Index
Abel, I. W., 90
Action for Excellence, 107
ACTWU (Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union), 90
Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), 183
African Americans: 2020 election and, 210; access to education for, 21–22, 52; Clinton and, 6; Freedom Budget and, 70–72; Full Employment Act and, 45; GI Bill and, 43, 136; Great Society reforms and, 62; job-training programs and, 84; Kerner Commission and, 72–75; knowledge economy and, 156; manufacturing sector and, 70; mathematics education and, 152; NAFTA and, 150; National Assessment of Educational Progress and, 106; New Deal programs and, 38; Reconstruction Era and, 27; slavery and, 23–28; standardized testing and, 170; voucher programs and, 133–35; welfare reform and, 155–56; in Wisconsin, 188
Alexander, Lamar, 125, 126, 129, 168
Allen-Bradley Company, 134
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 28
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU), 90
American Council of Education (ACE), 40
American Defense Education Act of 1982, 117–18
American Farm Bureau, 46
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 46, 72, 87, 94, 98, 150
American Federation of Teachers (AFT), 96–97, 98, 100, 157–61, 170
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 190
American Motors Company (AMC), 150
American Railway Union, 28
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), 183, 184
Americans for Democratic Action, 90
America’s Choice: High Skills or Low Wages, 143–44
Anderson, John, 101
A. Philip Randolph Institute, 70
Arkansas Education Association, 140
Arkansas Science and Technology Development Authority, 140
Association of Land Grant Colleges, 40
Babbitt, Bruce, 120
Bailey, Keith, 171
Baisinger, Grace, 97
Baran, Paul, 224n46
Barkan, Joanne, 192
Barnard, Henry, 217n17
Beadie, Nancy, 3
Becker, Gary, 10, 39, 55–57, 85, 102, 125, 143, 160, 177, 205; Human Capital, 55, 68, 145–46
Bell, Daniel, 79, 84, 167, 203; The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, 76–77, 83, 99, 124, 143, 164, 226n7
Bell, Terrel, 7, 9, 97, 103, 104–8
Bennett, Marion, 41
Bennett, William, 103, 112–15, 130, 131–32, 134
Biden, Joe: 2020 election, 7, 209–10; Crime Bill of 1994 and, 163; on Humphrey, 91–92; Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 and, 196
Blacks. See African Americans
Bloom, Allan: The Closing of the American Mind, 113
Blue-Ribbon Commission on 21st Century Jobs (Wisconsin), 174–76
Blue-Ribbon Task Force on Educational Excellence (NEA), 108
Boeing, 177
Bowen, Howard, 84
Brademas, John, 96
Bradley, Bill, 115
Bradley Foundation, 134
Briggs and Stratton Corporation, 109–10
Brock, Bill, 143
Brookings Institution, 132
Brooks, Charles, 217n17
Brooks, Jack, 97
Brown, Francis, 45
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 36, 52–53, 60, 135
Brown v. Board of Education II (1955), 81
Buchanan, Pat, 7, 149, 164, 171, 199, 206
Bush, George H.W., 9, 117, 120–23, 126–28, 135–37, 150, 168, 206
Bush, George W., 7, 168, 169–74, 206
Business Coalition for Excellence in Education (BCEE), 171
Businessmen of America Inc., 46
Buttigieg, Pete, 209
California, higher education funding in, 65, 67, 177
Carlson, Jack, 93
Carnegie Steel Works, 28
Carter, Jimmy, 6, 11, 78, 86–87, 89, 92–100, 101, 205–6
Caucus of Rank-and-File Educators (CORE), 191
Caudelle, George, 228n32
Cavazos, Lauro, 129
Cebul, Brent, 126
Chappell, Marisa, 228n42
Chase, Bob, 107–8, 158, 159–60, 192
Chavez, Cesar, 72
Chicago Teachers Federation (CTF), 32
Chicago Teachers Union (CTU), 9, 30, 191–93, 209
Chiles, Lawton, 139
Chisolm, Shirley, 98
Citizens Committee for a Cabinet Department of Education (CCCDE), 97
Citizens United v. FEC (2010), 189
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 4, 59, 70, 88, 94
Clinton, Bill, 148–65; 1992 election, 9, 124, 145–47; Call to Action for American Education, 159; critics of, 161–65; Democratic Leadership Council and, 4, 9, 123–24, 126, 140, 141; labor unions and, 150–51, 154–55, 157–61; NAFTA and, 117, 150
Clinton, Hillary, 7, 9, 149, 181, 196–202
Cloward, Richard, 62
Coca-Cola Co., 129
collective bargaining, 15, 37–38
College of William and Mary, 17
Colmery, Harry, 40
color-blind policies, 43, 79, 102, 112, 115
Committee on Economic Development, 107, 124
Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, 164
Common Cause, 90
Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels), 82
Community Action Program, 62
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973, 85–86, 89, 110
Compton, Arthur, 222n62
Conant, James, 61
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), 89
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 44, 46, 72, 87, 94, 98, 150
Cooper, Melinda, 58
Coordinating Committee for Higher Education (Wisconsin), 66–67
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), 47, 90
Cramer, Katherine, 188
creative class, 166–67, 176, 180–81, 188, 203, 207
Crime Bill of 1994, 163
Cruz, Ted, 201
Daley, Richard, 139
Darling-Hammond, Linda, 184
Declaration of Independence, 15
Deming, W. Edwards, 139
Democratic Leadership Council (DLC): Clinton and, 6, 123, 140–41, 149–54; neoliberalism and, 119–21; No Child Left Behind Act and, 172; rise of, 137–45
Democrats for Education Reform (DFER), 184
Department of Education (US), 6, 78, 95–99, 104, 112, 152, 206
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US), 96
Department of the Interior (US), 95
desegregation, 131. See also Brown cases
DeVos, Betsy, 207
Dewey, John, 15; Democracy and Education, 31
Dewey, Thomas, 44
DFER (Democrats for Education Reform), 184
Dimon, Jamie, 195
Dominick, Peter, 65
Donahoe Act of 1960 (California), 65
Douglas, Stephen, 25
Drucker, Peter, 143, 144, 164, 181, 220n3, 227n13
Dukakis, Michael, 115, 116, 120–21, 122–23
Economic Bill of Rights, 35, 44
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, 59, 62
Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981, 104
Ehrenreich, Barbara and John, 82–83
Eisenhower, Dwight, 96
Eisenhower, Milton, 222n62
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 4, 58, 59, 60–65
Ely, Richard T., 13
Emanuel, Rahm, 192
Emens, John, 222n62
Emergency Jobs Act of 1974, 85–86
Employment Act of 1946, 46–49, 70, 86
Engels, Friedrich, 82
entrepreneurialism, 103, 116–19, 139–40, 147, 170
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 112
Escalante, Jaime, 152
Facebook, 180
Fannin, Paul, 65
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 38
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 38, 40
Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, 164
Finley, Murray, 90
Florida, Richard, 176, 180, 181, 188, 206; The Rise of the Creative Class, 9, 166–68, 203
Food Stamp Act of 1964, 59
Forward Wisconsin Survey, 175
Fourteenth Amendment, 52
Foy, Lewis, 93
Franklin, Benjamin, 217n7
Fraser, Douglas, 97
Fraser, Steve, 217n7
Freedom Budget, 62, 69–72, 205
Friedman, Milton, 85, 102, 143; “The Role of Government in Education,” 130–31
Full Employment Act of 1945, 44–46, 91
Full Employment Action Council (FEAC), 90, 92
Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act of 1976, 89–91
Gaebler, Ted, 138–39, 142, 146
Galston, William, 121
Gardner, David, 104
Gardner, John W., 67
Geismer, Lily, 81
Geithner, Timothy, 183
General Electric, 129
General Motors, 47
Gephardt, Dick, 115
GI Bill (1944), 4, 35–36, 39–43, 56, 135–36, 220n3
Gillespie, Dean, 41
Gillibrand, Kristin, 208
Ginzberg, Eli, 86
Goals for Education: Challenge 2000, 152
Goldfinger, Nathaniel, 86
Goldin, Claudia, 181; The Race Between Technology and Education (with Katz), 179
Gore, Al, 115, 119, 150, 162, 170–71
Gou, Terry, 208
Great Railroad Strike (1877), 28
Great Society reforms, 55–75; Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, 60–65; enactment of, 58–60; Freedom Budget and, 69–72; Higher Education Act of 1965, 65–69; job-training programs and, 84–85; Kerner Commission and, 72–75
Green, Edith, 68
Greenspan, Alan, 91
Groeger, Cristina, 3
Hansen, Alvin, 44
Harkin, Tom, 120, 145, 157, 237n81
Harrington, Michael, 72; The Other America, 58
Hart, Gary, 82, 115, 117–19, 159; A New Democracy, 117, 119, 160
Hatch, Orrin, 94
Hawkins, Augustus, 2, 78, 88–92
Hayes, Jim, 128
Head Start program, 60
Heller, Walter, 58
Heritage Foundation, 134
Higher Education Act of 1965, 42, 58, 59, 65–69
Higher Education Amendments Act of 1972, 69, 79
Hispanics. See Latinos
Hoffman, Paul, 45
Hudson Institute, 124, 144, 156
human capital: Clinton and, 146; defined, 10; Freedom Budget and, 71–72; neo-liberalism and, 116–21; right to a job and, 45–46; voucher programs and, 129–35
Humphrey, Hubert, 2, 78, 86–91, 228n45
Hunt, James, 115, 116, 126, 143, 177
Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994, 148, 152, 154
income inequality, 56, 146, 198, 215–16n11
Industrial Workers of the World, 28
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 86
Jackson, Jesse, 118, 119, 120, 150
Javits, Jacob, 89
Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 14, 16–17, 22, 204, 217n7
Jim Crow laws, 38
Job Training Partnership Act of 1982, 110–11, 116, 127, 196
job-training programs: Goals 2000 and, 153–54; labor market and, 144; middle class and, 196; neo-liberalism and, 116–17; Nixon and, 83–86; Reagan and, 110–11
Johnson, Andrew, 27
Johnson, Lyndon, 5, 58–60. See also Great Society reforms
JPMorgan Chase, 195
Kahlenberg, Richard, 107
Kamarck, Elaine, 121
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 24
Katz, Lawrence, 181; The Race Between Technology and Education (with Goldin), 179
Kaye, Harvey, 40
Keefe, Jeffrey, 190
Kennedy, Ted, 99–100, 171, 172
Keppel, Francis, 63, 64, 96, 97
Kerner, Otto, 72
Kerr, Clark, 65
Keynesian economics, 37, 43–45, 91, 228n45
Kildee, Dale, 172
King, Coretta Scott, 2, 78, 88, 90, 94, 97
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 70, 72, 90
Knights of Labor, 28
knowledge work, 143, 144, 156, 180, 182
Koch, Charles and David, 189
Kurapka, David, 138
labor unions: 2016 election and, 202; Carter and, 87, 88; Clinton and, 157–62; Employment Act of 1946 and, 47; full employment ideal and, 47–49; NAFTA and, 150, 154; New Deal and, 2, 37, 42, 47; Nixon and, 85; Obama and, 183; Professional-Managerial Class and, 83; Progressive Era and, 30–31; Reagan and, 108–9; in Wisconsin, 48–49. See also specific unions
La Follette, Phillip, 48
La Follette, Robert, 13–14, 176
Land Ordinance of 1785 (US), 16, 17
Lathrop, John, 23
Latinos: 2020 election and, 8, 210; Clinton and, 6, 149; knowledge economy and, 156; mathematics education and, 152; standardized testing and, 170; in Wisconsin, 150
League for Industrial Democracy, 72
Lee, John, 229n60
Legislative Research Bureau (Wisconsin), 14
Leo XIII (pope), 45
Leontief, Wassily, 89
Lieberman, Joe, 171
Lincoln, Abraham, 24–26, 28, 204–5
Lincoln, Murray, 222n62
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 137–38
Louisiana Purchase, 16
Lowe, Robert, 224n35
Lucey, Patrick, 80
Lugar, Richard, 94
Lumina Foundation, 177
Lyall, Katharine, 175
Madison, James, 217n7
Madrid, Arturo, 177
Magaziner, Ira, 105, 111, 142, 143
Making the Grade, 107
Mann, Horace, 18–22, 32, 64, 88, 114, 204
Manpower and Training Development Act of 1962, 84, 85
manufacturing sector: African Americans and, 70; competitiveness of, 142, 143; job losses in, 83, 133, 167, 176, 184, 201–2; job-training programs and, 159; knowledge economy and, 77; labor unions and, 88, 94, 175–76; NAFTA and, 182; A Nation at Risk and, 105; Professional-Managerial Class and, 82; Trans-Pacific Partnership and, 197; Trump and, 208; in Wisconsin, 109, 176, 187–88, 191
Marshall, Ray, 93, 143, 229–30n70
Marshall, Thurgood, 52
Marx, Karl, 82
Massachusetts: public education in, 18–19; public schools in, 22
McCarthy, Charles, 14
McDonough, Gerry, 97
McGovern, George, 61, 81, 87, 96
McGuire, Willard, 99
Medicare and Medicaid, 59, 168, 198
Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO), 81
Mettler, Suzanne, 42
Metzgar, Jack, 50; Striking Steel, 48
Michigan: education funding cuts in, 191; higher education funding in, 66; public universities in, 22–23
Miller, Charles, 177
Milliken v. Bradley (1974), 82
Milwaukee Teachers Education Association (MTEA), 133
minimum wage, 15
Missouri Compromise (1820), 24
Mnuchin, Steve, 207
Mondale, Walter, 96, 103, 118–19
monopoly capitalism, 224n46
Morrill Act of 1862, 3–4, 26, 218n40
Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1890, 218n40
Morse, Wayne, 68
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick: The Negro Family, 62
Murphy, George, 65
Murray, James, 44, 46, 91, 221n44
Nader, Ralph, 171
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 6, 117, 148, 150–51, 154, 162–63, 197, 202, 208
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 106
National Association of Manufacturers, 46, 151
National Center on Education and the Economy, 143
National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, 84
National Committee for Full Employment (NCFE), 90
National Congress of Parents and Teachers (NCPT), 97
National Defense Education Act of 1958, 60–61
National Education Association (NEA): Blue-Ribbon Task Force on Educational Excellence, 108; Carter and, 87; Clinton and, 157–61; Democratic Leadership Council and, 126; Department of Education and, 95, 97, 99; founding of, 32; GI Bill and, 40; Gore and, 170; Investing in Public Education, 160; National Defense Education Act and, 118; A Nation at Risk and, 108; No Child Left Behind Act and, 173; Towner-Sterling Bill and, 33
National Education Goals Panel, 128
National Education Standards and Improvement Council (NESIC), 152
National Endowment for the Humanities, 112, 113
National Farmers Union (NFU), 44, 46
National Governors Association (NGA), 125, 128, 140
National Labor Relations Act of 1935, 44
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 94, 103
National Organization for Women, 90
National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), 38, 43
National Right to Work Committee, 94
National School Boards Association, 97
National Skills Standards Board, 152
National Women’s Trade Union League, 46
A Nation at Risk, 103–8, 114, 144
Negro American Labor Council, 70
Nelsen, James, 134
neo-liberalism and neoliberalism, 115–21, 161, 215n10
New American Schools Development Corporation, 129
New Deal, 4, 35–54; expansion of educational opportunity and, 49–53; FDR’s Second Bill of Rights and, 37–39; GI Bill and, 39–43; right to employment and, 43–49
The New Democrat magazine, 137, 155
Newfield, Christopher, 233n42
New Hampshire, public schools in, 22
New York: higher education funding in, 66; public schools in, 22
NFU (National Farmers Union), 44, 46
NGA (National Governors Association), 125, 128, 140
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 7, 9, 168, 169–74, 178
North American Free Trade Agreement. See NAFTA
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 24–25
Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 143
Nunn, Sam, 140
Nussbaum, Karen, 143
Obama, Barack, 6, 9, 181–96, 206
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 208
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 60, 71, 85
O’Hara, Joseph, 41
Ohio, education funding in, 66, 191
Ohlin, Lloyd, 62
Omar, Ilhan, 208
Osborne, David, 138–39, 141, 142, 146
Owens, Deborah Duncan, 232n18
Paige, Roderick, 177
Paine, Thomas: Agrarian Justice, 16
Panama Canal Treaty (1978), 111
Parental Options Choice Bill of 1990 (Wisconsin), 135
Parnell, Marilynn, 97
PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization), 109
Pell, Claiborne, 68
Pennsylvania: education funding cuts in, 191; higher education funding in, 66; public schools in, 17–18, 21, 22 Perot, Ross, 147, 150, 199, 206
Perpich, Rudy, 130
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 155, 156–57, 163
Peters, Charles, 116
Phillips, Kevin, 77
Polk, James K., 24
Poor People’s Campaign, 72, 90
populist movement, 29
Powell, Adam Clayton, 64
President’s Commission on Civil Rights, 52
President’s Commission on Higher Education, 36, 50–52
Pressley, Ayanna, 208
private schools, 131, 132. See also voucher programs
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 109
Professional-Managerial Class (PMC), 78–83, 88, 227n19
Progressive Policy Institute, 137, 170, 236n47
Proxmire, William, 91
Randolph, A. Philip, 2, 8, 58, 62, 69–72, 84, 89, 205
Rangel, Charles, 172
Rankin, John, 43
Reagan, Ronald: 1980 election, 100, 101–2, 123; education myth and, 7; A Nation at Risk and, 103–8; neo-liberalism and, 115–21; political economy of, 9, 108–11, 206; Walker influenced by, 187
Reconstruction Era, 27
Reich, Robert, 105, 111, 116, 142–45, 151–53, 162, 164, 206; Locked in the Cabinet, 149, 198, 237n83; Saving Capitalism, 198; The Work of Nations, 142, 143, 148, 149, 160
Rendell, Ed, 139
Reuther, Walter, 47, 72, 84, 85, 227n24
Ribicoff, Abraham, 96
Richardson, Joseph, 217n17
Riessman, Frank: The Culturally Deprived Child, 62
Riley, Richard, 126, 151–53, 160
R.J. Nabisco, 129
Rockefeller, Nelson, 83
Romney, Mitt, 193
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: GI Bill and, 35, 39–43; Second Bill of Rights and, 1–2, 36, 37–39, 48. See also New Deal
Rothenberg, Randall, 115–16, 161, 215n10, 227n16
Rubin, Robert, 163
Rustin, Bayard, 2, 58, 62, 69–72, 205, 225n60
Samuel, Howard, 143
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973), 81–82
Sandel, Michael, 5, 188, 237n85
Sanders, Bernie, 7, 9, 189, 191, 197–99, 203, 206, 209
School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, 148, 154
Schultz, George, 85
Schultz, Theodore, 10, 39, 55–56, 59, 85, 143, 205
Schultze, Charles, 92
Second Bill of Rights, 1–2, 36, 37–39, 48
segregation, 52, 70, 81–82. See also desegregation
Self, Robert, 163
Seltzer, Marlene, 195
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 151
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. See GI Bill
Sessions, Jeff, 207
Shanker, Albert, 88, 96–97, 98, 107, 157, 192
Sheil, Bernard, 45
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 27
Silber, John, 112
Smith-Hughes Act of 1917, 31
Smith-Lever Act of 1914, 218n40
social democracy: breadwinner model of, 194; Clinton and, 145–46, 148–49, 155, 161–62; defined, 10; education myth and, 2–3, 7, 98, 157; founding of America and, 15–18; Great Society and, 4–5, 58–59, 65, 71–75; human capital and, x, 8; Humphrey-Hawkins Act and, 78, 86–95; need for recommitment to, ix, 204–10; neo-liberalism and, 115–16, 118–20; New Deal and, 4, 35–38, 42–44, 47, 53–54; Obama and, 183, 185, 193; populist movements and, 28–29; Reagan and, 102–3, 109, 122; Sanders and, 189, 191, 197–98; school voucher programs and, 135
Social Security Act of 1935, 14, 38, 44, 59
Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC), 90
Southern Regional Education Board, 152
Spellings, Margaret, 177
Spellings Commission, 178–79, 194, 241n41
Stein, David, 230n76
Steinhardt, Michael, 236n47
STEM, 180
Stevens, Thaddeus, 217n17
Summers, Larry, 183
Sweeney, John, 151
Sweezy, Paul, 224n46
Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, 87, 93–94, 162
Tappan, Henry, 23
tax credits for college tuition, 162–63
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, 207
Tea Party, 189
A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education, 178–79
Thomas, Clarence, 112
Thompson, Tommy, 123, 133–34, 139, 156, 168–70, 174, 176, 187
Tillerson, Rex, 207
Time for Results: The Governors 1991 Report on Education, 125–26
Tlaib, Rashida, 208
Torrijos, Omar, 111
Total Quality Management (TQM), 139, 158
Towner, Horace Mann, 33
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 6, 194, 197, 202, 208
Treaty of Detroit (1950), 47–48
Truman, Harry, 4, 9, 36, 46, 50–52
Trumka, Richard, 208
Trump, Donald, 207–8; 2016 election, 7, 8, 11, 189, 199–202; 2020 election, 8, 11, 209–10
Twentieth Century Fund, 107
Udall, Morris, 86
unemployment insurance, 14, 42, 48
Union for Democratic Action, 46
unions. See labor unions
United Auto Workers (UAW), 47, 72
United Farm Workers, 72
United Teachers of Los Angeles (UTLA), 209
University of California, 65, 177
University of Chicago, 55
University of Wisconsin, 13, 23, 66–67, 80–81, 174, 176, 188, 190–91, 205
US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 208
vocational education, 39–43, 139
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 59, 94
voucher programs, 123, 129–35, 158
Wagner Act of 1935, 4, 37–38, 42, 47
Walker, Scott, 7, 9, 11, 187–89, 190, 206
Wallace, George, 86
War on Poverty. See Great Society reforms
Washington, George, 22
Weir, Margaret, 218n23
Weiss, Samuel, 41
Wellstone, Paul, 172
Whig Party, 18
White, Walter, 45
Wilkins, Roy, 90
Wilmot, David, 24
Wilson, William Julius, 156
Winant, Gabriel, 48
Windham, Lane, 83
Wirtz, William, 58
Wisconsin: 2016 election and, 11, 199, 202; 2020 election and, 11, 210; Blue-Ribbon Commission on 21st Century Jobs, 174–76; education funding for veterans in, 41; education myth and, 169–70; employment and labor law in, 48–49; higher education funding in, 65–66, 80–81, 174–76; market-based education reforms in, 139; mid-term elections of 2010 in, 187–88, 190; NAFTA and, 150, 182; public universities in, 22, 23; Reaganomics and, 109–10; voucher programs in, 133–35; welfare reform in, 156
Wisconsin Technical College System, 174
Woodcock, Leonard, 90
workers’ compensation, 14
Workforce 2000, 124–25, 128–29, 144, 156
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014, 196
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 38, 43
World Trade Organization (WTO), 182
Wurf, Jerry, 97
Xerox, 128
Yang, Andrew, 209
YWCA, 46
Zook, George, 50