Index

natural vs. unnatural, 84

endoxic method, 119–120, 166–167, 188, 224n2, 226n14

Lyceum, 111, 133, 199

response to Plato, 122, 129, 136, 167, 178–180, 192

response to Socrates, 126, 152, 161–162

athletic events

chariot racing, 43, 112–117, 223n9

footraces, 89–91

long jump, 3–4, 47–48, 55

wrestling, 26, 91, 135, 155, 175, 198

See also music

about virtue, 10, 41, 44–45

lack of, 139

athletic, 113, 115–116, 133, 142

between friends (hamilla), 183–184, 176

culture of, 58

erotic, 62, 89

as legal trial, 38

physique, 139

of plays, 58, 68

verbal sparring, 30, 33, 37

See also music; poetry

vs. lawlessness (paranomos), 102

alcoholism, 136, 139

games, 58

Socrates’s tolerance for, 77

culture of testing, xii, xiv, 10, 45

and return on investment, xiii

value vacuum, xii, xiv, xvi

translation issues, 122–123

heterosexual relationships, 63, 89

homoerotic relationships, 21–23, 58–62, 71, 75, 189

vs. passion/lust, 103

becoming, 50–51, 72, 112–117, 132, 192–195, 228n29

blessedness (makarios), 132–134

bodybuilding and sculpture, 50–51, 98

See also immortality; virtues: wisdom

Aphrodite, 61, 64, 70, 189

Apollo, 16, 39–42, 112

Artemis, 89

Demeter, 59, 69

Dionysus, 58–59, 73

Eros, 57, 58 (see erotic love)

Hera, 89, 113, 223–224n9

Herakles, 112–117, 132–134, 142, 172, 182, 195

Zeus, 112–113, 115–116, 133, 189, 195

division of, 71–75, 80–81, 85–85, 102–106

form of, 94–100

defining, 120–134

narrow vs. expansive, 122–126, 130, 191–195, 219n18

nonphilosophical contexts, 111, 113, 116–117

translation issues, xvii, 120

bodily, 50–55, 80–81, 143, 160–161

civic, 82, 84–86, 101–106

social/environmental determinants of, 51–55, 65, 108 (see customs)

spiritual/mental, 8, 51–55, 83–86, 101–106, 136–138

valuable in itself, 72, 79–81, 122

See also health; medicine

and athletic contests, 23, 155

heroic ethos, 60–61, 83, 152–153, 172

Hymn to Demeter, 69

and greatness of spirit, 146, 148–154

role in happy life, 120–121, 132–133, 142

and shame, 60, 66–67, 76–77

and spirit, 86, 103–105

of human soul, 50

striving for, 69–72, 76–78, 108–109, 112–113, 117, 192–195

beautiful goodness (kalokagathia), 150, 230n19, 234n17

competing for, 176, 182–183

goal of virtuous activity, 141–145, 147–150, 162–164, 187

and immortality, 142

in nonphilosophical contexts, 23, 112–117

translation issues, 112, 141–142, 164–165, 172, 230n19

ancient, 5, 82–84, 93–99, 215n25

censorship of, xv, 83

modern, xiv, 19

in education, 93–95, 94–99, 219n18

as eternal, 72, 76

in justice, 156–158

in sensible beauty, 48–51

holistic, 14, 51–55, 65

as a science, 17–18, 24–25, 52–53, 62–63, 76

valuable for consequences, 80–81

moneymaking class, 85, 101–103

valuable only for consequences, 80–81, 120–121, 123, 129–130

virtuous use of, 147–148, 162, 183

and character development, x–xi, 3–5, 55, 79–80, 82–84

experience of, 73, 78

flute (aulos), 4, 47

kithara, 119, 127–128, 130, 171, 194

musical art (musikē technē), 48, 62–63, 76, 208n4

musical contest (musikon agōn), 40, 47, 128

tuning, 34–35

applied to soul, 14

and character development, 3–4, 55

co-ed, 87, 89–91, 93

dog leash, 13

historical development, 13

ideals of, ix–x, 13, 33, 114

ancient, 28, 89, 111–117, 120, 133, 197

celebration of victors, 23, 43, 91

modern, 28, 87, 89, 147, 159

site, 11–12

victors as role models, 8, 127–131, 135, 142, 150–152, 172, 194

in Platonic dialogues, 70, 79, 97, 107

in Socratic dialogues, 2, 6–10, 23–25, 30, 43–44, 50

vs. puzzles (aporiai) in Aristotle, 119, 167, 180

love of gym training (philogymnastia), 62

love of listening (philēkoos), 92

love of winning (philonikia), 9

love of wisdom (philosophia), 9, 24, 26, 33–34, 62, 92–93

See also virtues: friendship

gym manager (gymnasiarchos), 48–49

method of hypothesis, 50, 66–67, 70, 76–77, 99–100, 107–109

response to Socrates, 93, 96–100, 107–109

and pain in education, 137–138, 171–174

of touch, 143–145, 153, 168–171

competitions, 58

love poetry, 21, 23

and moral development, 3, 40, 83

victory odes, 113–117

adaptive level phenomenon, 36

cognitive behavioral therapy, xvi, 8–9, 36, 45

flow, xv–xvi, 72, 78, 150, 171–174, 188–191, 195

grit, 124–125, 164–165, 187, 194

interest, xv, 41, 44–45, 94, 105, 109, 174–175, 187

mindset: growth vs. fixed, 8–10, 45

purpose exploration, xv, 41–42, 45, 94, 108–109, 122, 153, 163, 177, 187

purposeful role models, 42

oracle, 39–41

site, 16, 39

See also gods: Apollo

cross-examination (elenchos), 6–7, 67, 198

and followers, 197–199

historic individual, 1–2, 151–153, 197

praised by Alcibiades, 75–77

See also Kyniska

of character vs. of thought, 136, 159–165

having vs. using, 127–128

and the mean, 137

translation issues, 8, 111, 116, 128

big spending (megaloprepeia), 148–149, 151, 181, 189, 194

bravery (andreia), 4–7, 10, 54, 64, 82–83, 85, 140–141

discipline/moderation/temperance (sōphrosunē), 14–20, 82–86, 102–104, 143–145

friendship, 23–25, 31–32, 121–122, 126, 175–187 (see philia/philos)

generosity (eleutheriotēs), 147–148

greatness of spirit (megalopsychia), 146–154, 160, 163–165, 185–187

hope (euelpis), 231n23

justice (dikaiosunē), 31–37, 51, 84–86, 156–159

wisdom, 6, 8, 97–100

athletes in antiquity, 89

ancient feminism, 90–91, 218n8

marriage/family norms, 91, 112, 179

modern feminism, 22, 87–88