NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION

Japanese and Chinese names are written with the surname preceding the given name. All Chinese terms, except for the names of well-known figures and institutions such as Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sen, or the Japanese Kwantung Army, or terms directly cited from other works, are transcribed in the pinyin transliteration system. Japanese long vowels are indicated by a macron, except in well-known names such as Tokyo. All transliterations in parentheses throughout the text are Chinese/Japanese terms, which should be clear in context. A glossary of English for less commonly known Chinese and Japanese names, terms, and places is at the end of the book.