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InterAsian Intimacies across Race, Religion, and Colonialism: Index

InterAsian Intimacies across Race, Religion, and Colonialism
Index

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Preface and Acknowledgments
  2. Note on Terms, Names, Transliteration, and Translation
  3. Introduction
  4. 1. Making Kin and Remaking Worlds
  5. 2. Mobility and Marital Assimilation
  6. 3. Religion, Race, and Personal Law
  7. 4. The Alienable Rights of Women
  8. 5. Burmese Buddhist Exceptionalism
  9. 6. The Conditions of Belonging
  10. 7. War, Occupation, and Collaboration
  11. 8. Ties That (Un)Bind Asians
  12. Epilogue
  13. Notes
  14. Bibliography
  15. Index

INDEX

Figures and tables are indicated by f and t following the page number.

  • All-Asian Women’s Conference (1931), 114, 116–117, 124
  • Amar, Ludu Daw, 140
  • American Baptist Mission (ABM), 24–25, 27, 79, 205n21, 214n60
  • Amy Po Sein (“Auntie Amy,” aka Myint Myint Sein), 170, 172–174
  • amyo (kind), meaning of, 6, 200n8
  • amyo gya (Others): Auntie Rosie’s family history as, 13–14; Burmese accusations against, 105–108, 111, 127–132, 139, 195; Burmese Buddhist exceptionalism and, 6–7, 103, 109–112, 117, 124, 129–135; during Japanese occupation, 190–191; stereotype of the lecherous amyo gya, 7, 16, 106–107, 125–127, 143, 174, 176
  • Anglican Church, 18, 23, 25–27, 79
  • Anglo-Burmese treaty (1826), 28, 62, 206n36
  • Andaya, Barbara, 60
  • Anderson, Benedict, 68, 144
  • Anglo-Indians, 22–23, 104, 137, 153, 186–188
  • Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL), 178, 185
  • anti-miscegenation laws, 9, 20, 95, 129, 142, 191
  • Arabs, 7, 11, 37, 72
  • Arakanese, 64, 65t, 74, 107, 177–178, 189
  • Armenians, 24
  • assimilation: British views on, 20, 32, 51–53, 64–65, 73–74, 96, 112; Christian orphanages and, 26; intermarriage and, 2, 5, 106–107, 134; Japanese imperial policy of, 154–155, 163–169, 179, 181–182, 191, 225n6; under Konbaung administration, 53–58; of migrant men, 32, 40–60, 86, 92–93
  • apostasy, 47–48, 57, 60, 88–89, 133–134
  • Aung San, 148, 157–158, 160–162
  • Aung San Suu Kyi, 157–159
  • Aye Mya, 40, 41f
  • Ba Bwa, 132
  • Ba Maw, 127, 158, 160, 162, 171, 230n35
  • Barclay, Paul D., 178–179
  • Barlow, Tani E., 144–145
  • Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation, 76
  • Bose, Subhas C., 161
  • British colonial rule in Burma (1826–1942, 1945–1947): annexation of Lower Burma (1852) and Upper Burma (1886), 28, 33, 56, 61, 63, 76, 90; communalism and, 143–145; Government of Burma in exile (Simla), 153, 155, 164, 184; land tenure and tenancy, 35–37, 42–43, 208n62; patriarchy and, 95–102; racial, religious, and gender classification of the population in Burma, 28–29, 34, 51–53, 63–74, 212n21; rice and teak export, 33, 35, 76; as rule of law, 54, 62. See also British East India Company; plural legal system; specific acts
  • British East India Company (EIC), 20–22, 31
  • British India: Burma governed as a province of, 25, 125; as “crown jewel” of Empire, 10
  • British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act (1914), 8–9
  • Brown, R. Grant, 34
  • Buddhism (journal), 116
  • Buddhism and Buddhists: as dominant religion in Burma, x, 1, 57, 64, 67, 73–74, 195; Japanese as, 154; propagation of, 55–59, 82, 86, 98, 122, 139; revivalism and nationalism, 107–111, 114, 122, 135–136, 218n18; as tolerant religion, 64, 68, 73, 104, 143, 195. See also Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act; Burmese Buddhist exceptionalism; Burmese Buddhist law; dhammasat
  • Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act: 1927, proposed as Buddhist Marriage and Divorce Bill, 122–123, 192; 1939, approved as Act, 141–142, 144; 1954, passed, 192; 2015, revised (Myanmar Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage Law), 192
  • Burma Defense Army (BDA), 158, 160, 173, 184–185, 188
  • Burma Independence Army (BIA), 158, 160–161, 173
  • Burma Round Table Conferences (1930–1931, 1931–1932), 114–115, 117–118, 125
  • Burmese Buddhist exceptionalism, 5–7, 16–17, 81–82, 104–124; and campaign to boycott intermarriage, 107–113, 130–131; colonialism and nationalism, impact on, 144–145, 147; patriarchy, feminism, and, 113–124
  • Burmese Buddhist law: British application of, 54, 61–63, 90–91, 98–99; British codification of, 54–55, 85; of marriage and inheritance, 6, 55–56, 85, 96–98, 118; monastic law and, 54; polygamy in, 98, 123; royal law and, 54; wills in, 85, 118; women’s rights to family and property in, 96–99, 111, 119. See also Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act; dhammasat; lawsuits
  • Burmese Muslim, 61–63, 73–74, 131–133, 136, 141. See also zerbadi
  • Burmese National Army (BNA), 184
  • Burmese Way to Socialism, 195
  • Burmese Women’s Association (BWA), 109, 113, 117; protest march (1927), 121
  • Case, Brayton, 77, 214n60
  • caste, 6, 10–11, 43–44, 51, 54, 64–66, 70–71, 142, 214n60; “caste confusion,” 128; half-caste, 110, 112
  • Catholics and Catholicism: British discrimination against, 22–23; Church of Our Lady of Light, Madras (Luz Church), 21–22; convents and mission schools, 27, 79–80, 156, 187; De Fries’s family lineage and, 20–21, 27; Portuguese colonization and, 21.
  • Chan Ma Phee, 40, 41f, 42, 93–94;
  • Chan Toon, 112–113
  • Chatterjee, Indrani, 150
  • chettiars (moneylenders), 37, 126, 208n62
  • China: as anti-Japan country, 163; Burma’s affinity with, 74; feminism of 1920s and 1930s in, 144–145
  • Chinese in Burma: anti-Chinese riots (1931), 115; anti-Chinese sentiments of Japanese, 175–176; anti-Indian riots (1938) and, 137; Chinese Buddhist in Burma, 66, 85, 91; Chinese-Burmese marriage, 7, 40–42, 52–53, 71, 90–95; and commerce, 11, 32–33; Committee of the Kheng Hock Keong (Rangoon Hokkien Association), 93–94; exodus to China in World War II, 153; population (1881–1931), 4t; marriage and inheritance lawsuits involving, 40–42, 90–95, 102, 127; racial and religious classification of, 64–66; temples, 40. See also Chinese customary law; migration to Burma; mixed races; stereotypes
  • Chinese customary law, 54, 90–91, 110
  • Ching, Leo, 162–163
  • Choe, U (Auntie Rosie’s paternal grandfather), 13, 27–31, 33–35, 38–39, 74
  • Clifford, Hugh, 71
  • Collins, Patricia Hill, 148
  • colonialism. See British colonial rule in Burma; Japanese Empire
  • communalism, 142–145; colonialism and, 67; distinguished from nationalism, 144; dominating studies of interAsian relations, 197; Hindu-Muslim, 10–11, 142
  • concubinage, 6, 7, 15, 21, 42, 50, 123, 142
  • Confucianism, 6, 181
  • conversion. See Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act; intermarriage; specific religions
  • coolies, 2, 11, 65, 199n1
  • Cosgrove, Mabel Mary Agnes, 112–113
  • Cousins, Margaret, 116
  • Craddock, Reginald, 108
  • Culley, R. E., 23
  • Curzon, Lord, 86
  • Dagon Magazine, 128
  • Daily Herald (newspaper), 118, 119f
  • Das, Veena, 151
  • Defries, Alexander Joseph (“Defries,” Auntie Rosie’s maternal grandfather), 2, 13–14, 18–25, 29, 33, 38–39.
  • Defries, Cecilia Elisabeth (“Cissie,” Auntie Rosie’s aunt), 18, 19f, 25, 27, 77, 80, 156
  • Defries, Helen May (“Mummy Gyi,” Auntie Rosie’s mother), x, 14, 18, 19f, 24–25, 27, 150; conversion to and practice of Islam, 1, 74, 76, 79, 81–82, 139–140; marriage to Ahmed Meah, 1, 75–76 ; in WWII, 156, 173
  • Defries, Juliet Gabriel (“Julie,” Auntie Rosie’s aunt), 18, 19f, 25, 27, 77, 157
  • dhammasat, 53–55, 85, 97, 109–110, 123 209n32, 210n40. See also Burmese Buddhist law
  • Dharmapala, Anagarika, 108
  • Di Di Diana Ogh (“Di Di,” Auntie Rosie’s maternal grandmother): 13–14, 18, 24–25, 27, 38, 59
  • Dobama Asi Ayone (“We Burmese” or “Our Burmans” Association), 115–116, 131
  • Dobama Muslim (“We Burmese Muslim”), 136
  • dōka (assimilation). See Japanese Empire
  • Duara, Prasenjit, 11–12
  • Dutch East India Company, 20
  • Dutch East Indies, 59–60, 72, 204n6
  • East Asia Youth League, 167, 172–173
  • Easton, Doris Sarah, 26, 205n26
  • education: Anglo-vernacular, 27, 79–80; Buddhist, 24–27, 79, 86–87, 114, 116–117, 122–123; Christian, 27, 79–80, 156, 187, 214nn66–67; Japanese language, 154–155, 163–169; naming practice in Christian mission schools, 79, 82
  • Ein Soe, 161–162
  • eugenics, 7, 17, 52–53, 111–112, 129–131; and allegations of racial degeneracy/degeneration, 6–7, 17, 111, 127–132, 195. See also racism
  • Europeans: absence of female European migrants in Asia, 20; in Burma, 2, 33, 104; racial and religious classification of, 18, 64–66; WWII evacuation from Burma of, 153. See also métissage; mixed races; whiteness
  • Farsi language, 28–29, 31
  • feminist advocacy, 107–109, 113–114, 120–121, 144–145
  • French Indochina, 72, 142
  • Furnivall, John S., 36–37, 54, 143–144
  • Gandhi, Mohandas K., 104–105, 107–109, 217n3
  • General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA), 107–109, 125–126
  • Ghosh, Durba, 20
  • Great Depression, 36, 115
  • Hamilton, Alexander, 49–50, 52
  • Hampton-Tuskegee model of industrial education, 77, 214n61
  • Hastings, Warren, 54
  • Hata Kosuke, 174–176
  • Hatta, Muhammed, 162
  • Henry, Todd, 171
  • Hinduism and Hindus: association with child marriage and widow immolation, 96; British classification of, 64–66, 69–71, 73–74; conversion to, 84, 87–88, 99, 110; Hindu law, 54, 62–63, 85, 88, 89, 92, 97–98; Hindu-Burmese marriage, 69, 73, 84–88, 93, 97–101, 104, 110, 112, 117; Hindu-Muslim communalism, 10–11, 142; marriage and inheritance lawsuits involving, 43–44, 84–88; marriage rules of, 6, 43–44, 127–128; negative views of Burmese Buddhists on, 104–105, 127, 136–137; Reddiar School for, 146–147; revivalism, 108, 218n18
  • Hla, U, 140–141
  • Hla Pe, 159–162, 171, 173
  • Hnin Mya, 126, 133
  • Independent Weekly (newspaper), 121
  • Indian Civil Service (ICS), 21, 23, 184, 217n1
  • Indians in Burma: anti-Indian riots (1930, 1938), 3, 36, 115, 135–138, 140–151; Burmese prejudice against, 104–107, 126–127, 136–138, 148–150; population (1881–1931), 3–4; racial and religious classification of, 65–66, 69, 73–74; in socialist Burma, 196; during WWII and Japanese occupation, 151, 153, 161–162, 173, 188. See also Hinduism and Hindus; kala; migration to Burma; mixed races; Muslims and Islam; stereotypes; zerbadi
  • Indian Statutory Commission (Simon Commission), 105, 148–149, 218n8
  • Indian Succession Act (1865), 87, 89–90
  • intermarriage: British imperial policy on, 8–9, 20–21; campaign to boycott, 103–113, 130–131, 144; and conversion, 38, 42–60, 82, 84, 87–89, 96, 99, 103, 113, 120, 134–135, 139–145, 194–195; and female mobility, 45–46; Japanese imperial policy on, 181–183; legislative debates on, in Burma, 109–113, 122–127; miscegenation laws and, 9, 20, 95, 129, 142, 191; prevalence of in Burma, 1–3, 33, 40–60, 96, 103, 111. See also Chinese in Burma; Indians in Burma; Japanese occupation of Burma; lawsuits; métissage; mixed races; specific acts, races, and religions
  • International Buddhist Society, 86, 114, 116
  • Ito Jirozaemon Suketami, 161
  • japan gadaw (Japanese’s mistress), 159–160, 188, 191, 226n19
  • Japanese Empire, 10, 154–155, 163, 179; anti-Chinese, 175–176; compared to European and US counterparts, 166, 191; “comfort women,” 186, 189–191; dōka (assimilation) vs. kōminka (imperialization), policies of, 154–155, 163–169, 179, 181–182, 191, 225n6; family and marriage registration system in, 182; forced labor in, 158–159, 162, 178, 185, 187, 202n21, 230n35; and Japanese-language education, 163–165; mixed-blood theory of, 179–182; pan-Asian ideology of, 11, 154–155, 161–162, 166, 179–186, 191; and propaganda, 154, 161, 165, 180. See also Japanese occupation of Burma; rape and sexual violence
  • Japanese in Burma (pre-WWII): 3, 4t, 137
  • Japanese occupation of Burma (1942–1945), 2, 13, 17, 153–176, 180; anti-Japanese resistance during, 157–163; Burmese collaboration with, 159–162, 191; intermarriage during, 183–184; Japanese language schools (nihongo gakkō), 154–155, 163–175, 191; women’s memories of, 167, 169–176
  • Jardine, John, 97, 123
  • Jewett, Sarah Elizabeth, 112, 121
  • Jinbo Kotaro, 163–164
  • Judson, Adoniram, 24, 206n36
  • Kachins, 64, 65t, 184
  • kala (Westerner or Indian), changing meaning of term, 28–29, 206n32, 206n36
  • kala gadaw (the Indian’s mistress), 133–135, 140, 159
  • Karens: conversion to Christianity, 24, 65, 67; Insein as stronghold of, 149; massacre of, during Japanese occupation, 173; and nursing profession, 25, 75; racial classification of, 24–25, 64, 65t, 205n18
  • Khin May Than (Kitty Ba Than), 13, 196
  • Kim Hwallan (Helen Kim), 162
  • Kirichenko, Alexey, 56
  • Kiyono Kenji, 182
  • kōminka (imperialization). See Japanese Empire
  • Konbaung Empire (1752–1885), 29, 33, 56–58, 68; lu myo (“kind of people”) classification of subject population, 56–57
  • Korea: as anti-Japan country, 163; Japanese annexation of, 10, 179; US occupation (1945–1948), 189
  • Kusanagi Masamichi (pseud. Jikkoku Osamu), 166, 168
  • Kwon, Insook, 15, 162
  • Kwon, Nayoung Aimee, 160
  • Kyaw Win Maung (aka Wali Mohamed), 185, 188
  • Kyi Pwa Ye (magazine), 132, 139–140
  • Lammerts, D. Christian, 98
  • Lanka (Ceylon), 86, 108
  • Laurel, Jose P., 162
  • lawsuits: desertion, 88–89; divorce, 50–51, 60, 134–135; inheritance—involving accusations of illegitimacy, 42–45, 84–89; inheritance—involving adoption, 46–49, 59, 92–95, 216n29; inheritance—involving competing jurisdictional claims (Chinese customary, Hindu, or Muslim law vs. Burmese Buddhist law), 61–62, 84–87, 89–92, 211n1; inheritance—involving polygynous marriages, 40–42, 49, 90–92
  • liberalism, 54, 62, 68, 96–98, 120, 209n33
  • Lieberman, Victor, 56–57
  • Lin Yone Thit Lwin, 185–186
  • localization, 12, 45–46, 49, 58, 195
  • love marriage, 116, 130–131
  • Ma Ba Tha (Association to Protect Nation and Buddhism), 192, 195
  • Ma Galay (“Dadi,” Auntie Rosie’s paternal grandmother); in finance and urban real estate businesses, 13, 35–37, 40; inheritance planning of, 101; in interwar years, 146, 150; marriage of, 13, 33–35; as minority Muslim Mon-Arab woman, 1, 59, 74; as powerful matriarch, 35–38; during WWII, 155–156
  • Mandalay Thuriya (newspaper), 127–130
  • Marks, John E., 26
  • marriage. See concubinage; intermarriage; lawsuits; love marriage; métissage; polygyny; specific acts and religions
  • marriage and inheritance law. See Burmese Buddhist law; Chinese customary law; Japanese Empire; lawsuits; plural legal system; specific acts and religions
  • Marxism, 131, 137, 145
  • masculinity: Asian, 180; Burmese, 113, 132, 158, 180–181; Japanese imperial, 183; and nationalism, 15, 160–163; and “public sphere” of politics and economy, 33, 52, 54 96; white, 142
  • Mason, Francis, 24
  • matrilineal kinship, 20–22
  • Maung Gyi, Ledi Pandita U, 128–130
  • Maung Htin, 186
  • May Oung, 114, 118, 119f
  • Maymyo, 164, 186–187
  • Meah, Ahmed Mya (“Ahmed,” Auntie Rosie’s father), 36–37; 78f, 80–83, 150; marriage to Helen May, 1, 75–76; relationship with mother Ma Galay, 1, 36–37, 75, 80; in WWII, 155–157, 173
  • men: historical records as monopoly of, 15; mobility of Asian, 11–13, 40–60; and nationalism, 15, 160–163. See also masculinity; specific countries, races, or religions
  • métissage, 3, 8–13, 37, 49
  • migration to Burma, 40–60; and assimilation of migrant men, 32, 40–60, 86, 92–93; cost of, 2–3; gender as factor in, 2, 3, 4t, 12, 38–39, 67–68; Hadrami, 31; from Indian subcontinent, 2, 28, 33, 65–66, 126, 137; from Japanese colonies, 2; sojourners vs. settlers, 38–39, 46. See also specific countries, races, or religions
  • milk debt, 36–37, 208n60
  • Mindon, King, 29, 32, 56–57
  • mixed races: Anglo-Burmans, 69t, 153, 186–188; census data on, 52–53, 68–69, 72; “Chinese mestizo” in Philippines, 72, 212n38; Eurasians, 7–9, 20–27, 64–65, 68–71, 74–75, 79, 81, 187, 204n6; Indo-Burmese, 53, 68–69, 69t, 70t, 74, 85–86, 99; Jawi Pernakans, 71–72, 213n39; kabya, 14, 103, 115, 140–141, 188, 190, 195–196; konketsuji, 179, 181–183, 229n16; mestizas, 20–21, 24; mixed “Asiatic” races, 68–69, 69t, 71, 72; Sino-Burmese, 40, 42, 68, 69t, 70–71, 90–93, 99, 104, 175; Sino-Malay, 71; Sino-Vietnamese, 72. See also métissage; zerbadi
  • Moe Nin, P., 130–131
  • Mohanarajan, Rajagopal Pondicherry (“Uncle Mohan”), ix–x, 3, 13–14, 177; childhood of, 146–147; in interwar years, 150–151; marriage to Auntie Rosie, 1, 193–194; as medical physician, 13, 193–194, 196; photographs of, 14f, in WWII, 151–152, 151f, 177, 196
  • Mona (Ma Mona, Auntie Rosie’s daughter), x, 75, 146, 192–194
  • Moon, Katherine, 189
  • Moulmein, 27, 50, 126, 164
  • Mughal Empire, 28, 56, 141
  • Muslims and Islam: and anti-Indian riots (1938), 3, 135–138, 140–151; association with pardahnasin and talaq, 6, 96; British classification of, 62–66, 68, 72–74; in Burma, 1, 29, 56, 65–66, 69, 70t, 73–74; cemeteries, funerary rites, and visitation of graves, 28, 31, 82, 215n69; conversion to upon intermarriage, 1, 57, 60, 76, 88–89, 99, 127; Eid, 57, 78, 81, 194; Hindu-Muslim communalism, 10–11, 142; marriage and inheritance lawsuits involving, 42–51, 88–89, 100–101, 134–135; marriage rules of, 6, 45, 47–48; mosques, 30f, 56; Muslim law, 61–63, 92, 98–99; Muslim-Burmese marriage, 42–51, 59–60, 69–70, 88–89; negative views of Burmese Buddhists on, 127, 135–136, 140–142; pathi, 28–34; Urdu language instruction among, 141; waaqf (family trust), 56, 100–101. See also Burmese Muslim; zerbadi
  • Mya May (aka Mrs. M. M. Hla Oung), 114, 116–118, 122, 219n35
  • Mya Sein, 114, 116–123, 119f, 130, 151, 153
  • Mya Shwe, 117
  • Myanmar Alin (magazine), 106–107
  • nationalism, 138, 142–145, 161–163; anti-British sentiment, 161; anti-Japanese sentiment, 163; and Buddhist revivalism, 108, 114, 124, 218n18; Burmese Buddhist exceptionalism and, 144–147; and communalism, 144; feminism and, 144–145, 223, 224n66; and masculinity, 15, 160–163; mythologies of, 195; postcolonial, 195
  • nat-worship (animism), 64, 66
  • Ne Win, 13, 162, 195, 196; socialist dictatorship of, 195–196
  • Nehru, Rameshwari, 116
  • Nisbet, John, 34, 50, 52
  • Nora, Pierre, 163
  • Nu, U, 148, 158, 160, 162, 195
  • Nyein, Daw, 170–174
  • orphanages (Christian) 9, 25–27, 75, 79
  • Orwell, George, 37–38
  • Ottama, 107–109, 114, 126, 161. See also Ein Soe
  • Ottama Japanese Language School for girls, 161–162, 165, 170, 172, 172f
  • Ottoman Empire, 31, 56
  • pan-Asianism. See Japanese Empire
  • partition of India (1947), 10–11
  • Patel, P. D., 148–149, 187–188, 224n80
  • patrilineal kinship, 6, 34, 99, 107
  • Phibunsongkhram, 162
  • Philippines, 72, 165
  • plural legal system: forum shopping in, 62; husband’s law governing in (doctrine of coverture), 90–92, 98–99; and jus sanguinis (“the right of blood”), 99, 182; and personal law/status, 54, 61–63, 66, 68, 85–90, 98–99, 101–103, 111; Privy Council as final court of appeal, 42, 84–87. See also Burmese Buddhist law; Chinese customary law; Japanese Empire; lawsuits; specific acts and religions
  • plural society, 82, 143–144, 195, 197
  • Po Kyar, 133
  • polygyny, 6, 41–43, 91–92, 96, 98, 110–111, 117, 123, 127
  • pongyis (Buddhist monks), 81, 86, 107–108, 135–138, 143, 146
  • Pu Galay, 140–142
  • Pyinmana, 33, 56, 75–77, 82–83, 145, 155–156, 171, 173
  • races, mixed. See mixed races
  • racism: of Asian migrants, 12; and Burmese Buddhist exceptionalism, 16–17, 107–113, 130–131; métissage and, 8. See also anti-miscegenation laws; eugenics; stereotypes; violence; whiteness
  • Rafael, Vicente, 166
  • Rafi, Mirza Mohamed, 142
  • Rangoon University, 147; boycott of 1936, 147–148
  • rape and sexual violence, 7, 10, 97, 150, 157, 159, 169, 186, 190; “comfort women,” 186, 189–191; perpetrated by Allied forces, 189
  • Raschid, M. A., 147–148, 151, 224n75
  • Recto, Claro M., 162
  • Reddi, Muthulaksmi, 121
  • Rohingya, 7, 192
  • Rose Razia Hnin Yee (“Auntie Rosie”), ix–x, 1, 77, 193; education of, 79–83, 156; family history and stories of, 13–16, 18–20, 24–25, 30–31, 34, 36, 80–81; on memories of anti-Muslim violence, 146, 150, 194; sayyid lineage of, 31, 75, 82; during World War II, 16, 155–157, 163, 165, 169–174, 194
  • Sakai, Naoki, 143
  • Sakakiyama Jun, 180
  • San Youn (aka Daw San), 121–123, 131
  • sayyid, 31, 34–35, 74–75, 81–82, 206n40, 207n55
  • Scott, James, 59
  • self-rule. See separation of Burma from India
  • separation of Burma from India (1937), 105, 139, 143; British decision to separate (1933), 125; election (1932) won by anti-separation candidates, 125–126, 142; intermarriage and, 125–127. See also Burma Round Table Conferences
  • sexuality: citizenship and civil status linked to, 8–9, 102, 129; fantasies of Oriental, 58, 209n26
  • Siam (Thailand): Burma’s affinity with, 74; intermarriage in, 58, 71; nationalism deployed as anticolonialism in, 224n69
  • Soh, Sarah C., 189
  • stereotypes: of amyo gya (Others), 6–7, 104–107, 110–112, 125–127, 130, 174, 176; the native wife or mistress, 37–39, 133–135, 140, 159–160, 188, 191, 226n19; Orientalist, 26, 44, 52, 62–63, 73, 93, 96–98, 111, 116, 120, 142, 209n26
  • Sukarno, 162
  • Surkis, Judith, 6, 99
  • Symes, Michael, 49–50, 52, 57–58
  • Taiwan, 163, 178, 184
  • Takami Jun, 180
  • Talaings, 64, 65t
  • Tanaka Kakuei, 161
  • Taw Sein Ko, 104–106
  • Thein Pe Myint, 131–132, 137,153, 158
  • Theippan Maung Wa, 173–174
  • Thibaw, King, 56–57, 76, 117
  • Thuriya Magazine, 108, 118, 105, 106f, 127, 135–136
  • Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 108
  • United States: miscegenation laws in, 95, 142; occupation of Japan (1945–1952), 189; occupation of Korea (1945–1948), 189
  • violence: anti-Asian race riots in North America, 142; anti-Chinese riots of 1931, 115; anti-Indian riots (1930, 1938), 3, 36, 115, 135–138, 140–151; Myaungmya Incident (1942), 173; Saya San Rebellion (1930–1932), 36, 219n38. See also rape and sexual violence
  • Wade, Jonathan, 24
  • whiteness: miscegenation laws and, 95, 129, 142; poor whites, 23, 25, 27, 75, 205n21; racial whiteness of imperialism, 8; white minority rule, 67–68, 95, 98, 129; women, 8–9, 95, 102, 112–113, 129, 182, 142
  • women: agency and mobility of, 3, 12–13, 45–46, 59, 135; archival erasure of, 14–15, 20; Burmese (amyo thami), 139–140; colonialism and, 95–102, 168; “comfort women,” 186, 189–191; education of, 27, 79, 114, 116–117, 122–123; exoticization of Burmese, 49–53, 168, 183; and migration, 2–3, 20, 69–71; in partition of India and Pakistan, 10–11; political and social activism of, 107–109, 111–113, 120–123; “private sphere” of, 12, 16, 18, 38; producers of family history, ix–x, 14, 75; rights of, 84–103, 109–114, 117–123; WWII role of, 159–160, 162–163, 184–187. See also All-Asian Women’s Conference; Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage and Succession Act; intermarriage; rape and sexual violence; specific countries, races, and religions; stereotypes; wunthanu konmaryi athin
  • Women’s Indian Association, 116
  • Women’s Mirror (journal), 116
  • World War II: battle of Imphal and Kohima (1944), 151–152, 177–178. See also Japanese Empire; Japanese occupation of Burma; rape and sexual violence
  • wunthanu konmaryi athin (young women’s religion and lineage protection societies), 108–109, 122, 218n17
  • Yoneyama, Lisa, 189
  • Yoshiichi Shigemitsu, 181
  • Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA), 107–109, 114
  • Young Women’s Buddhist Association (YWBA), 109
  • Yule, Henry, 29, 32, 51, 206n36
  • zerbadi (Burmese Muslim or Indo-Burmese Muslim), 61–63, 82; anti-Indian riots (1938) and, 137, 145–146, 150–151; British colonial recognition of, 73–74, 82; discrimination against, 140–142, 195; growth in number of, 66, 70t, 73, 141; meaning of term, 34. See also Burmese Muslim

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