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Freedom and the Captive Mind: Bibliography

Freedom and the Captive Mind
Bibliography

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Notes

table of contents
  1. List of Illustrations
  2. Preface
  3. Chronology
  4. Note on Transliteration
  5. Introduction
  6. 1. Beginnings
  7. 2. The Letters
  8. 3. The Awakening
  9. 4. Western Perceptions and Soviet Realities
  10. 5. Gleb Yakunin, Henry Dakin, and the Defense of Religious Liberty
  11. 6. “I Thank God for the Fate He Has Given Me”
  12. 7. The Outcast
  13. 8. Return
  14. 9. Lifting the Cover
  15. 10. Priest and Politician
  16. 11. Hope and the Twisted Road
  17. Acknowledgments
  18. Notes
  19. Bibliography
  20. Index

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Essay on Archival Sources

The most significant sources for my study are in the Keston Archive. Formerly located in Oxford, England, and presently housed at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, the archive holds a vast array of primary documents on Fr. Gleb Yakunin and his activities in support of freedom of conscience. Beginning in the late 1950s, while he studied on the British exchange program with the Soviet Union, Michael Bourdeaux became aware of a second wave of the state’s attempted extirpation of religious belief. He began to collect documents relating to this campaign, as well as the responses of individuals and groups who were determined to preserve their heritage and their religious and intellectual freedom. The Keston Archive had its origins in those efforts, and in subsequent years, it evolved into a major depository for documents and other materials concerning religion, politics, and the efforts of notable figures to protect a main source of Russia’s cultural endowment from destruction.

Beginning in the mid-1960s, Bourdeaux and his associates became aware of Gleb Yakunin’s significance in the defense of persecuted people. Keston served as a central depository of documents, letters, petitions, press clippings, and personal accounts of struggles to preserve religious rights in the Soviet Union and present-day Russia. More than twenty-five boxes of these materials relate to the topic of this book. The records of Yakunin’s early life as an Orthodox priest are contained in his personal files (SU Ort 8/2, Yakunin; SU Ort 8/2, box 26: Individual Clergy: Yakunin, Fr. Gleb, box 26) and include an original copy of the famous letters that he and Fr. Nikolai Eshliman sent in 1965 to Patriarch Aleksii I and to Nikolai Podgorny, chair of the Soviet Presidium. A copy of the sensational letter written by Yakunin and Lev Regel′son to the delegates of the World Council of Churches, meeting in Nairobi, Kenya, is also found in the Yakunin files, as well as the responses from Metropolitans Nikodim and Yuvenalii, both of whom claimed that the charges of religious persecution represented falsifications. Yakunin, Regel′son and their colleagues faced severe criticisms from Soviet authorities in the late 1960s and 1970s. Reports from the press conferences in which they attempted to defend themselves and argued for a reality different from that presented by church and state authorities are included in Yakunin’s personal files.

Despite his suspension from the Orthodox priesthood, the twenty years following the letters he and Eshliman sent to the patriarch proved significant in Yakunin’s life. Although he enjoyed only limited participation in the Christian Seminar in Moscow, he witnessed evidence of a religious awakening among certain segments of the young intelligentsia. Primary materials from the seminar (SU 11/10, box 28: Christian Seminar) include an original copy of the samizdat journal Obshchina, lists of books discussed by seminar members, and the names of leading participants. Concurrently, in late December 1976, Yakunin and several of his colleagues created the Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights in the USSR. Keston Archive has nine of the original twelve volumes of the committee’s documents, published by Henry S. Dakin’s Research Center in San Francisco. The Christian Committee’s ecumenical approach and its support for diverse religious communities in the Soviet Union are evidenced in the stories, grievances, and appeals incorporated in these documents. Although such records do not provide a complete picture of religious life, they offer a valuable, close-up view of many communities and their lived religious experiences. Adding to them is Yakunin’s detailed “Report on the Orthodox Church Today and the Prospects for a Religious Revival in Russia,” published in volume 11 of the Christian Committee’s materials.

Yakunin’s “Report” and the committee’s published documents told a different story from the accounts of most foreign delegations that returned from visits singing the praises of religious freedom in the Soviet Union (SU Ort 9/9, box 27: Visits from Foreign Delegations, 1967–1977). Yakunin’s work on the Christian Committee, his refusal to desist his activities, and his outspoken criticism of the Moscow Patriarchate’s relationship to the government led to his arrest in 1979 and his trial in 1980. Keston Archive contains significant materials on these events, as well as on his subsequent imprisonment and exile to Yakutia province (SU Ort 8/2, box 50: Yakunin Trial). Supportive letters for him came from inside and outside the Soviet Union (SU Ort 8/2, boxes 26 and 27: Letters of Support, 1979–1982).

Release from exile in 1987 and reinstatement as a priest led to a new stage in Yakunin’s life (SU Ort 8/2: Yakunin, Fr. Gleb [1989–1993]). Keston’s holdings are particularly strong on the last years of the Soviet Union and the early part of the Russian government. These years resulted in Yakunin’s entrance into politics, his election to the Russian Parliament, and his later selection to the parliamentary commission that investigated the relationship between the KGB and the Orthodox Church. The latter event produced a wealth of revelations from the previously closed KGB archives (Tsentral′nyi Arkhiv of the KGB, fonds 1, 5, and 6, in SU Ort 8/2, box 50: Yakunin, Fr. Gleb [1991–1996]). The final report, written by the chair Lev Ponomarev, summarized the commission’s findings and also recommended safeguards to prevent the KGB’s infiltration of the church (SU Ort 8/2: Yakunin, Fr. Gleb (1989–1993). Sadly, these recommendations, which might have divorced the church from the KGB, were not followed.

Thankfully, published sources are available on Yakunin’s excommunication and the twilight years of his life. The papers of Xenia Dennen on Zoia Krakhmal′nikova and the files on Boris Talantov and Fr. Sergii Zheludkov in the Keston archive relate to similar purposes to which Yakunin devoted his life and service. They await further exploration by historians for the light they shine on efforts to free the mind from captivity.

In addition, the Hoover Archive at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, proved invaluable to this book. The Henry S. Dakin papers in the archive contain the original materials for all twelve volumes of the Christian Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights in the USSR.

Interviews by Author

Aksenov-Meerson, Fr. Michael, Bethesda, MD, May 27, 2019.

Aksiuchits, Viktor, Moscow, May 29, 1991.

Dakin, Adriana, Ukiah, CA, Zoom, July 9, 2020.

Dakin, Virgilia Pasche, Ukiah, CA, Zoom, July 9, 2020.

Filatov, Sergei Borisovich, Moscow, June 15, 1994, and June 4, 2001.

Hickman, Jim, Cochabamba, Bolivia, Zoom, July 11, 2020.

Kucharev, Anya, San Rafael, CA, July 24, 2020.

Lebedeva, Tat′iana, Moscow, May 17, 2018.

Men, Pavel Volf′i ovich, Moscow, July 3, 2013.

Osipov, Andrei Il′ich, Sergiev Posad, June 11, 1994.

Popkov, Viktor, Moscow, May 17, 2018.

Tabak, Iurii Mikhailovich, Moscow, October 19, 2008.

Volkova, Elena Ivanovna, Moscow, September 11, 2015, and September 17, 2016.

Yakunin, Fr. Gleb Pavlovich, Moscow, May 10, 2007.

Yakunina, Iraida Georgievna, Moscow, email, October 28, 2016.

Yakunina, Mariia Glebovna, Moscow, May 23, 2018, and email, February 5, 2021.

Published Writings, Letters, and Appeals by Father Gleb Yakunin

Single author

  • “Abbat′ vykhodit na sviaz ′.” Argumenty i fakty, no. 1, January 8, 1992.
  • “Appeal to Western Christians.” Keston News Service, no. 135, October 22, 1981.
  • Bogu sluzhenie—stikhoslozhenie. Moscow: privately printed, n.d.
  • “Doklad Sviashchennika Gleba Iakunina Khristianskomu komitetu zashchitu prav veruiushchikh v SSSR o sovremennom polozhenii Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi i o perspektivakh religioznogo vozrozhdeniia Rossii,” August 15, 1979. In Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta, 11:1128–68.
  • “First Open Letter to Patriarch Aleksii II,” January 19, 1994. Religion, State and Society 22, no. 3 (1994): 311–16.
  • Istoricheskii put′ pravoslavnogo talibanstva. Moscow: Profizdat, 2002.
  • Khvalebnyi primitiv iurodivyi, v chest′ Boga, mirozdan′ia, rodiny: Poema. Introductory essay by Elena Volkova. Moscow: Biblioteka PravLit, 2008.
  • “Second Open Letter to Patriarch Aleksii II,” February 11, 1994. Religion, State and Society 22, no. 3 (1994): 320–21.
  • “V sluzhenii kul′tu (Moskovskaia Patriarkhiia i kylt′ lichnosti Stalina).” In Na puti k svobode sovesti, edited by D. E. Furman and Fr. Mark (Smirnov), 172–206. Moscow: Progress, 1989.

Coauthored with

  • Eshliman, Fr. Nikolai. “Appeal to the Patriarch, the Holy Synod, and the Diocesan Bishops,” May 12, 1966. In Bourdeaux, Patriarch and Prophets, 223–26.
  • Eshliman, Fr. Nikolai. “To the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Socialist Republics.” In Bourdeaux, Patriarch and Prophets, 189–94.
  • Kapitanchuk, Viktor and Vadim Shcheglov. “Ego Sviateishestu Pape Rimskomu, nasledniki Sviateishego Prestola Papy Ioanna-Pavla I,” October 1, 1978. In Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta, vol. 5, pt. 2: 700–716.
  • Kapitanchuk, Viktor, Vadim Shcheglov, and Members of the Catholic Committee for the Defense of Believers’ Rights. “Letter to Pope John Paul II, The Heads of Autocephalous Orthodox Churches, Primate of the Anglican Church, Archbishop D. Coggan, The World Council of Churches, Community Christian Committees, Which Defend Believers’ Rights, and President of the United States, J. Carter,” November 22, 1978. In Scarfe, Christian Committee Documents, 111–15.
  • Khaibulin, Hierodeacon Varsenofi, and Viktor Kapitanchuk. “Deklaratsiia.” In Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta, 1:1.
  • Khaibulin, Hierodeacon Varsonifi, and Viktor Kapitnachuk. “Otkrytoe pis′mo rukovodstvy radioveshchatel′nykh stantsii Golos Ameriki, Bi-Bi-Si, Nemetskaia Volna,” November 11, 1977. In Dokumenty Khristianskogo komiteta, 1:37–38.
  • Khaibulin, Hierodeaon Varsonofi, and Viktor Kapitnachuk. “Zaiavlenie Khristianskogo komiteta zashchity prav veruiushchikh v SSSR,” December 29, 1977. In Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta, 1:3–4. English translation: Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta zashchity prav veruiushchikh v SSSR, vol. 3: Izbrannye perevody dokumentov iz tomov 1, 2, 4:285–86.
  • Khailbulin, Hierodeacon Varsonifi, Viktor Kapitanchuk, and Vadim Sheglov. “Pravoslanomu Vselenskomu Patriarkhu Dmitriiu,” April 11, 1978. In Dokumenty kristianskogo komiteta, vol. 1: 159–63.
  • Regel′son, Lev. Letters from Moscow: Religion and Human Rights in the USSR, edited by Jane Ellis. Keston, San Francisco: H. S. Dakin, 1978.
  • Regel′son, Lev. “To the General Secretary of the WCC, Philip Potter,” March 6, 1976. In Helene Posdeeff, “Appendix: Russian Believers Write to WCC’s General Secretary.” Religion in Communist Lands 4, no. 4 (Winter 1976): 9–15.
  • Regel′son, Lev, and Viktor Kapitanchuk. “Appeal for the Glorification of Russian Martyrs in the USSR,” May 25, 1975. In Yakunin and Regel′son, Letters from Moscow, 34–40.
  • Ryzhkov, Boris. Tri razgovora o proshlom, nastoiashchem, i budushchem Pravoslaviia, s prilozheniem kratkoi povesti o Moskovskoi Patriarkhii. Moscow, 2006. http://krotov.info/library/28_ya/ku/nin_apz.htm.
  • “Uvazhaemomu predsedateliu Konstitutsionnoi komissii Brezhnevy Leonidu Il′ichu,” June 8, 1977. In Dokumenty khristianskogo komiteta, 1:26–27, and vol. 3: Izbrannye perevody dokumentov iz tomov 1, 2, 4:340–41.

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Note: Chapters included in edited volumes are not listed individually by author or by chapter title, but rather by the title of the entire work.

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