INDEX

Aberdeen, Lord, 93, 94, 95, 112, 124–28
abolition of slavery: Atlantic slave trade suppression and, 63, 64, 104–5, 107; Britain, antislavery movement, 66, 124–26, 128, 129–31, 155, 165; colonization of freed slaves abroad and, 102; Dutch antislavery movement, 176; emancipation policy and Emancipation Proclamation, 61, 154, 166–74; ending direct effects of slavery on foreign relations, 182; initial downplaying of, in Civil War, 155, 156; Russian serfs, movement to liberate, 172, 216n97. See also moral arguments against slavery
ACS (American Colonization Society), 80–82, 84–88, 97, 98, 101, 102
Adams, Charles Francis, 154–55, 156, 164, 167
Adams, John, and Haitian revolution, 43–53
Adams, John Quincy: on Atlantic slave trade, 68–78, 102–3, 110; on “carrying off” of slaves by British in War of 1812, 18–19, 21–26, 28, 29, 181; on colonization of freed slaves, 81–83; Congress of Panama and, 1–3, 5; on destruction of Negro Fort and American acquisition of Florida, 31–32; evolution of views on slavery, 181, 218n1; foreign relations objectives of, 1, 5; Haitian revolution and, 47–48; Negro Seamen Acts and, 91
Adams-Onís (Transcontinental) Treaty of 1819, 31, 193n88
Africa, Black American colonization of. See colonization of freed slaves abroad
Africa Squadron, 101, 113–14, 117–18
Africanization scare in Cuba, 138, 143–50
Alexander I (tsar), 9, 24–28
Alexander II (tsar), 169
American Colonization Society (ACS), 80–82, 84–88, 97, 98, 101, 102
American Revolution, 2, 6, 9–10, 17, 32, 34–35. See also Paris, Treaty of
Amiens, Treaty of (1802), 55
La Amistad (vessel), 93, 94
Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Treaty of (Jay’s Treaty, 1794), 13–17, 41–42, 43
Amphictyonic Congress of 1826 (Congress of Panama), 1–3, 5
Andrus, Joseph R., 84, 85
Anglo-American Convention of 1818, 24
Antietam, battle of, 167
antislavery movement. See abolition of slavery
Archer, William S., 132
Argyll, duke of, 156
Ashburton, Lord, 95, 96, 112–14
Ashmun, Jehudi, 87
Atlantic Monthly, 155
Atlantic slave trade, 62–96; Africa Squadron and, 101, 113–14, 117–18; Brazil and, 113, 114–16; Britain, relations with, 63, 65–75, 89–96, 102–20; British motivations for abolition of, 103–4, 111–12; colonization of freed slaves abroad and, 78–89; congressional legislation against, 64–65, 67–68, 72, 80–81; congressional resolution regarding suppression of, 75–78; Constitution on, 64; convention of 1824 on, 76–78, 104; Cuba and, 106–8, 116–18, 144; domestic politics and, 77; escaped slaves in British territories and Creole Affair, 93–96; faulty international enforcement of ban on, 65–75; France and, 66, 67, 104, 105, 110, 111–12; House Committee on suppression of, 73–74, 80; impressment in War of 1812, legacy of, 67, 69–70, 111, 119; joint cruising, 71–72, 112–14, 118; Lincoln’s concession to search, 65–66, 96, 97, 118–20, 166; Lyons-Seward Treaty (1862) as death knell of, 119–20; Middle Passage (Maafa), 62; Negro Seaman Acts, 89–92; opposition to/abolition of slavery itself and, 63, 64, 104–5, 107; origins of opposition to, 63–64; particular heinousness of, 62–63, 64; piracy, legal equation with, 72, 76, 77, 104; Portugal and, 69, 70, 106, 108; Quintuple Treaty (1841), 110; search of US-flagged vessels in peacetime and, 3, 65–66, 68–70, 73–78, 96, 97, 102–6, 108–14, 118–20, 166; southern states and, 104–5, 107, 111, 114; Spain and, 66, 106–7, 116–18, 144; unilateralism of US and, 69, 71, 76–78, 102–6; “visits” versus searches, 109–12; Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Treaty of Washington; 1842), 96, 112–14
Austin, Stephen F., 122
Ayers, Eli, 85

Bacon, Ephraim, 84
Bacon, Samuel, 83–84
Bahamas, slaves escaping to, 93–96
Baker, Anthony, 18–19
Bard, David, 64
Bathurst, Lord, 23
Bayly, Thomas M., 19–20
Bemis, Henry Flagg, 3, 29–30
Benjamin, Judah P., 160, 163
Benton, Thomas Hart, 113, 131
Bergquist, Harold Edward, 28
Bermuda, slaves escaping to, 20
Black, Jeremy, 66
Black Warrior Affair, 149, 212n114
Bolívar, Simón, and Congress of Panama, 1, 3
Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N., 28
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See specific entries at Napoleon
Brazilian slave trade, 113, 114–16
Britain: antislavery movement in, 66, 124–26, 128, 129–31, 155, 165; Atlantic slave trade and relations with, 63, 65–75, 89–96, 102–20 (See also Atlantic slave trade); Canadian border, disputes over, 24, 109; Civil War and, 119, 154–57, 158–60, 161, 163–68, 179; colonization of freed slaves abroad and, 78, 80, 83–85, 98–102; in Crimean War, 148, 150; Cuba/Cuban slave trade and, 106–8, 135–36, 138, 141, 142, 144–51; escaped slaves in British territories and Creole Affair, 93–96; Haitian revolution and, 37, 41–42, 45–46, 48–49, 50, 53–57, 168; motivations for abolition of Atlantic slave trade/slavery, 103–4, 111–12, 126, 128, 129–32; Negro Seamen Acts and, 89–92; on neutrals’ right to trade with all nations in time of war, 5; Oregon Territory, disputes over, 24, 81, 109; Russian reactions to British press coverage of Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation, 169–73; territorial expansion, US, and, 109, 122, 124–33, 135–36, 138, 141, 142; Trent Affair, 165–66. See also Paris, Treaty of; War of 1812
British Honduras, consideration of sending African Americans to, 174–76
Brougham, Lord, 125, 127
Brown, Gordon S., 47, 50
Buchanan, James: Atlantic slave trade and, 113, 115, 117–18; safety of slavery under presidency of, 161; territorial expansion and, 140, 142, 146, 148–51
Bulwer, Sir Henry, 92
Bunel, Joseph, 44–45, 46
Burrill, James, 68
Butler, Benjamin, 170

Calderon, Ángel, 145
Calhoun, John C.: Atlantic slave trade and, 113, 114; on colonization of freed slaves abroad, 81–82; Congress of Panama and, 2; on territorial expansion, 122, 129–31; War of 1812 arbitration and, 24
Camillus essays (Hamilton), 16–17, 30
Campbell, Duncan Andrew, 164–65
Campbell, Robert Blair, 107
Canadian border, disputes over, 24, 109, 163
Canney, Donald L., 113
Canning, George, 29, 68–76
Canning, Stratford, 75, 76, 91, 102–3
Caribbean. See Latin America and Caribbean; specific countries and territories
Carleton, Sir Guy, 10–11
Cass, Louis, 110–11, 113, 116–18, 151, 177
Castlereagh, Lord, 21–24, 26, 27, 29, 66–69, 71–75, 192n54
Chancerel, Catherine, 143
Chase, Salmon P., 172
Chiriqí (now Panama), proposed Black settlement at, 174
Civil War, 153–79; Atlantic slave trade, suppression of, 78, 90, 96, 118–20; Black soldiers fighting in, 152, 168, 171, 173, 175–76; Britain and, 119, 154–57, 158–60, 161, 163–68, 179; colonization of freed slaves and, 78, 174–78; downplaying slavery in, 154–58, 160–61; emancipation policy and Emancipation Proclamation in, 61, 154, 166–74, 179; European intervention, question of, 119, 154, 158–61, 164, 165–68, 174, 178–79; European responses to and interests in, 161–65; foreign relations during, 4, 6, 90; France and, 157–66, 174, 179; internationalist approach to, 153–54; Mexico, French interests in, 162; non-seceding slaveholding border states in, 154, 156, 170; “race war” in US, European fears of, 168, 171, 172; Russia and, 167, 168–74, 179; Santo Domingo, Seward’s memorandum on French reconquest of, 164–65; Spain and, 162–63; Trent Affair, 165–66; Union cause and abolition of slavery, foreign failure to understand link between, 156–58. See also Lincoln, Abraham
Clarendon, Earl of, 116, 146
Clavelle, John, 19
Clavin, Matthew J., 31–32
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 167, 215n77
Clay, Henry: on annexation of Texas, 131–32; on colonization of freed slaves abroad, 80, 87; Congress of Panama and, 1–3, 5; foreign relations objectives of, 1, 5
Clayton, Alexander, 147
Clayton, John, 137
Clinton, Henry, 10
Cobden, Richard, 168
Cockburn, Sir George, 20, 21
colonization of freed slaves abroad, 4; ability of Congress to establish, 81, 88; abolition of slavery and, 102; ACS and, 80–82, 84–88, 97, 98, 101, 102; Atlantic slave trade, efforts to suppress, 78–89; Britain and, 78, 80, 83–85, 98–102; Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation failing to halt interest in, 78, 174–78; early American enthusiasm for, 79–83; failure of privately-run colonization plan, 86–89; foreign relations and US policy regarding, 98–101; Lincoln’s support for, 4, 102, 174–77, 181; as persistent theme in US policy, 78; settlement efforts, 83–86; at Sherbro Island, 83–85; Slave Trade Act (US; 1819) and, 80–83, 88; state involvement in, 97, 98, 101. See also Liberia; Sierra Leone
commerce, trade, and economics: agricultural production and demand for slaves, 64; British motivations for abolition of Atlantic slave trade/slavery, 103–4, 111–12, 126, 128, 129–32; Civil War, cotton production, and foreign intervention, 159–60; Haiti, US trade with, 35, 36–37, 42, 44, 46, 48–53, 58–59; national security and commerce, perceived links between, 5, 35, 36, 86; neutrals’ right to trade with all nations in time of war, 5, 66, 69; Paris, Treaty of, and compensation for lost slaves, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; War of 1812, compensation for lost slaves in, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27–28. See also Atlantic slave trade
Confederacy. See Civil War
Congress: colonization of freed slaves abroad, ability of Congress to establish, 81, 88; House Committee on Foreign Affairs on relations with Liberia, 100; House Committee on suppression of Atlantic slave trade, 73–74, 80; Kennedy Report (House Committee on Commerce) on Liberia and other free Black colonies, 98–99; legislation against Atlantic slave trade, 64–65, 67–68, 72, 80–81; Lincoln’s annual message to (1862), 172; resolution regarding suppression of Atlantic slave trade, 75–78; search in suppression of Atlantic slave trade, concession to, 119; slave state/free state balance of power in, 86, 131, 140–41; Texas, annexation of, 132–33; Toussaint’s Clause, passage and implementation of, 49–53. See also specific Acts
Constitution: on Atlantic slave trade, 64; colonies established by US and, 99; Emancipation Proclamation and, 170; legality of chattel slavery under, 94; mixed courts to enforce slave trade ban, constitutional objections to, 69, 71; Thirteenth Amendment, 5
“contagion,” as metaphor for slave revolts, 40, 91, 2002n105
cotton production: Civil War, foreign intervention in, 159–60; demand for slaves and, 64
Coupland, Reginald, 66, 67, 119–20
Coxe, Tench, 57–58
Crawford, William H., 2, 30, 77, 82
Creole Affair, 93–96
Crimean War, 148, 150
Crook, D. P., 165
Crozer, Samuel A., 83
Cuba: Africanization scare, 138, 143–50; Atlantic slave trade and, 106–8, 116–18, 144; Britain and, 106–8, 135–36, 138, 141, 142, 144–51; Buchanan and, 140, 142, 146, 148–51; Civil War and, 163; France and, 138, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147–49, 151, 210n66; Haiti compared, 135, 140, 146, 150–51; national security, importance to, 5, 86; Ostend Manifesto (1854), 149; Pierce administration and, 138–43, 145–50; Polk administration and, 136–37, 147; slave rebellions in, 135; slavery in, US desire to maintain, 133–35; Taylor and Fillmore administrations, and López expeditions, 137–38; ultimate failure of US to annex, 142, 149–51; US desire to annex, 5, 122, 133–52

Dallas, George M., 117
Davis, Charles W., 147
Davis, Jefferson, 140, 141, 159, 160, 162, 165, 170, 179, 214n36
Declaration of Independence, 63, 95, 167
del Monte, Domingo, 136
Democratic Party, 123, 131–33, 137–38, 143, 149, 151, 173
Denmark Vesey Conspiracy, 89–90
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 34, 60
disease: colonization efforts in Africa and, 83, 85; “contagion” as metaphor for slave revolts, 40, 91, 2002n105; yellow fever and invasions of Haiti, 42, 60
Doolittle, James Rood, 151
Douma, Michael J., 174, 217n125
Downey, Arthur T., 93
Dowty, Alan, 148–49
du Bellet, Paul Pecquet, 157–58
Dubois, Laurent, 35, 39, 53, 60
Dunmore, Lord (governor of Virginia), 9–11
Dunning, William A., 105

Eastern Question, 148
Eaton, John, 134
economics. See commerce, trade, and economics
Economist, 168
Emancipation Proclamation and emancipation policy in Civil War, 61, 154, 166–74, 179
England. See Britain
Ericson, David F., 86
escaped slaves, American concerns over, 8–32; Creole Affair, 93–96; Haitian revolution and, 50; Negro Fort, Spanish East Florida, destruction of, 30; Paris, Treaty of (1783), 6, 9–17 (See also Paris, Treaty of); Texas without slavery and, 127; War of 1812, slaves “carried away” by British in, 17–30 (See also War of 1812)
Ettinger, Amos Aschbach, 141
Everett, Edward, 94–95, 124, 126, 127, 138

Fairfax, Fernando, 79
Fauchet, Joseph, 37–38
Federalists, 15–16, 41, 43, 49, 50, 52–53, 55, 68
Fehrenbacher, Don E., 34, 65, 114, 117, 133, 181
filibustering, 137–38, 210nn60–61
Fillmore, Willard, 102, 115, 137, 138, 210n60, 210n66
Florida: as asylum for fugitive slaves, 31–32, 193n88; Negro Fort, destruction of, 30–32; US acquisition of, 5, 30, 31–32
Foner, Eric, 102, 144–45
Foner, Philip S., 135
Forsyth, John, 106, 108–9
HMS Fowey, 9
Fox, Sir Henry, 99, 100, 108
France: annexation of Texas by US and, 131; Atlantic slave trade and, 66, 67, 104, 105, 110, 111–12; Civil War and, 157–66, 174, 179; Cuba and, 138, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147–49, 151, 210n66; French Revolution, 34–35, 38–39, 41; independent Liberia and, 102; Intercourse Act (1798) banning trade with, 43–44, 46; Napoleonic threat to Haiti, 55–60; Quasi-War with, 43, 44, 46, 48, 52; Russian reactions to French press coverage of Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation, 169–73; Santo Domingo, reconquest of, 164–65; territorial expansion and US relations with, 122, 133, 138, 139, 142, 143; US aid to, in Haitian revolution, 36–39; XYZ Affair, 47. See also Haiti and Haitian revolution
Franklin, Benjamin, 8, 9, 29
free Blacks, efforts to remove. See colonization of freed slaves abroad
Free Soilers, 151
Freehling, William W., 131
French Revolution, 34–35, 38–39, 41
Fry, Joseph A., 164
fugitive slaves. See escaped slaves, American concerns over

Gabriel’s Rebellion, in Virginia (1800), 40, 55, 57
Gaines, Edmund P., 31
Galbaud du Fort, François-Thomas, 39
Gallatin, Albert, 29, 49–50
García Tassara, Gabriel, 151
Geggus, David Patrick, 41, 43
George III (king of England), 19, 63
Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 2, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29
Gilded Age, 182
Giles, William Branch, 15–16
Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 128–29
Girard, Philippe R., 39, 43, 58
USS Grampus, 109
Grant, Alexander, 85
Great Britain. See Britain
Greek War of Independence, 29
Green, Duff, 111, 126, 127
Grenville, Lord, 45–46
Griffith, Edward, 20–21
Guelzo, Allen C., 178
Gurley, Ralph R., 87, 102
Gutiérrez de la Concha, José, 150

Haiti and Haitian revolution, 6, 33–61; John Adams and, 43–53; asylum for fugitive slaves, fears regarding, 50; Britain and, 37, 41–42, 45–46, 48–49, 50, 53–57, 168; Civil War in US and, 168; collapse of white power and emancipation of slaves in, 39; commonalities between US and Haiti, 33; Congress of Panama and, 2; Cuba compared, 135, 140, 146, 150–51; French attempt to restore slavery, 55, 58, 60; French government, US aid to, 36–39; French Revolution and, 38–39; independence from France, 33–34, 43, 45, 47–48, 51, 52, 55, 60; initial uprising, 35; international disruption caused by, 34–35; Jefferson and, 35–41, 52–60; Louisiana, French reacquisition of, 57–59; Napoleon and Leclerc expedition, 55–60; national security and commerce, links between, 35, 36, 86; Negro Fort, Spanish East Florida, destruction of, 30; racist views regarding, 43, 44, 47, 49–50, 51–52, 54, 58; Spanish-held portions of Hispaniola, Toussaint’s invasion of, 55; Toussaint Louverture’s initial involvement in, 42–44; Toussaint’s Clause, passage and implementation of, 49–53; US fears about “contagion” of, 32, 35–37, 40–41, 42, 45, 50, 55, 57, 60–61, 90; US recognition of (1862), 33–34, 60–61, 102, 167, 171; US trade with, 35, 36–37, 42, 44, 46, 48–53, 58–59
Hale, John P., 151
Hamilton, Alexander: arming of slaves during Revolutionary War, proposal for, 10; commerce and national security, links between, 5; Haitian revolution and, 35, 37, 38–39; Jay’s Treaty and, 16–17, 30, 196n24; remarks on Jay’s Treaty drafted for Washington, 191n31; Edward Stevens and, 50
Hamilton, Keith, 111
Harper, Robert Goodloe, 87
Harrison, William Henry, 123, 124
Hewell, John, 93
Houston, Sam, 127
Howard, Lawrence C., 85
Howden, Lord, 144
Hunt, Michael, 183
Hunter, R. M. T., 163
Huzzey, Richard, 103

Île á Vache (Cow Island) experiment, 174
impressment in War of 1812, legacy of, 67, 69–70, 111, 119
Inman, William, 118
Intercourse Act (1798), 43–44, 46
Ivanov, R. E., 167

Jackson, Andrew: Atlantic slave trade suppression and, 104–6; colonization of freed slaves abroad and, 87–88; Congress of Panama and, 2; Negro Fort, Spanish East Florida, and, 30–31; Texas, US recognition of, 123
Jamaica, and Haitian revolution, 42, 46
Jay, John, 11–13
Jay’s Treaty (Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, 1794), 13–17, 41–42, 43
Jefferson, Thomas: on Atlantic slave trade, 63, 65, 120; on colonization of freed slaves abroad, 79; Haitian revolution and, 35–41, 52–60, 181; Louisiana Purchase and, 6, 53, 81; “Notes on the State of Virginia” (1781–82), 79
John (king of England), 169
Johnson, Ronald Angelo, 46–47, 50
Johnson, William, 91
joint cruising, 71–72, 112–14, 118
Jones, Howard, 153, 164, 167–68

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 149–50
Kapodistrias, Ionnis, 27
Karp, Matthew, 3, 111, 115, 133, 135, 139, 141
Kendall, Amos, 88
Kennedy Report (House Committee on Commerce) on Liberia and other free Black colonies, 98–99
Key, Francis Scott, 80
King, Rufus, 45, 47, 48, 52, 59

La Branche, Alcée, 123
Laibach, Congress of, 27
Lambert, Andrew, 111
Langley, Lester D., 151–52
Latin America and Caribbean: colonization of freed slaves in, 174–77; Congress of Panama and, 1–3; independence movements in Latin America, 33–34; Monroe Doctrine, 2, 101. See also specific countries and territories
Laurens, Henry, 8, 9
League of Nations, proposed amendment to Covenant of, 183–84
Lear, Tobias, 54, 56–57
Leclerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 58–60
Lee, Robert E., 172–73
Legaré, Hugh S., 124
Lessart, Claude Antoine de Valdec de, 38
Lhuys, Édouard Drouyn de, 148, 162
Liberia: Dutch colonial minister on, 176; establishment of colony of freed slaves in, 83, 85–86; federal support, insufficiency of, 85–86, 87; independence of, 101–2; Kennedy Report (House Committee on Commerce) on, 98–99; Maryland in Africa and other state settlements merging with, 98; nature of US relations with, 98–101; US diplomatic recognition of (1862), 102, 167, 171; US disclaimer of sovereignty over, 86, 101
Lincoln, Abraham: annual message to Congress (1862), 172; colonization of freed slaves and, 4, 102, 174–77, 181; downplaying slavery in early Civil War, 154–57, 160–61; emancipation policy and Emancipation Proclamation, 61, 154, 166–74, 179; first inaugural address of, 161; foreign intervention in Civil War, seeking to prevent, 65–66, 158–61, 163, 166–68, 178–79, 180; Haiti and Liberia, diplomatic recognition of (1862), 61, 102, 167, 168; internationalist approach to, 153; on Russia, 169; search of US-flagged vessels in peacetime and suppression of Atlantic slave trade, 65–66, 96, 97, 118–20, 166. See also Civil War
Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858), 102
Liston, Robert, 45
Liverpool, Earl of, 73
Livingston, Robert, 58
Logan, Raymond, 37, 52
London Morning Herald, 172
London Morning Post, 170, 172
London Times, 167, 168, 169–72
López, Narciso, 137–38
Louis XVI (king of France), 38
Louisiana: colonization movement in, 98; French reacquisition of, 57–59
Louisiana Purchase, 6, 53, 81
Lyons, Lord, 117–19, 175–76
Lyons-Seward Treaty (1862), 119–20

Maafa (Middle Passage), 62
MacMillan, Margaret, 184
MacNeice, Louis, 92
Madison, James: on Atlantic slave trade, 67; on colonization of freed slaves abroad, 79; on Haitian revolution, 53, 56–57, 59, 60, 181; slaves “carried off” by Britain, US attempts to recover, 20, 23, 30
Magna Carta, 169
Magness, Phillip W., 174
Mahin, Dean B., 164
Maine, Canadian boundary with, 109
Maitland, Thomas, 46, 50, 53
Maitland-Toussaint convention (1799), 50, 53
Marcy, William L., 139–40, 145–49, 210n69
Marshall, John, 52, 53
Maryland in Africa, Cape Palmas, 98
Maryland State Colonization Society, 98
Mason, James, 142, 165–66
Mason, John Y., 140, 143, 149
Mason, Matthew, 94
Massachusetts Colonization Society, 101
Matthewson, Timothy M., 35, 36, 40, 59
May, Robert E., 139, 140–41, 142, 148, 174
McCarthy, Charles, 83–84
McLane, Louis, 104–6
Mercer, Charles Fenton, 76, 77, 80, 104
Merk, Frederick, 127, 132
Mexican-American War, 101, 102, 122–23
Mexico: annexation of Texas by US and European intervention on behalf of, 131; French interests in, and US Civil War, 162; independent Texas, Britain urging recognition of, 125; US prospects of acquisition of, 122
Middle Passage (Maafa), 62
Middleton, Henry, 24–27
Mill, John Stewart, 165
Mintz, Sidney, 34–35
Mississippi, colonization movement in, 98
Missouri crisis (1819), 86
Monroe, James: Atlantic slave trade and, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74–78, 81, 103; British “carrying off” of slaves in War of 1812 and, 18–24; colonization of freed slaves abroad and, 80, 82–83, 85, 87, 176; Haitian revolution and, 57
Monroe Doctrine, 2, 101
moral arguments against slavery: Atlantic slave trade, 62–63, 64–65, 66; Creole Affair and, 94, 95; Paris Treaty/Jay’s Treaty and, 12–13, 17; Union cause in Civil War and, 157–58; War of 1812 and, 22, 25. See also abolition of slavery
Morgan, Kenneth, 103
Morris, Gouverneur, 41
Mortefontaine, Treaty of (1800), 52
Motley, John, 167
Murphy, William S., 126

Napier, Lord, 116, 117
Napoleon III (emperor of France), 158, 162, 174
Napoleon Bonaparte and Haitian revolution, 55–60
Napoleonic Wars, end of, and Atlantic slave trade, 66
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831), 97
National Intelligencer, 131
national security: annexation of Texas viewed as matter of, 130; commerce and, 5, 35, 36, 86
Nefftzer, Auguste, 157
Negro Fort, Spanish East Florida, destruction of, 30–32
Negro Seaman Acts, 89–92
Nesselrode, Count, 27
Netherlands: antislavery movement in, 176; Atlantic slave trade and, 66, 69, 70; Suriname, proposal to send African Americans to, 176–78
neutrals’ right to trade with all nations in time of war, 5, 66, 69
Neuville, Baron Hyde de, 73
Nevins, Allan, 153
New York Colonization Society, 98
New York Manumission Society, 12
New York Times, 145–46
Nicholas, John, 15
Nicolls, Edward, 30
“Notes on the State of Virginia” (Jefferson, 1781–82), 79

Oakes, James, 28
Ofalia, Count de, 134
Oregon Territory, 24, 81, 109
HMS Orlando, 19
Ostend Manifesto (1854), 149
Oswald, Richard, 8, 9
Ott, Thomas O., 39, 55, 59, 60
Ouseley, William Gore, 111

Page, Sebastian N., 174
Paine, John S., and Tucker-Paine Agreement (1840), 109–10, 112
Pakenham, Richard, 113, 115, 128, 129–31
Palmerston, Lord, 95, 104–9, 114–15, 141, 145, 156, 164
Panama, Congress of (Amphictyonic Congress of 1826), 1–3, 5
Pan-Americanism, 2, 5
Paris, Treaty of (1783), 2, 8–17; Camillus essays (Hamilton) and, 16–17, 30; compensation for lost slaves, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17; escaped slaves taking refuge in British lines, 12; Jay’s Treaty (1794) and, 13–17; Laurens clause (Article 7), 8, 9, 14, 18; significance of slave labor for US indicated by, 29; slaves belonging to and remaining with Americans within British lines, 12; slaves captured and disposed of as booty during war, 11–12; slaves “carried away” by British, dispositions regarding, 6, 9–17; violations of, 11–12, 13, 15; West’s unfinished portrait of signing of, 8
Patterson, Daniel Todd, 31
Peel, Robert, 124
Pennsylvania Colonization Society, 98
Perry, Horatio J., 139
Pezuela, Juan de la, 144–45, 150
Pichon, Louis, 55–56, 60
Pickering, Timothy, 43, 45–52, 60
Pierce, Franklin, 138–43, 145–50
Pike, James Shepherd, 177, 178
Pinckney, Charles, 36, 40
piracy, slave trade legally equated with, 72, 76, 77, 104
Pletcher, David, 124
Poinsett, Joel, 24
Polk, James K.: on Atlantic slave trade, 101, 102, 114–15; on territorial expansion, 132–33, 136–37, 142, 146
Polk Corollary (1845), 101
Polverel, Étienne, 39
Portugal, and Atlantic slave trade, 69, 70, 106, 108
USS Princeton, 128–29
Pushkin, Alexander, 172

Quasi-War with France, 43, 44, 46, 48, 52

“race war” in US, European fears of, 168, 171, 172
racial hierarchies and definitions of race, 183, 218n4
racism: on Haiti and Haitian revolution, 43, 44, 47, 49–50, 51–52, 54, 58; as legacy of interaction of slavery and US foreign relations, 182–84
Radical Republicans, 155
Randolph, Edmund, 13–15
Randolph, John, 80
Republican Party (mid-nineteenth century), 150–51, 155, 157–58, 160, 175
Republicans (Jeffersonian Republicans and Democratic-Republicans): on Atlantic slave trade, 68; Jay’s Treaty and, 15, 16; on Toussaint’s Clause and Haitian revolution, 49–50, 53, 54–55
return of escaped slaves, seeking, 4
Revolutionary War, 2, 6, 9–10, 17, 32, 34–35. See also Paris, Treaty of
Rigaud, André, 42, 44, 47, 50, 51
Robertson, William H., 148, 149
Robespierre, Maximilien, 158
Roest van Limburg, Theodorus Marinus, 177
Rush, Richard, 26, 74, 76
Russell, Lord John, 117–19, 144, 164, 175, 176
Russia: arbitration of slave issue in War of 1812 by, 4, 9, 23–30; Civil War and, 167, 168–74, 179; Crimean War and, 148; Quintuple Treaty (1841), 110; Santo Domingo, French reconquest of, 164
Russian serfs, movement to liberate, 172, 216n97

Sainlaude, Stève, 162, 214n31
Saltwater Railroad, 93
Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti (Russian newspaper), 169–72
Santo Domingo, French reconquest of, 164–65
Scherr, Arthur, 40–41, 48, 50, 53, 56
Schoeppner, Michael, 92
Schurz, Carl, 154, 163
Scott, Winfield, 138
search of US-flagged vessels in peacetime, 3, 65–66, 68–70, 73–78, 96, 97, 102–6, 108–14, 166
Seibels, John J., 148
Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein, 33
Sérurier, Louis Barbe Charles, 104
Seward, William Henry: Anglophobia, reputation for, 163, 164; colonization of freed slaves and, 174, 175–77; on Cuban annexation, 151; foreign intervention in Civil War, efforts to avoid, 65–66, 119, 160, 162, 163, 167, 178–79, 180; London newspapers on, 172; Lyons-Seward Treaty (1862), 119–20; Santo Domingo, memorandum on French reconquest of, 164–65; search of US-flagged vessels in peacetime and, 65–66, 118–19, 166; slavery issue in Civil War, downplaying, 154–56
Shaikh, Farida, 111
Sherbro Island, 83–85
Sierra Leone: American conflict with British authorities at, 83–85; as colony for London’s “Black poor,” 80; Liberia-US relationship and, 100
slave rebellions: “contagion,” as metaphor for, 40, 91, 2002n105; in Cuba, 135; Denmark Vesey Conspiracy, 89–90; Gabriel’s Rebellion, in Virginia (1800), 40, 55, 57; Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831), 97; South Carolina’s fear of, 89–90; Stono Rebellion (1739), 89. See also Haiti and Haitian revolution
Slave Trade Act (UK; 1807), 66
Slave Trade Act (US; 1819), 80–83, 88
slavery and US foreign relations, 1–7, 180–87; Congress of Panama and, 1–3; frustration of US unilateralism by, 3, 4, 6 (See also unilateralism, US); interaction between, 5–7, 180–82; international approach, advantages of, 3–5; racism as legacy of, 182–84; territorial expansion and, 6 (See also territorial expansion). See also abolition of slavery; Atlantic slave trade; Civil War; colonization of freed slaves abroad; escaped slaves, American concerns over; Haiti and Haitian revolution; Paris, Treaty of; War of 1812
Slidell, John, 150–51, 162, 165–66
Smith, Caleb, 177
Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité, 39, 42
Soulé, Pierre, 140, 142–43, 145–49
Soulsby, Hugh S., 105, 116
South Carolina: Negro Seamen Acts and, 89–92; slave rebellions, fear of, 89–90; voting on importation of slaves, 64, 65, 90
South Carolina Association, 91
Southard, Samuel L., 87
Sovremennik (Russian monthly), 172–74
Spain: La Amistad, slave uprising on, 93, 95; Atlantic slave trade and, 66, 106–7, 116–18, 144; Civil War and, 162–63; Florida, destruction of Negro Fort in, 30–32; Louisiana, French reacquisition of, 57; Revolution of 1854, 149; Santo Domingo, French reconquest of, 164–65; territorial expansion and US relations with, 122, 133–51 (See also Cuba)
Spalding, Thomas, 20–21
Spanish-American War, 182
Speed, Joshua, 169
Stanton, Edwin M., 172, 177
states, US: Atlantic slave trade and southern states, 104–5, 107, 111, 114; colonization of freed slaves abroad, involvement in, 97, 98, 101; non-seceding slaveholding border states, in Civil War, 154, 156, 170; slave state/free state balance of power, 86, 131, 140–41. See also specific states
Stevens, Edward, 46–47, 49–51, 53, 54
Stevenson, Andrew, 107, 109, 112
Stevenson, Brenda E., 62
Stoddard, Benjamin, 48
Stono Rebellion (1739), 89
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 155
Stuart, William, 167, 168
sub-Saharan Africa, diplomatic relations with, 4, 78
Sumner, Charles, 168, 175, 178
Suriname, proposal to send African Americans to, 176–78
Swift, Zephaniah, 16

Tacón, Miguel, 107
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 55–56
Tansill, Charles Callan, 56, 57
Taylor, Zachary, 115, 137–38
Ternant, Jean de, 36, 37, 38, 39
territorial expansion, 6, 121–52, 180; Britain, foreign relations with, 109, 122, 124–33, 135–36, 138, 141, 142; Calhoun on, 122, 129–31; Canadian border, disputes over, 24, 109, 163; colony for freed slaves, ability of government to establish, 81, 88; under Constitution, 81; Florida, 5, 30, 31–32; France, foreign relations with, 122, 133, 138, 139, 142, 143; Mexico, 122; Oregon Territory, 24, 81, 109; slavery as factor in, 121–22; Spain, foreign relations with, 122, 133–51. See also Cuba; Texas
Texas: Britain, foreign relations with, 109, 122, 124–32; Calhoun’s Pakenham letter on, 129–31; Clay on annexation of, 131–32; Congressional resolution on annexation of, 132–33; Mexican-American War and, 101, 102, 122–23; Negro Seamen Act in, 89; seeking US recognition as independent state, 123; slave state, acquisition as, 5, 122–33, 152
Thirteenth Amendment, 5
Thompson, Smith, 82, 83–85
Thornton, Edward, 54
Thouvenel, Édouard, 162
tobacco cultivation, wheat replacing, 64
Toucey, Isaac, 118
Toussaint Louverture, François-Dominique, 42–60; death of, 60; early foreign relations with US and Britain, 44–48; Haitian independence and, 45, 47–48, 51, 52, 55, 60; initial involvement in Haitian revolution, 42–44; Jefferson and, 52–60; US trade with Haiti and, 48–53, 58–59. See also Haiti and Haitian revolution
Toussaint-Maitland convention (1799), 50, 53
Toussaint’s Clause, passage and implementation of, 49–53
trade. See commerce, trade, and economics
Transcontinental (Adams-Onís) Treaty of 1819, 31, 193n88
Traub, James, 2
Trautsch, Jasper M., 18
treaties. See specific treaties, e.g., Ghent, Treaty of
Trent Affair, 165–66
Trist, Nicholas P., 107–8
Troup, George, 68
Trumbull, Lyman, 160
Tucker, William, and Tucker-Paine Agreement (1840), 109–10, 112
Turnbull, David, 107
Turner, James, 7
Turner, Nat, 97
Tyler, John: on Atlantic slave trade, 94, 95, 99, 111; USS Princeton disaster and, 128–29; on territorial expansion, 123–29, 132–33, 135, 136; Whigs, alienation from, 208n8

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 155
unilateralism, US, 97–120; Atlantic slave trade suppression and, 69, 71, 76–78, 102–20; Brazilian and Cuban slave trade, 106–8, 113, 114–18; colonization of freed slaves and, 97–102; diplomacy and frustration of, 3, 4, 6; Liberia, independence of, 101–2; Lincoln’s concession to search, 65–66, 96, 97, 118–20, 166; “right of visit” versus right of search, 109–12; search of US-flagged vessels in peacetime, 3, 65–66, 68–70, 73–78, 96, 97, 102–6, 108–12, 166; Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Treaty of Washington; 1842) and Africa Squadron, 112–14
United Kingdom. See Britain
Upshur, Abel P., 99, 100, 114, 124–29

Valdéz, Gerónimo, 107
Van Buren, Martin, 108–10, 123
van der Maesen de Sombreff, Paul Therèse, 176
Van Zandt, Isaac, 127
Varela, Félix, 106–7
Vaughn, Charles R., 104, 105
Versailles, Treaty of (1918), 183
Vesey, Denmark, 89–90
Vienna, Congress of (1815), 66
Viluma, Marqués de, 148
Virginia: Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) in, 40, 55, 57; “Notes on the State of Virginia” (Jefferson, 1781–82), 79; revolutionary-era proclamations about slavery in, 9–11

Walker, Robert, 132
War of 1812, 2, 17–32; compensation for lost slaves, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27–28; Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 2, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29; impressment in, legacy of, 67, 69–70, 111, 119; Negro Fort, Spanish East Florida, destruction of, 30–32; slaves “carried away” by British, dispositions regarding, 17–30; third party arbitration of slave issue, 23–30
Washington, Bushrod, 80
Washington, George: on British “carrying off” of slaves in Revolutionary War, 10–11; commerce and national security, links between, 5; on Lord Dunmore, 10; escape of slaves owned by, to British lines, 10; Haitian revolution and, 35–36, 37; Hamilton’s remarks on Jay’s Treaty drafted for, 191n31; return of escaped slaves, seeking, 4; unilateralist policy, frustration of, 3
Washington, Madison, 93
Washington, Treaty of (Webster-Ashburton Treaty; 1842), 96, 112–14
Webster, Charles, 28
Webster, Daniel, 94–96, 112–14, 124, 136
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Treaty of Washington; 1842), 96, 112–14
West, Benjamin, 8
wheat production and demand for slaves, 64
Whigs, 102, 123, 131–32, 137–38, 150, 208n8, 210n61
White, Ashli, 40
Wilson, Woodrow, 183–84
Wiltberger, Charles, 84
Winn, Jonathan B., 84–85
Wirt, William, 81–82
Wise, Henry A., 115
Wolcott, Oliver, 51–52
HMS Wolverine, 109
Wood, Nicholas P., 86

XYZ Affair, 47

yellow fever, 42, 60

Zeuske, Michael, 5, 34, 94

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