Index

Abbott, Lyman, 149, 167

abolitionism, 87–88

Abraham, Abraham, 179

Abyssinian Benevolent Daughters of Esther Association, 157

“Across the East River” (Hungerford), 202

Adams, Thomas, Jr., 108

Adler, Felix, 139

African Americans, 204, 247n71, 263n79

Black churches, 157

Civil War and, 91–92, 248n88

early residents, 16, 84–85, 152

fraternal organizations and, 157–58

job discrimination, 156

Ku Klux Klan, 193–94

Methodism and, 21

suffrage, 153

See also Carrsville; Weeksville

African Civilization Society, 157–58, 258n86

African slaves, 8, 84

African Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church, 21

African Woolman Society, 85–86

Albany, 27, 29–30. See also legislation, New York State

Alden, John, 22

American (“Know Nothing”) Party, 72–73, 75, 80, 247n58

American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 38, 87

American Birth Control League, 218–19, 231

American Defense Society, 188

American Eugenics Society, 231

American Hebrew and Jewish Messenger, 149, 231

Americanization, 188–89, 191–92, 196, 199, 203, 229–33, 266n1

American Protective Association, 255n25

American Society for the Suppression of the Jews, 257n52

Ancient Order of Hibernians, 141–42, 255n22

Anderson, Samuel, 86

Anderson, William H., 215

anti-Catholicism. See nativism and anti-Catholicism

Anti-Saloon League, 214–15

anti-Semitism, 148–50, 178–79, 185, 231, 257n52

anti-slavery movement. See abolitionism

Anti-Vaccination League, 139

Applegate, Debby, 54

architects and builders. See Davis, Alexander Jackson; Eidlitz, Leopold; Pollard, Calvin

Arsenic and Old Lace (Kesselring), 197–99, 263n1

assimilation

eugenics and race, 230

foreign culture and, 6, 231, 233–34

Germans and, 188

Italian stereotype, 183

Jews and, 179

numbers of foreign born, 137

response to, 189, 191–92, 229, 260n27

second generation, 142

story of, 140, 260n29

Association for the Suppression of Vice, 23

Astral Oil, 109, 135

Athenaeum, 44–45

Atlantic Avenue, 109, 170, 196

Atlantic Basin, 5, 31, 33, 66, 71, 74, 76, 89, 93–94

Atlantic Dock Company, 31

Atlantic Street, 30–31, 66, 72–73, 77, 107, 252n76

Baptist church, 3, 22, 25, 151

Baptist Tabernacle Church, 213

Barnard, Mrs., 162–63, 258n98

Baron de Hirsch Fund, 178

Barron v. Baltimore (1833), 241n51

baseball, 124, 209–14, 264n40

Bath Beach, 174, 210

Bay Ridge, 2, 95, 102–3, 107, 138, 169, 182, 186, 196

Beach, John, 73

Bedford, 101, 107–8, 128, 138, 169, 204, 210, 223, 250n44

Bedford Avenue, 124

Bedford-Stuyvesant, 2, 108

Beecher, Henry Ward, 58f

abolitionism of, 88

Calvinism, 57

commercial endorsement, 253n84

diversity, 256n47

frozen East River, 65

Jewish Orphan asylum and, 147

Plymouth Church, 56

Rabbi Wintner and, 148–49, 151

religious superstar, 54–55, 122, 129–30, 132, 163

Beecher, Lyman, 24, 55, 57–59

Beecher, Mrs. Henry Ward, 89

Belford, John L., 194, 215

Benedict, Robert D., 167

Bensonhurst, 2, 174, 182

Birch, George L., 78

Birdsall, Thomas, 16

birth control, 216–20, 231

blue laws. See Sabbatarian laws

Boerum Hill, 31–32

Boody, David, 147

Boole, Ella A., 214

Boole, Rev., 122

Borough Park, 174, 176–77

Bourne, Randolph, 233

Bradford, Mary L. L., 130, 132

Breen, Joseph Ignatius, 222

Bresci, Gaetano, 183

Breslin, James H., 150

Breuckelen, 7–8, 202

Bridge Street, 21, 73

Bridge Street AME Church, 152

Brighton Beach, 103–4, 208

Brighton Beach Hotel, 150

Brooklyn, City of

city hall, 33–34

downtown, 11

incorporation, 10, 26, 28–29

Brooklyn Academy of Music

Father Fransioli fete, 255n27

founding, 45–46

Frederick A. Douglass speech, 152–53, 257n66

opposition to, 47–48

Prohibition meeting, 215

public amusements at, 121–22

testimonial, 53–54

theater use, 50

Brooklyn and Kings County Record, 40–41, 244n9

Brooklyn Bridge

construction of, 248n1, 249n4

ferry, 7–8

name of, 2

opening of, 54, 95–96, 128

railway on, 101

to suburbs, 4–5, 134, 195

traffic, 97, 169

See also Manhattan Bridge

Brooklyn Citizens’ Anti-Race Track Gambling Committee, 208

Brooklyn City Rail Road Company, 37, 48–50, 101–2

Brooklyn Club, 117–18

Brooklyn Committee on Loyalty to the Constitution, 215

Brooklyn Conservatory of Music. See Brooklyn Academy of Music

Brooklyn Consolidation League, 166

Brooklyn Daily Eagle

on African Americans, 154, 157–58

on Americanization, 191–92, 196

on birth control, 217–18

on bridges, 96, 171

on Catholicism and anti-Catholicism, 73, 76

on Chinese, 151–52

on Civil War, 88

on clubs, 117–19

on Coney Island, 103

on draft riot, 91, 93

on Germans, 80–82, 187

on housing, 30, 34, 108, 111, 251n55

on Irish, 76, 255n26

on Italians, 184, 261n32

labor movement, 160

on music and theater, 43–45, 47, 121–22, 241n56

nostalgia, 201–2

on parades, 124, 253n89

on politics, 37, 72

on race tracks, 208

on religion, 52–54, 126–29, 131

on Sabbatarian law, 49–50, 74, 83, 212

on the Sanitary Fair, 89–90

on South Brooklyn, 107

on Talmage’s death, 130

on wealth, 110, 120

Brooklyn Dodgers, 1, 123

Brooklyn Evening Star, 65

Brooklyn Federation of Jewish Charities, 177

Brooklyn Female Religious Tract Society, 23

Brooklyn Heights, 43

African Americans, 156

apartment buildings, 111

charitable work, 183

churches, 3, 22–23, 26, 54, 68, 118, 126, 138, 195

city hall, 33

expansion of, 36, 107

ferries, 30

Gibbs’ grapevines, 16

grand houses of, 17–18, 76–77, 109, 164, 201

Guy landscape of, 16

history of, 60, 200, 225

Lenape Indians and, 12

Manhattan refugees, 17

park or promenade, 37–38

residential area, 14, 31–32

suburb, 5, 223

subways, 170

upscale neighborhoods, 251n51

warehouses in, 66

See also Brooklyn Academy of Music

Brooklyn Institute, 25, 44

Brooklyn Life, 120, 163, 201–2, 253n102

Brooklyn Museum, 45

Brooklyn Navy Yard, 5, 11

Brooklyn Philharmonic Society, 45–46, 121

Brooklyn Sacred Music Association, 25, 44, 242n63

Brooklyn Sunday School Union Society, 23, 50–51, 243n88

Brooklyn Tabernacle, 129, 130f

Brooklyn Temperance Society, 24

Brooklyn Union Sabbath School, 23, 25

Brooklyn White Lead Company, 22

Brown, Lawson H., 204

Brownsville

birth control clinic, 216–18, 220

Jews of, 2, 169, 172–75, 177–79, 182, 196

memoirs of, 180, 260n29

political radicals, 190

railway, 101

Bushnell, Horace, 44, 59, 244n104

Bushwick, 34–35, 107–8, 128, 138, 144, 169, 204, 258n92

Buttermilk Channel, 31

Byrne, Ethel, 216

Cadman, Samuel Parkes, 208–9

Callender, James H., 43, 60, 200–201, 225, 252n74

Calvinism, 54, 57, 236n9, 243n99, 243n101, 253n102, 254n108. See also Dutch Reformed Church

Cammeyer, John, 45

Canarsie, 170, 175, 224

Capone, Al, 215

Carroll, Daniel L., 24

Carroll Gardens, 31–32, 107

Carrsville, 86, 115, 156, 252n59

Catholic Church of Our Lady of Lebanon, 164

Catholics and Catholicism, 2, 68–69, 72, 138. See also birth control; Italians; motion pictures; nativism and anti-Catholicism; Roman Catholic Church

Celler, Emanuel, 193

cemeteries, 39–40, 114, 122, 139, 182

census

African Americans, 84, 155–56, 171

Chinese, 150, 262n51

early counts, 70, 245nn25–26

Eastern Europeans, 171–72

English (1738), 8, 235n5

factories, 135–36

federal (1860), 35–36, 67, 239n33

federal (1930), 225

immigrants, 137, 168–69, 171, 259n10

Italians, 180–81

Jewish, 146–47, 172, 259n12, 260n19

Lower East Side, 259nn8–9

population growth, 97, 171, 249nn7–8

second generation, 254n7

state (1795), 10

state (1845), 30

state (1855), 66

Central Labor Union, 159–62

Chambers, Julius, 188

Chanfrau, Frank, 45, 75

Charles M. Higgins & Co, 139

Chase, William Sheafe, 205–8, 209f, 211–13, 215–16, 219–22

Chinese, 150–51, 262n70

Chinese Exclusion Act, 151–52, 262n51

Chittenden, S. B., 46–47

Church Federation of Brooklyn, 211

Church of the Pilgrims, 54–55, 89, 120, 164, 167, 225, 227, 266n70

City of Churches

African Americans of, 157

Anglo and Dutch minority, 137

Catholics and, 246n34

Chinese of, 150–51

Coney Island and, 105

consolidation with city, 167, 171

diversity of, 84, 199, 201

draft riots and, 91, 94

establishments, 21, 126

fraternal organizations and, 117–19

industry in, 136

Irish Catholics and, 69

Jews of, 148

labor movement, 159

parades and public celebration, 125

pride and, 61

Protestantism and, 3, 6, 115

published list, 40

religiosity of, 9, 46, 58, 127–28, 131–32, 223

on Sabbatarian law, 50

secular institutions and, 42, 59–60

sports and, 123

Storrs and, 54

sugar refinery in, 67

theaters and, 45

working neighborhoods and, 65

City of Olympia, 10–12, 18, 25, 67

Civil War, 88–90

Civil War draft riots, 87, 91–93

Claflin, Horace B., 164

Clark Street, 14, 16, 18

Clayton-Lusk Bill, 222

Clemens, Samuel, 56

Clinton Avenue, 109, 131

Clinton Hill, 5, 31, 107, 109–10, 131, 204, 251n51

Clover Hill, 12–13, 20

Cobble Hill, 31, 107

Colonial Daughters of the Seventeenth Century, 189

Columbia Spy, The (Poe), 77

Columbia Street, 18, 77, 84

commercialism, 105, 121, 123, 253nn83–84, 254n103

Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, 203

Communism, 189–91

commuter, 236n20

Comstock, Anthony, 131–32, 133f, 219

Comstock Law, 132, 216–17

Coney Island, 1

horse racing, 123, 132

Jews of, 182

people’s playground, 103–5, 112, 114–15, 124, 126

railway, 102

Sabbatarian laws, 163, 168

Congregationalism and Congregational church, 3, 21, 23, 54, 57, 151

Congregation Baith (Beth) Israel, 146, 256n38

Connecticut Society for the Reformation of Morals, 24

consolidation with city, 29–30

benefits, 165–66

borough plan, 167

drawbacks, 168

legislation, 167

referendum, 166–67

Corbin, Austin, 150, 257n52

Cornbury, governor, 29

Courier and Enquirer, 35, 69

Cow Neck, 9–10

Cox, Samuel Harrison, 76, 164

Cranberry Street, 22, 26, 55–56, 68

Crane, Stephen, 111

Cristman Bill, 221

“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” (Whitman), 63–64

Crown Heights, 107, 135

“Culture and the Ku Klux Klan” (Kallen), 233

Cutler, Benjamin, 47

Cutler, William, 55, 243n91

Cutting, William, 13

Cuyler, Theodore L., 167

Cypress Hills, 101

Danielson, John A., 216

Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), 189

Davis, Alexander Jackson, 36

Delaware nation, 7–8, 12

“Democracy Versus the Melting Pot” (Kallen), 232–33

Democratic Party, 240n47

Constitution club, 118

draft riots and, 93, 95

Germans and, 83

Irish and, 68, 72, 138, 156, 247n58

Italians and, 197

Labor Day march, 162

Swallowtail Democrats, 166–67

upscale neighborhood survey, 251n51

Denton, Daniel, 8

Dewey, John, 233

Dineen, Joseph P., 219

disease

Native Americans and, 8

yellow fever, 11, 17

Douglass, Frederick A., 152–53, 158, 257n66

downtown Brooklyn, 107

Dred Scott v. Sandford (18)5, 92

Duflon’s Military Garden, 44, 238n1

Dutch, 7–8, 19, 54, 59–61, 101–3, 163, 192, 196, 202

TULIP, 243n101

Dutch Reformed Church, 2–3, 7, 19, 21, 23, 26. See also Calvinism

Dutchtown

beer gardens, 82–83

fraternal organizations and, 144

Germania Savings Bank, 139

language and, 144–45

Methodist Church, 253n102

sugar mill, 81

tenements, 111

tenements in, 111

Williamsburg and, 169, 172

See also Germans

Dwight, Maurice W., 21

Dyker Heights, 174

East Brooklyn, 107–8

Eastern Europeans, 185–86

Eastern Parkway, 112, 114, 193, 202, 252n59

East New York, 100–101, 128, 138, 149, 161, 169, 182, 239n27

East River, 11, 30, 64, 238n13

frozen solid, 65, 244n3

housing near, 76, 81, 105

industry near, 134, 182

tidal strait, 30, 238n13

See also ferries; waterfront commerce

Ebbets, Charles H. and Ebbets Field, 212, 213f, 214

Edwards, Jonathan, 21

Eidlitz, Leopold, 46

Emergency Quota Act, 191–92

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 44

Emmanuel Baptist Church, 110

Episcopal (Anglican) church, 3, 19–20, 22–23, 59, 126, 129, 244N104

Erasmus Hall, 6

Erie Basin, 107

Erin Fraternal Association, 68, 78–79

Espionage Act, 190

Ethical Culture Society, 139

ethnicity and race, 2–3. See also immigrants

Evergreen Cemetery, 114

expansion, Brooklyn, 8, 11–14, 18, 29, 31, 35–36

Farley, Fred A., 42

farming and farmland, 8

African Americans, 86

development of, 5, 100, 102–3, 173, 200

Dutch-descended, 19

production on, 101

slavery, 7, 84

ferries, 7–8

Beecher Boats, 56

Catherine Street Ferry, 237n32

Fulton Ferry, 13, 17, 63, 170, 182

Hamilton Avenue ferry, 31

horse cars, 100

New York city control, 28–30

“old landing,” 236n21

South Ferry, 30, 170

Finnish Socialist Society, 190

First Amendment, 241n51

First Baptist Church, 22, 151

First German Presbyterian Church of Williamsburg, 188

First Presbyterian Church

in Brooklyn Heights, 164, 200, 225

fraternal organizations and, 59–60

incorporation ceremony, 26

membership loss, 227

New England and, 22–24

new quarters, 55, 68, 109

sacred music and, 45

First Unitarian Church, 42, 44, 51, 125, 207

Flatbush, 102, 118, 138, 163, 175, 182, 200, 202–3, 205, 223

Flatbush Avenue, 169

Flatbush Taxpayers’ Association, 203–4

Flatlands, 102–3, 200

Fort Greene, 5, 31, 38, 76, 107–9, 251n50

Fort Hamilton, 103, 105

Fort Putnam. See Fort Greene

Foster, George G., 43

Fox, William, 220

Fransioli, Giuseppe, 143, 255n27

fraternal organizations and clubs, 117–20

Freedman’s Torchlight, 157

Front Street, 15, 183

Fulton, Robert, 13

Fulton Street

Atlantic Street and, 31

Brooklyn Museum, 45

city hall, 33

commerce on, 66, 121, 252n76

main artery, 16

Old Ferry Road, 14, 20

Sabbath brawl, 73

Furman Street, 32, 71, 84

gambling and horse racing, 207–9

Garrison, John, 16, 21

Gates Avenue, 204

Gates Avenue Association, 204

Germania Club, 118, 188

Germania Real Estate and Improvement Company, 102

Germania Savings Bank, 139

Germans, 6, 70, 72, 80–81, 84, 138, 143–45, 186–88, 256n31

Gibbs, George and Isabella, 16

Gilbert, Mrs. Mary, 210

Gold, Michael, 175–76, 260n21

Gowanus, 13, 36, 50, 105, 107–8, 182, 240n34

Gowanus Bay, 40, 98, 107, 135

Gowanus Canal, 4, 107–8, 135, 137f, 139, 182

Graham, Augustus, 16, 39, 44

Grant, Madison, 229, 230f, 233–34

Gravesend, 2–3, 102–3, 105, 123, 208

Greater New York Commission, 166

Great Fire of 1835, 18

Green, Andrew Haswell, 165–67

Greenpoint, 98, 109, 139, 186, 189, 196, 200

Greenwood, Mrs. John, 89

Greenwood, John

Brooklyn Academy of Music, 242n77

ferry legislation, 30

incorporation role, 29

Irish famine help, 71

music and, 44–45

New England Society, 59–60, 244n106

Washington Park, 39, 240n47

Green-Wood Cemetery, 40, 41f, 122, 139, 241n48, 241n49

Guider, Joseph A., 191–92

Guy, Francis, 14–16, 21, 237n31, 237n33

Hageman, J. Winthrop, 128–29

Hall, Charles Cuthbert, 200

Hall, Charles H., 167

Hall, Edward, 187

Hall, George, 24, 48, 70, 163

Hamilton Literary Association, 19, 118, 142

Hardie, Maude White, 199–200

Harper, Mrs. J. A., 89

Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 97

Haskell, Reuben L., 215

Hatch, Arthur M., 120

Hatch, J. L., 50

Havermeyer, Frederick C. Haver, Jr., 67

Havermeyer & Elder sugar refinery, 67, 81, 135f

Hayes, Patrick J., 219–20

Hays, Will H., 222

Hays Code, 222

Hebrew Educational Society (HES), 178–79, 259nn26–27

Hebrew Orphan Asylum, 147–48, 178

Hewitt, Mrs. Thomas B., 200

Hibernian Provident Society, 19, 68

Hicks, W. W., 253nn83–84

Hicks family, 14, 17, 20

Higgins, Charles M., 139–40, 202

Hildreth, Mrs. A. H., 189

Hillis, Newell Dwight, 187, 194–95, 207, 263n79

history, early, 7

commerce in, 14

incorporation, 26–28

incorporation boundaries, 13–14

municipal services, 13

Holland, F. W., 51

Home for Working Girls, 143

Howe, Fisher, 22, 38, 49–50, 89

How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 111

Hughes, Charles Evans, 208–9

Hughes, John, 72

Humpstone, John, 110

Hungerford, Edward, 202–3

Hylan, John F., 213–14

Ihpetonga. See Brooklyn Heights

Il Progresso, 184

Immaculate Conception Day Nursery, 183

immigrants

hyphenated Americans, 186, 188–93, 229, 234

laborers, 136–37

See also census; Eastern Europeans; Irish; Italians; nativism and anti-Catholicism; New Immigration

Immigration Act of 1924, 191, 193–94, 230

Immigration Restriction League, 230

Independent Civic Association of Sheepshead Bay, 204

industry and manufacturing, 67, 81, 134–36, 135f, 254n3

International Reform Federation, 219

International Workers of the World (IWW), 189, 192

Irish

Civil War and, 90–91

diversity of, 79–80

domestic workers, 247n57

factory workers, 136

Fire and Police Departments, 246n46, 247n58

history in Brooklyn, 78–79

housing costs, 250n44

Ireland and, 140–42

labor strike (1846), 66

Little Ireland, 76

low-skilled occupations, 138

potato famine and, 70–71, 246n30

shantytowns, 84

street preaching riot, 74, 246n44

See also Catholics and Catholicism; nativism and anti-Catholicism; Vinegar Hill

Irish-American Union, 142

Irish Convention of Kings County, 141

Italians

birds of passage, 180, 182

Black Hand, 184–85, 262n48

churches of, 182

fraternal organizations and, 183

immigration, 180–81, 261n39

stereotype, 184

Jackson, John, 11

Jews and Judaism

Bolshevists, 190

charities and fraternal organizations, 177–78

dual identity, 179–80, 260n29

Eastern Europeans, 171–72, 174

German Jews, 145–46, 178, 254n6

organizations, 147

Orthodox, 146–47

Reform movement, 139, 145–48

religiosity of, 148

schools and holidays, 179

synagogues, 146, 177, 256n38

Williamsburg Bridge, 169

See also anti-Semitism; Brownsville; census; Williamsburg

Jews without Money (Gold), 175–77

Johnson, Evan M., 39, 69, 73, 245nn18–19, 7172

Johnson, Jeremiah, 255n13

Jonas, Nathan, 2

Journeay & Burnham, 66, 121, 252n76

Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, 146

Kalbfleisch, Martin, 139, 255n13

Kallen, Horace, 232f, 233–34, 267n7

Kaplan, Elias, 173

Kazin, Alfred, 180

Keeney, Abner C., 109, 251n51

Kelsey’s Alley, 76

Kesselring, Joseph, 197, 199

Kieft, Willem, 8

Kimball, Joseph, 54

King, Gamaliel, 34

Kings County Colored Citizens Republican League, 158

Kings County Colored Men’s Association, 157

Kings County Historical Society, 139, 202

Kings County Sunday Observance Association, 211

Kings County Sunday School Association, 211

King’s Daughters, 157

Kingsley, William C., 95, 102, 109, 248n1, 249n4, 251n51

Kinsella, Thomas, 88, 138, 142, 147, 249n4

Knights of Pythias, 117, 157

Kreisler, Fritz, 187

Ku Klux Klan, 193–95, 231, 233

labor movement, 159–62, 189–90, 258n92

Lacey, T. J., 213

Ladies’ Companion, The, 32

Lafayette, Marquis de, 19

La Guardia, Fiorello H., 193

La Lega Mutua Marsalese, 183

Lambert, Edward A., 48–49, 73–74, 163

land development

apartments, 110

Bay Ridge, 107

East New York, 100

farm to suburb, 101–2, 105

Sportsmen’s Row, 109

See also residences and residential neighborhoods

land grants and acquisitions. See expansion, Brooklyn

language, 144–45

La Societa Cittadini Giffonesi di Brooklyn, 183

La Societa Gragnanesi di Brooklyn, 183

Lathrop, Charles, 222

League of Episcopal Churches of Brooklyn, 211

League of Loyal Citizens, 167–68, 171

Leavitt, David, 18, 22, 24, 28, 38

Leavitt, Elizabeth, 18, 22

Lee, Gideon, 29

Leffingwell, William, 12

legislation, federal. See Chinese Exclusion Act; Comstock Law; Emergency Quota Act; Espionage Act; Immigration Act of 1924; National Conscription Act; Volstead Act

legislation, New York State

Brooklyn city charter, 28–29, 238n7

consolidation charter, 167

ferry control, 30

See also baseball; Clayton-Lusk Bill; Cristman Bill; gambling and horse racing; motion pictures; Mullan-Gage Act; temperance and alcohol

leisure activities

lectures, 43–44

music and theater, 6, 24–25, 42–47, 122, 242n63

Sunday School anniversary parade, 50–51, 52f, 243n91

Lenape Indians. See Delaware nation

Levine, Louis L., 202

Levinthal, Rabbi, 193

libraries, Apprentices’ Library, 19, 25

Lindsay, Lionel, 2–3

Litchfield, Edwin C., 36, 108

Litchfield, Mrs. E. H., 120

Litchfield, Marion, 120

Little Italy, 181

Little Italy Neighborhood House, 183–84, 261n35

Littlejohn, Abram Newkirk, 126–27, 167

Long Island Ministers Association, 214

Long Island Railroad, 31, 86, 91, 170, 225, 239n19

Long Island Star

on Catholicism, 75

on draft riot, 91

Fulton Ferry, 13

on Germans, 82

on housing, 33, 78

immigrants and, 69, 71–72

on Irish, 79

on manufacturing, 66

on music and theater, 44–45, 47, 241n57, 242n77

on parks, 37–38

politics and, 68–69, 72

on racism, 86–87

religion in, 52–53

Sabbatarian laws and, 48, 50, 74, 83

on the Sanitary Fair, 89

Winter Scene in Brooklyn, 15

Loomis, Samuel Lane, 163

Lord, Daniel, 222

Lorillard, 91

Loughlin, John, 72, 143

Low, A. A., 89, 167

Low, Seth, 38, 147, 163, 255n27

Lower East Side, 3, 259n9, 259n16, 259n21

Lyceum, 25, 43–44, 61, 121

Maggie (Crane), 111

Malone, Sylvester, 147, 255n26

Manhattan Beach, 103

Manhattan Beach Hotel, 103, 150

Manhattan Bridge, 2, 169–70

manufacturing, 66–67

maps

Brooklyn (1767), 8, 9f

Brooklyn (1856), 35f

Brooklyn (1884), 106f

New York City (1834), 27f

Prospect Park, 113f

Marine Park, 224

maritime commerce, 5, 10–11, 67

Masonic Lodges, 58, 117, 157

May, Robert W., 202

McDonnell, C. E., 183

McGrath, Patrick J., 212

McKane, John Y., 105

McKeever, E. J., 212

McKelway, St. Clair, 167, 171

McLaughlin, Hugh, 156, 166

McNamara, P. J., 183

Melting Pot, The (Zangwill), 229

Melville, Herman, 64

Methodist church and Methodism, 3, 19–22, 41, 74, 237n48

Methodist Ministers Association, 214

Middagh family, 14, 17, 20

Miller, Livingston, 49

Mindell, Fania, 216

Moby Dick (Melville), 64–65

Montague Street, 46

Montauk Club, 139

Moody, Dwight Lyman, 129–30, 254n108

Mooney, Leo, 211

Moore, Mrs. Stuart Hull, 201

Moore, Samuel B., 202

Morton, Levi P., 167

Moses, Samuel C., 73

Most Famous Man in America, The (Applegate), 54

motion pictures, 220–22

Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors Association, 222

Mount Auburn Cemetery (Mass.), 39

Mullan-Gage Act, 215

municipal services, 13, 18–19, 36–39, 112, 166, 168, 240n36, 240n37

Murphy, Henry C., 95, 102, 248n1, 249n4

“My Country Is the World” (Hardie), 199

Myrtle Avenue, 76, 251n50

Nation, The, 232

National Americanization Committee, 188–89

National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, 123

National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, 220, 222

National Conscription Act (1863), 91–93

National Episcopal Temperance Church Society, 216

National Society of New England Women, 201

Native American Democratic Association, 69–70, 245n24, 246n28

Native Americans. See Delaware nation

nativism and anti-Catholicism, 68–70, 72–74, 79, 137, 140, 142, 196, 255n25

New England, influence of, 9, 21–22, 24–25, 43, 54, 110, 131–32, 167–68

New England Society, 59–60, 167, 201, 244n106

New Immigration, 191, 199–200, 229, 233, 266n5

New Masses, The, 176

New Utrecht, 102–3, 107, 200, 223

New York and Sea Beach Railway, 103

New York Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures, 220

New York City Board of Aldermen, 28–29, 188, 193, 206, 213

New York Colored Orphan Asylum, 88, 92

New York Herald, 150

New York Protestant Association, 69

New York Sabbath Committee, 211

New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 132, 221

New York State Censorship Commission, 222

New York State Sabbath Association, 211

New York Times, 46, 96, 129

Norton’s Point, 103

nostalgia, 131, 200–202

O’Byrn, Robert, 210

Ocean Parkway, 114

O’Connell, Daniel, 68

Odd Fellows, 58, 117

O’Donnell, James J., 145

O’Hare, P. F., 210

Olcott, Martha W., 201

Old Ferry Road. See Fulton Street

Olmsted, Frederick Law, 112, 251n59

O’Reilly, Miles, 210

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 190

Palmer raids, 190, 192

parades and public celebration

African Americans, 158

Anniversary Day, 78, 125, 207, 243n91

Fourth of July, 78–79, 125–26, 184

Hudson-Fulton Celebration, 202

Italian celebrations, 183–84, 261n39

Labor Day, 161–62

Pfingstmontag, or Pentecost Monday, 144

St. Patrick’s Day, 78, 125, 141

Park Slope, 36, 108–9, 139

Park Theater, 121

Parsons, Frank Alvah, 223

Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 229

Pearson’s Magazine, 231

Philo-Celtic Society, 145

Pierrepont, Mrs. Henry E., 89, 122

Pierrepont, Henry E., 39, 167

Pierrepont, Henry J., 32, 38

Pierrepont, Hezekiah Beers, 17f, 236nn16–17, 236n20

Atlantic Basin and, 32

city charter delegate, 28

English Clover Hill, 12–13

Four Chimneys, 12, 16

land ownership, 14, 18, 20

New England and, 9, 11, 110

public park donation, 37

village trustee, 13

See also ferries

Pierrepont, James, 11–12

Pierrepont, John, 11

Pierrepont Street, 164

Pitkin, John R., 100–101, 239n27

Pitkin Avenue, 173, 178, 190

Planned Parenthood Federation, 219

Platt, Thomas C., 167

Plumbers’ and Fitters’ Protective and Benevolent Society, 159

Plunkitt, George Washington, 4–5

Plymouth Church, 57f

Beecher and, 56, 129, 164

Beecher and Wintner, 148–49

Hillis and, 187

land purchase, 55

membership loss, 225, 227, 266n70

racetrack opposition, 208

Tappan and, 88

Poe, Edgar Allan, 77–78

Polish Peasant in Europe and America, The (Thomas, Znaniecki), 140

Pollard, Calvin, 33

post-Civil War

African Americans and, 158

amusements, 126

church attendance, 127

expansion, 98, 100, 105, 115, 124

fraternal organizations and, 117

immigrant factory workers, 136–37

Irish and, 140, 250n44

labor and, 159

moral suburb, 99

South Brooklyn, 107

Poster, William, 260n29

post-Puritanism, 26, 43, 54, 61, 110, 120

material success and, 22

See also First Presbyterian Church

Powers, Edmund, 93

Pratt, Charles, 109–10

Presbyterian church and Presbyterians, 3, 21–25, 41, 55, 244n101

Presbyterian Ministers Association, 214

Prospect Heights, 108, 135

Prospect Hill. See Park Slope

Prospect Park, 1

baseball, 210

Grace Hall, 36

Irish support, 142

map of, 113f

railway, 102

upscale neighborhoods, 108, 112, 114–15, 139

Prospect Park South Association, 203

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 236n9

Protestants and Protestantism, 3–4, 116, 163–64, 254n108

church attendance, 126–28, 253n102

commercialism and, 122–23

immigrants impact, 137–38

missionaries to Chinese, 151

New England and, 3, 6

opposition to, 6

religiosity of, 41–42

suburbs and residences, 115

wealth and, 236n9

Puritans and Puritanism

fraternal organizations and, 117

influence of, 21

Long Island migration, 10

material success and, 9

New England descendant, 31, 110, 120

performances, 46

racetrack opposition, 208

Sabbath observance, 49, 124, 202, 220

See also post-Puritanism

Quigley, Martin, 222

race and racism, 85–86, 150–56, 198, 201, 204, 229–30

See also African Americans; anti-Semitism

Ralph, Julian, 97–99, 107–8, 116, 134

Rapalje, John, 10

recreation and amusements

baseball, 123–24, 211

music and theater, 121–22

resorts, 103–5

sports, 122

Red Hook, 5, 29, 31, 36, 65, 105, 107, 124, 163, 186

Reigelmann, Edward, 188

religious diversity, 4, 147–48, 171, 256n47

religious organizations, 41–42

Republican Party, 53, 72, 118, 152–53, 157–58, 167

residences and residential neighborhoods

apartment buildings, 6, 110–11, 223, 225, 264n13

Brooklyn Heights, 14

East New York, 239nn26–27

expansion of, 115, 201

Grace Hall, 36

housing costs, 107–9, 250n44

Italian neighborhoods, 182

Manhattan’s East Side, 168–69, 171–72, 174–75

multi-family dwellings, 203–4

restrictive practices, 203–5, 226–27, 264n13

South Brooklyn, 32–33

tenements, 76–77, 84, 111, 177, 251n55, 259n16

upscale neighborhoods, 108–9, 251n51

Richards, Daniel, 31, 36, 240n34

Riding and Driving Club, 187

Riis, Jacob, 111

Riordon, William L., 4

riots and rowdiness

interethnic, 74

Irish and, 75

native gangs, 75

Sabbath, 49

street preaching and, 73–75

Rising Tide of Color against White World Supremacy, The (Stoddard), 230

Robinson, Wilbert, 212

Rockefeller, John D., 109

Roebling, John A., 95

Rogers, Henry H., 109–10

Roman Catholic Church, 75–76, 81, 142–43, 194–95, 219

Roosevelt, Theodore, 198, 229, 232

Rossiter, Clinton L., 108

Rothschild, Simon F., 178

Sabbatarian laws

baseball and, 124

dry Sabbath, 48, 82–83, 214, 242n78

female organizations and, 23

fraternal organizations and, 118

horse cars, 49–50, 242n79

Protestant hegemony, 6, 163

secular institutions and, 59

secularism and, 121

Sunday closing law (1852), 82

See also baseball; gambling and horse racing; motion pictures

Sacco, Nicola, 190–91

Sackett Street, 183

Sands, Ann, 20

Sands, Comfort, 10

Sands, Joshua, 9–12, 14, 16, 21–22

Sands Street, 20, 183

Sands Street Wesleyan Methodist Episcopal Church, 21–22, 85

Sanford, Joseph, 24

Sanger, Margaret, 216–20, 231

Sanitary Fair, 88–89, 90f

Sankey, Ira, 129, 254n108

Savolksi, Frank, 188

Scandinavians, 186

Schiff, Jacob H., 191

schools and education, 19, 86, 179, 192, 207

Schroeder, Frederick A., 138, 145, 255n13

Schurman, Jacob Gould, 231

Scribner’s Monthly, 103

Seigmeister, Alice Rayfiel, 195

Seligman, Joseph, 148, 150, 178

Seymour, Horatio, 93

Sheepshead Bay, 204, 208, 210, 224

Simons, G. A., 190

Smith, Al, 213

Smith, Betty, 228

Smith, William H., 40

Smith Street, 72–73

Snyder, John J., 204

Society of Old Brooklynites, 201

Solomon, Adolphus S., 178

Sons of Temperance, 131

South Brooklyn

Chinese in, 150

diversity of, 196

expansion, 5, 34, 36

ferries, 30

fraternal organizations and, 118

horse cars, 49

housing in, 78, 84, 110

Jews in, 174

labor movement, 162

Little Italy, 184

Long Island Railroad, 239n19

waterfront, 31–32, 77, 91, 111, 138–39, 143, 182–83, 223

working class in, 107

South Midwood, 203

Spooner, Alden

church dominance and, 61

City incorporation and, 28–30, 165

death of, 240n47

horseracing articles, 24

Irish and, 69, 71–72

John Alden and, 26

Long Island Star and, 22, 37

parks and, 38–39, 240n47

sacred music and, 25

Whigs and, 68

Spooner, Alden J., 39

Spooner, Edwin B., 72, 240n47

Spooner, Rebecca, 22

Sprague, Joseph, 39

Standard Oil Trust, 109

St. Ann’s church, 20, 22, 47, 85, 246n34

Stanton, A. P., 50

Stevenson, Frederick Boyd, 191–92, 196, 201, 221–22, 229

Stewart, T. McCants, 154, 155f

Stillman, Jessie, 200

St. James Roman Catholic Church, 68, 72, 79

St. Nicholas Society, 59, 117, 142

Stoddard, Lothrop, 230–31, 233–34

Storrs, Richard Salter, Jr., 54–55, 56f, 58, 89, 130, 163, 167–68, 255n26, 255n27

Stowe, Lyman Beecher, 227

St. Patrick Alliance, 141–42

St. Patrick Society, 59, 79, 117, 142, 145

St. Peter’s Academy, 143

St. Peter’s Asylum for orphans and the poor, 143

Stranahan, James S. T., 31, 38, 89, 112, 114f, 166, 249n4, 251n59, 255n27

Stranahan, Marianne Fitch, 88–89

Straus, Oscar, 148

street preaching, 72–75

Stuyvesant Avenue, 147

Stuyvesant Heights, 147, 189, 199, 215

suburbs

early use of, 11

first commuters, 14

Manhattan suburb, 98–99

outmigration, 223, 225–26

subways

Brooklyn Rapid Transit (BRT), 169

Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT), 170

Sugar House Workingmen’s Union, 160

Sunset Park, 2, 107, 186, 196

Taft, Mrs. George Chapin, 189

Talmage, Thomas DeWitt, 129–30, 163, 253nn83–84

Tammany Hall, 4

Tappan, Lewis, 38, 87–88

Teaford, Jon, 36

temperance and alcohol, 24, 59, 131, 216

eighteen18th Amendment, 214–16

Irish and, 74

women’s role, 214

Temple Beth Elohim, 146, 148–49, 256n38

Temple Israel, 178

Thanksgiving, 245n18

Thomas, William I., 86, 140

Thompson, Henry C., 86

Tilton, Elizabeth, 58

Tilton, Theodore, 153

Titus, Abiel, 16

Tompkins Avenue Congregational Church, 163

Town of New Lots, 100–101, 105, 239n27

transportation

horse cars, 100

steam railway, 100–101, 249n12

See also Brooklyn City Rail Road Company; Long Island Railroad

Tree Grows in Brooklyn, A (Smith), 228

Trotter, Jonathan, 255n13

Tubman, Harriet, 152–53

Tucker, F. C., 26

Turn-Zeitung, 83

T. Watson & Co., 91

Union Club, 117

uniqueness of Brooklyn, 1–2, 4–5

US Sanitary Commission, 88–89, 111

Vanderbilt, Gertrude Lefferts, 163–64

Van Nostrand, John J., 89

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 190

Vaux, Calvert, 112

Vinegar Hill, 11, 16–17, 67–68, 76, 162, 182, 215

Volstead Act, 214–16

Wallabout Bay, 11, 29, 34

Washington Park, 38–39, 76, 108–9, 112, 251n50

waterfront commerce, 5, 29, 31–32, 65–67, 84, 98, 107, 135, 244n5. See also Atlantic Basin

Waterman, Mrs. Clarence Pennoyer, 221

wealth and wealthy, 110, 120, 236n9, 252n74

Webb, James Watson, 69

Weber, Max, 236n9