Index
Bogotá, 51–52, 59, 62, 67, 73, 75, 81, 111, 180–81, 235; and activists, 233; administration of, 1, 12; and affluent neighborhoods, 15–16; and Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, 114; and beautification projects, 34; and Carrera Décima, 36; and Centro de Memoria Paz y Reconciliación, 25; and city center, 1–2, 4, 14–15, 19, 28, 31–32, 34–39, 40–41, 58, 63, 73, 92–94, 110, 112, 124–25, 128–29, 132–33, 138, 142, 151, 155–56, 167–68, 177, 193, 200, 210, 217, 219, 221–22, 233; and ciudad memoria, 49; and Ciudad Memoria, 27; and criminal violence, 31; and cultural center, 103–4; culture of, 70; and decay, 129–30; and densification, 38, 158, 183; and development, 47; and El Cartucho, 61; and elite, 146; and Empresa de Renovación Urbana de Bogotá D.C., 102; and historical memory, 26; and insecurity, 10; and Instituto de Crédito Territorial (ICT), 39–40; and main plaza, 1; and MEPOT, 179; north, 131, 185; and political violence, 30, 35, 156; and renewal plans, 17–19, 30, 44, 193, 203; and Sabana de Bogotá, 184; and Secretaría Distrital de Planeación, 13–14; and security, 253n76; and terrorism, 4; and theater festival, 250n113; uprising, 219; and urban governance, 12; and urban planning, 28–30, 33, 41, 55, 124, 160–61, 163–64, 166, 185, 188–89, 192, 237–38; and urbanization, 19; and urban mafias, 2; and urban protest, 42; and urban warfare, 228; west, 140; and western periphery, 39
Bogotá Humana, 2
Bronx, 52
bureaucracy, 10, 14, 94, 120–21, 161; aesthetics of, 90, 107; forms of, 90; landscapes of, 101; materialities of, 91, 106; practices of, 89; state, 71; urban, 17, 90, 116, 150; violence of, 266n32
bureaucratic activism, 116
bureaucratic artifacts, 89–91, 106–7, 119, 254n6
bureaucratic infrastructure, 37
bureaucratic insecurity, 93, 96, 98
bureaucratic knowledge, 105, 107
bureaucratic logics, 3
bureaucratic management, 161
bureaucratic power, 120
bureaucratic routines, 14
bureaucratic socialización, 203
Calle Real, 1
capitalism, 6, 8, 29, 95, 98, 127, 149, 201, 257n84, 263n45; and “creative destruction”, 54; and expansion, 53, 100; and exploitation, 45; global, 65; neoliberal, 260n3; and productivity, 211; racial, 128; and urbanization, 127
capitalist colonial modernity, 187–88, 209
capitalist development, 38, 42, 48, 94, 128, 226, 255n41
Cementerio de los Pobres, 25, 29
Center for Planning and Urbanism (CPU), 198–200
citizenship, 5, 10, 189, 196, 200, 203, 219, 228, 237–38; contradictions of, 120; and governance, 129, 151; infrastructure, 116; and law, 128; liberal, 92; middle-class, 39; modalities of, 116; and nation building, 14; practices of, 109; propertied, 99, 101, 119, 128, 141, 226; and property, 92, 95, 99, 110, 150, 196; regimes of, 120; spaces of, 13; traumatic, 115; urban, 12; and urban governance, 29; and urbanity, 122
Consejo Territorial de Planeación Distrital (CTPD), 169
Cortés, Jorge Gaitán, 38, 64–65
counterinsurgency, 2, 7, 19, 31, 35, 38, 41, 75, 197, 229, 243n8, 249n73, 253n74
critical knowledges, 105, 107, 125, 127, 151, 195, 232–33, 237
densification, 41, 156–57, 159, 167, 171, 178, 184, 199; ecology of, 168; fragmented, 166; inclusionary, 179, 192; and inevitability, 183; inner-city, 20, 31; language of, 173; management of, 169; naturalized, 172; participatory, 16; policies, 176; patchwork, 165; planned, 15, 38, 181, 185; urban, 14, 19, 160; and urbanization, 180
displacement, 3, 5, 15, 20, 35, 37, 41, 43–46, 61, 74–75, 91, 101, 113–14, 130, 144, 190, 193, 213–14, 217, 228, 237; administrative, 110; covert, 17; deterioration, 145; forced, 146, 149, 160, 195; global, 150; inner-city, 132, 192; market-driven, 8; militarized, 79, 83; paramilitary, 226; and renewal, 193, 195; rural, 200; state, 204, 222; urban, 9, 110–11, 146, 218, 146, 218; violent, 29, 89–90, 117–20, 128, 225, 234
dispossession, 4, 29, 90, 102, 107, 116, 128, 140, 151, 188, 190, 228, 232, 264n3, 267n56; accumulation by, 255n41; and appropriation, 266n37; bureaucratic, 114; colonial, 104; and control, 55; economic, 4; injustice of, 117; land, 101, 206, 226; materiality of, 105; and reconstruction, 195; state, 217; strategies of, 149; structures of, 91; threats of, 217; urban, 193; victims of, 118; violent, 56, 105, 113, 255n41, 260n10; and warfare, 89
downtown Bogotá, 14, 58, 64, 69, 78, 87, 138, 146, 157–58; and antieviction campaigns, 125; and decay, 150, 196, 210; and densification, 20; and development, 19; and displacement, 41–42; and El Cartucho, 158; and infrastructure, 88; and insecurity, 120; and intensification, 26; and mafias, 2; and migrants, 65; and neighborhoods, 18, 35, 73, 80, 93, 97; and political violence, 28; and reconstruction, 32–33; and renewal, 17, 30, 42, 44–45, 83, 90–92, 103, 124–25, 151, 159, 193, 199; residents of, 34; and revitalization, 1; as securityscape, 37; and security talk, 5; and Séptima, 32; and sovereignty, 95; and state security, 31; streets of, 33, 35; tenements of, 36, 39, 43; and transformation of, 3, 15–16, 29, 37, 63, 70; and urban epistemologies, 4; and urbanization, 40; and urban landscape, 29; and urban planning, 38, 149, 198; and urban poor, 194; and warfare, 48. See also Bogotá.
economic access, 95
economic development, 17, 158, 194, 204
economic dispossession, 4
economic marginalization, 119
economic power, 63
El Bogotazo, 25, 28, 30–35, 37, 45, 57–58, 196–97, 200, 234
El Cartucho, 51–57, 59–64, 66–78, 80–83, 125, 131–34, 146, 158, 229, 253n76
Empresa de Renovación Urbana (Company of Urban Renewal), 64, 87, 102, 114, 118, 134, 230
epistemology, 16, 48–49, 56, 59, 62–63, 74, 83, 89, 98, 100–1, 109, 122, 126–30, 138, 159, 166, 195, 237, 257n87; and counterepistemologies, 90, 107; and decay, 133–36; and density, 160, 185; and destruction, 54, 82; and epistemic communities, 18, 177; and epistemic contingency, 12; and epistemic disjuncture, 210; and epistemic engagements, 12, 20, 90, 232; and epistemic forms, 4, 6, 10; and epistemic frameworks, 5, 20, 105; and epistemic hierarchies, 223; and epistemic jurisdictions, 11; and epistemic practices, 92, 119–20, 150; and epistemic praxis, 208; and epistemic relations, 11; and epistemic spaces, 18–19, 67, 93, 149; and epistemic struggles, 29, 206, 226; and epistemic violence, 196, 205, 265n11, 266n31; and experimentation, 207; and experts, 193; and Grupo POT, 157; and legal activism, 110; and multiplicity, 188; nationalist, 5; planning, 91, 149, 238; progressive, 151, 193; of security, 187; subaltern, 128, 226; technocratic, 7; urban, 4, 57; and urban reconstruction, 55; and urban value, 141
Escobar, Pablo, 98
ethnography, 9, 13, 17, 56, 163, 243n10, 246n84, 251n18, 253n74, 256n67, 257n84
evictions, 3, 7, 9, 35, 40, 43, 98, 102–3, 105, 108, 113–14, 119, 124, 127, 138, 140, 160, 191–92, 222, 246n69; and antieviction campaigns, 125; bureaucratized, 149; and infrastructural development, 130; and Paulina, 142, 147; urban, 145
expertise, 4–5, 8, 30, 35, 63, 99, 155, 182, 187–88; anthropology of, 12; and counterexpertise, 18, 110, 142; and counterinsurgency, 41; development, 130; ecology of, 16, 246n69; and epistemologies, 136; financial, 209; and Grupo POT, 156–69, 172–76, 186; legal, 106–7, 204; planning, 10, 15–16, 19, 29, 37, 54, 56, 68, 71–74, 133, 196, 198, 203, 244n35; and policymakers, 17; practices of, 15; and public sites, 14; scientific, 66; street, 90, 120; technocratic, 197; university, 16, 193, 203, 207–8, 211, 217, 219, 223; urban, 11, 13, 18, 20, 64–67, 93, 129–30, 149, 151, 176; and urban law, 97, 263n49; and warfare, 70
expropriation, 16, 37, 44, 89, 104, 106, 109–11, 118, 124, 135–36, 138–40, 142, 165, 217, 224, 246n70
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 26, 31–35, 38, 123, 129, 219–20
Góngora, Andrés, 232
González, José Jairo, 161
González, Roberto, 76
Gordillo, Gastón, 53, 149, 246n84, 250n13, 251n24
governance, 4, 66, 73, 89, 166, 186, 200, 225, 237–38; apparatus of, 147; crisis of, 64; forms of, 232; ideals of, 95, 129; local, 195; modernist, 196, 265n22; and planning, 64; and property, 204; regimes of, 151; state, 118; strategies of, 65; technocratic, 95, 195; territorial, 192; urban, 2, 5, 8, 11–12, 14, 29, 65, 90, 119, 149, 196, 252n67, 253n76
graffiti, 103–5, 198, 230–31, 235–37
Grupo POT, 156–57, 161, 163–66, 169–70, 172–76, 186
guerrilla forces, 25, 46, 60–62, 89, 95, 104, 113–15, 145, 213–14, 236
Hernando, 87–89, 91, 96, 98–99, 101–2, 104–5, 111, 115–20, 124
housing, 4, 103, 111, 124, 155, 159, 200; access to, 76, 173, 178; activism, 31, 175; affordable, 48, 83, 173, 177–79, 182; construction of, 65; development, 248n56; forms of, 210; middle-class, 37; mixed-income, 17, 199; policy, 41, 245n45; projects, 44; replacement, 141, 212; segregation, 183; self-help, 248n56; shared, 210–11; social, 38; student, 96; subsidized, 132, 138, 176–78, 182, 186; urban, 39–40, 200, 215; working-class, 41
Indigenous people, 57–58, 69, 104, 113, 120, 129, 187, 206, 209, 233–34
infrastructure, 14, 32, 55, 81, 83, 109, 234–35, 237–38; and demolitions, 34; and development sectors, 159; discursive, 11; global informational, 65; institutional, 186; layered, 56; local, 173; material, 116, 128; physical, 37; and property development, 35; public, 74, 157, 165, 169–70, 172, 177, 179, 183; road, 88, 165; security, 245n48; social, 54, 73, 76; spaces, 160; transit, 142; transportation, 37; and violence, 30
insecurity, 4–6, 9–11, 49, 65, 113, 124–25, 134, 138, 147, 234; bureaucratic, 93, 96, 119; experience of, 53, 58; ideologies of, 63, 67; juridical, 101, 110; knowledge of, 90; language, 3; and progress, 195; repertoires of, 14–15, 89, 140; representations of, 12; territorial, 68, 193; urban, 70, 238; and urban space, 47; and violence, 28, 30, 68, 72, 91, 116, 120, 128, 145, 194
Institute of Urban Development, 43, 73
Instituto de Crédito Territorial (ICT), 39
La Alameda, 15, 123–24, 128, 130, 135–36, 138, 142, 144, 149–50
Las Aguas, 15, 87, 93–94, 96–97, 99–100, 103, 106, 108, 190–93, 195, 197–201, 209–10, 213–15, 217–18, 221–22, 225, 228, 241, 266n31, 266n37; No Se Tomen Las Aguas, 219–20, 223, 227
Las Nieves, 57
legal force, 102
legal frameworks, 14, 37, 47, 164, 177
legal geography, 19
legalism, 89, 106, 171, 259n55
legality, 91, 106, 112, 114–15, 143
legal knowledge, 16
legal pressure, 104
legal rationality, 112
legal security, 217
legal theft, 94
legal violence, 195, 260n67, 264n7
local functionaries, 3
local institutions, 115–16, 220
local knowledge, 81–82, 96, 107, 119–20, 127, 138, 226, 232
local media, 31
local socialities, 11, 73, 135
Los Angeles, 231
Los Llanos, 3
Manzana Cinco (Block Five), 19, 87, 89–92, 94–120, 124, 128, 145, 150–51, 190–92, 194, 218, 257n87
materiality, 3, 15, 48, 53, 69, 81, 107, 118, 147–50, 193, 237, 245n36, 255n39, 264n7, 267n52; bureaucratic, 19, 90, 106; and dispossession, 105; and eviction, 102; and insecurity, 72, 120; and knowledge, 82; legal, 254n8; and property regimes, 89; and temporality, 145; of territory, 159, 188; urban, 11, 20, 30, 56, 68, 234, 245n36; and urban space, 54, 126; and violence, 70, 106
Monumento a los Héroes, 235
Palacio de Justicia, 46–47, 49, 60
Parque Tercer Milenio, 50–51, 55, 64, 229, 253n76, 254n23; and city officials, 56; construction of, 19, 61–62, 69, 125, 131, 158; and Consuelo, 75, 78; and demolitions, 80, 82; and materiality, 53; and Néstor, 73–74; presentations of, 70; and technocratic knowledge, 66–67; and urban humanitarianism, 76; and urban renewal, 83, 156; and urban security, 54, 63
Paulina, 123–24, 142–45, 147, 149, 259n57
Peñalosa, Enrique, 12–13, 26–28, 49, 63–70, 76, 83, 132, 159, 174, 183–84, 229, 252n51, 254n23
Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), 13–14, 19, 133, 155–60, 171, 177–79, 183, 185, 192, 237–38, 261n15, 262n42; Exceptional Modification (MEPOT), 179–80, 183–84. See also Grupo POT
Plaza de Bolívar, 1, 35, 44, 46–49, 52, 57, 151, 155, 157, 217, 250n113; Paseo Bolívar, 35
police, 40–45, 50, 52, 60–61, 68, 70, 77–81, 83, 117, 140; authority, 10; and counterinsurgency, 229; and evictions, 110; intervention, 74; and Police Code, 102; repression, 39, 190–91, 222, 226–27, 230, 234; riot, 47, 231, 267n4; troops, 6; violence, 8, 230, 235, 238
political-economic hierarchies, 196
political-economic structures, 130, 188, 224
political economy, 29, 100, 181, 189, 206
political genocide, 47
political geography, 20
political imaginaries, 12, 68, 107, 163
political technology, 14
political violence, 5, 25, 28, 30, 40, 49, 58, 108, 189, 196–97, 219, 228
poverty, 8–10, 58, 67, 70, 74–75, 125–26, 217, 224
power, 7, 11, 29, 35, 39, 43–45, 53, 60, 64, 129, 147, 160, 167, 252n65; arrangements of, 194; and biopower, 244n29, 246n72; bureaucratic, 120; and circulation, 261n13; coloniality of, 94; ecologies of, 224; economic, 63; differentials, 196, 205–6, 213, 217, 220, 225; dynamics, 212; and geometrics, 163; global, 127; instruments of, 256; and knowledge, 142; military, 37, 68; networks of, 150; and protest, 188; regimes of, 127; relations, 17–18, 41–42, 98, 139, 158, 266n37; state, 5, 14, 36, 91, 106, 108, 264n73; structures, 226, 267n52; symbols of, 33; tellurian, 262n38; trajectories, 95; urban, 127, 219; voids of, 186
Progresa Fenicia (Fenicia Progresses), 20, 191–96, 198–200, 202–4, 206–14, 217–20, 222–28, 266n31, 266n37, 267n52
Quinta de Bolívar, 198
reconstruction, 2, 4, 14, 32, 36, 40, 72, 76, 97, 131, 139, 168, 193–94, 224; Bogotazo, 37–38, 58, 129; dialectics of, 19; and dispossession, 195; histories of, 15; processes of, 18, 48; radical, 35, 63; urban, 3, 30, 37, 43, 55, 61, 203, 215
revitalization, 1–2, 15–16, 19–20, 32, 193, 206, 212, 218, 243n4; urban, 124, 132, 151, 176, 191, 207, 263n45
San Andrés, 113
San Francisco, 57
San Francisco River, 58, 88, 200
Santa Bárbara, 44–45, 57, 70, 217, 249n87
Santa Fe, 128, 130, 135–36, 143–44, 149–50, 259n55, 259n57
Santa Inés, 15, 50, 53, 56–60, 62, 65, 82
San Victorino, 57–59, 64, 66–68, 142, 146, 260n74
security, 2, 5–6, 14, 30, 45, 55, 93, 130, 132, 134, 143, 191, 212, 217–18; agents, 8; and apparatus, 4; discourses, 7; effects of, 10; epistemologies of, 187; frameworks, 10, 17; and governance, 65–66, 196; human, 17, 195, 24, 246n71, 264n8; ideologies, 8–9, 12–13; idioms, 3; juridical, 224; knowledges, 9, 19; language of, 3, 185; logics, 17, 73–74; and militarism, 43; narratives, 11; national, 13, 19, 35, 41, 44, 243n8; and order, 136, 141; paradigms, 237; and policing, 77; and self-defense, 59; and sovereignty, 20; state, 31, 42, 46, 48, 54; and territorial order, 63, 163; urban, 15, 18, 37, 54, 61, 245n36, 253n76; and urbanism, 8; and value, 127; and violence, 188
socioeconomic census, 61, 76, 209
socioeconomic development, 39, 78–79, 93
socioeconomic stratification, 138, 179
sociospatial dynamics, 93
sociospatial identities, 139
sociospatial justice, 176, 234
sociospatial order, 15
sociospatial realities, 10
sociospatial segregation, 45, 179
sociospatial strategy, 172
sociospatial structures, 30
sovereignty, 3–4, 13, 20, 29, 61, 73, 96, 244n29, 246n72; crisis of, 66; fragmented, 95, 254n21; modern, 186, 260n3; postcolonial, 113; state, 3, 48, 56, 62, 67, 90, 264n57; territorial, 14; urban, 30, 102
technocracy, 7–8, 13, 15, 17, 37, 39, 56, 63–67, 95, 159, 161, 163, 174, 193, 202, 226–27, 263n43; and expertise, 197; and governance, 195; liberal, 198
territorial authority, 29
territorial control, 6, 19, 30, 37, 48, 55, 72, 75, 83, 95, 131, 145, 160, 163, 166, 185, 188, 193, 213, 238
territorial governance, 192
territorial imaginaries, 178
territorial insecurity, 193
territorial ordering, 20, 63, 112, 151, 156, 175, 179, 186–87, 199, 260n10
territorial peace, 186
territorial sovereignty, 14, 101
territorial space, 105
territorial struggles, 54, 59, 63, 105, 218, 264n73
territorial technology, 158
territorial vision, 180
topography, 57, 72–73, 88, 157–58, 161, 166, 184, 198; natural, 55; social, 14, 53; urban, 15
Universidad de los Andes, 16, 88, 106, 168, 190, 192–98, 200–1, 204–6, 217–19, 225, 227
urban citizenship, 12
urban control, 36
urban decay, 1, 81, 94, 124–27, 129–31, 133–36, 145, 150, 232
urban densification, 14, 19, 160
urban density, 20, 38, 158, 168, 183
urban design, 1, 3, 55, 70, 187
urban destruction, 31, 149, 164
urban development, 27, 31, 41, 43, 53, 65, 127–28, 145, 156, 164, 165–66, 185, 188, 197, 226, 256n47, 262n40
urban environments, 15, 55, 58
urban expertise, 20, 64, 66, 90, 163
urban interventions, 35, 101, 109, 228
urbanism, 18, 26, 99, 119, 156, 174, 185, 195, 238, 245n45, 263n45; contemporary, 127; counterrevolutionary, 37; entrepreneurial, 96; fragment, 268n15; pedagogical, 13; neoliberal, 9; new military, 4; modernist, 186; progressive, 226; residential, 181; and security, 8; securitized, 4; smart, 261n23; speculative, 137; strategic-military, 37; sustainable, 214; vertical, 245n48; violence of, 29, 49; as warfare, 17, 188, 237
urbanization, 19, 29, 38, 40–41, 55, 74, 89, 95, 127, 177, 183–84, 196, 251n20
urban knowledges, 4, 7–8, 10, 12, 15–17, 20, 29, 54, 56, 66, 68, 122, 188, 195–96, 209, 215, 228, 231, 238, 245n51, 254n10
urban landscapes, 3–4, 10, 21, 29, 37
urban law, 10, 92, 96–97, 107, 142, 165, 175, 177
urban legalism, 89
urban life, 3, 20–21, 42, 45, 90, 93, 101, 105–6, 149, 200
urban mafias, 2
urban memory, 49
urban middle class, 104
urban modernization, 35
urban order, 14
urban planning, 93, 175, 188, 267n52; and Colombia, 10, 29, 39, 41, 260n3; and the countryside, 29; and density, 185; and El Cartucho, 70; and ethnography, 251n18; modernist, 66; profession, 55; and renewal, 48, 90; and security, 187; and violence, 30, 232; and warfare, 28
urban poor, 2, 33, 44, 95, 98, 178, 193–94, 220, 266n34
urban poverty, 126
urban practices, 18
urban professionals, 16
urban property, 19, 115, 213, 217
urban reconstruction, 4, 30, 37, 43, 55, 61
urban renewal, 17, 45–46, 63, 74–76, 79, 81, 83, 87, 90, 92, 94, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 116, 119–20, 124, 128–29, 137, 142–43, 151, 156–57, 160, 190, 193, 199, 203, 219, 230, 234, 237, 258n34, 265n27
urban revanchist, 8
urban securitization, 4, 11, 15
urban sensorium, 98–100, 255n32
urban space, 4, 6, 9, 18–20, 30, 49, 56, 59, 67–68, 72, 83, 126, 132, 157–58, 172, 185, 191, 227, 233–36, 250n113, 263n45
urban technocracy, 66
urban topography, 15
urban transformation, 15, 17, 32, 43, 48, 53, 151, 166, 225, 237
urban victimhood, 119
urban voids, 130
urban zones, 172
violence, 79–80, 83, 91, 127, 140, 142–43, 146, 149–50, 188, 212–13, 231–32; and Bogotá, 33, 43, 77; bureaucratic, 3, 15, 89–90, 92, 106, 115, 117–18, 120; cartel, 29, 62; and Colombia, 94, 141, 189, 191, 200; colonial, 243n2; criminal, 4, 31, 59, 98; culture of, 5, 13; drug, 5; and El Cartucho, 52–54, 59–61, 63, 68, 70, 72; epistemic, 196, 205, 266n31; and historical memory, 25–26; and insecurity, 12, 116, 128, 145, 194; institutional, 118; land, 4, 195, 217–18, 225, 228; and migrants, 15, 129; mob, 33; narratives of, 3; paramilitary, 89, 113; para(state), 17; political, 3, 25, 28, 30, 32, 49, 58, 108, 160, 196–97, 219, 228; postcolonial, 29; property, 102, 225; racial, 8, 104; resistance of, 9; rural, 35, 38, 214; state, 19, 35, 46–48, 101, 105, 109–10, 114, 117, 128, 193, 195, 214–15, 233, 236, 250n113, 256n66, 268n20; territorial, 105; urban, 10, 21, 29, 95, 97, 219, 234, 237; and urban housing, 40
warfare, 4, 6, 43, 114, 234, 251n25, 257n87; class, 223; counterinsurgent, 17; expansion of, 53; forms of, 91; geography of, 62; governance, 195; grammar of, 90; guerrilla, 5, 55, 108, 249n100; histories of, 2, 27, 48–49, 59, 89, 107, 149, 268n20; instruments of, 91; land, 30; and legality, 106, 110; logics of, 29, 48, 70–71, 149, 251n18, 253n76; militarized, 15; paramilitary, 5; politics of, 68; repertoires of, 54; rural, 5, 89, 110, 197; territorial, 105; terrain of, 55–56, 62, 68, 70, 72–73; urban, 31, 34, 46–47, 60, 67, 74, 233, 245n45; and urbanism, 17, 119, 188, 195, 228, 237–38; and urbanization, 55, 251n20; and urban planning, 28; and urban renewal, 128