, 111–13; racialized, 6–9, 111–18, 124–28. See also cultural politics of race and space

Spanish colonial territory, 43–45

spectacle, 180, 196; violence as, 52–60, 185–86

Speiser, William, 138

Spillers, Hortense, 7, 180

St. Ann, 95, 98

state violence. See violence, state-sanctioned

St. John, 95

St. Louis city: attitudes toward, 126–28, 133–34; demographics, 46, 77–81; demographics and policing data, 96; elite families in, 58; growth of, 65; history of, 15–16; home rule, 234n73; land claims, 49–50; map of, 78–79; merger plans with county, 227n57; police department, 58, 126–28; property claims, 47; settlement of, 42–47; western development and, 52–53; Zone Plan (1919), 66

St. Louis County: commuter development, 62–63; demographics, 77–81; incorporation in, 68; maps of, 77–80; municipalities, 61, 78–79; unincorporated areas, 68, 91, 107; white residents, 91. See also North St. Louis County

St. Louis general strike, 226n49

St. Louis Real Estate Exchange, 66

St. Louis region, 77–81; counties, 230n109; slavery in, 46–48, 52–55

Stoddard, Amos, 43–44, 46–47, 55

stop-and-frisk policing, 40, 223n69

strikes, 226n49

Stuart, Guy, 234n60

Student Transfer Program, 114–15

subjectification, 154, 180

subjectivity, 154

subject-making, 2–3

subjugation, 23

Suburban and Electric streetcar line, 62

suburban citizenship, 1, 28, 143; Black residents and, 7, 54; cultural politics of, 16; rights and, 124. See also citizenship

suburban ghetto, 27, 119–20, 237n30

Suburban Reader, The, 119

suburban respectability, 10, 28, 120; aesthetics and, 135 (see also aesthetic concerns); Black resistance and, 5; spatial, 123. See also respectability politics

suburban spatial imaginary, 30, 111, 118–20, 122, 136. See also white spatial imaginary

suburbs: Black, 27, 37, 120, 221n50; gender roles and, 119–20, 142–43; middle-class, 37, 112, 119, 140–41; nonwhite, 238n31; planning models, 63–64; rights and, 49; urban space and, 26, 116–28, 132–34, 182. See also North St. Louis County