Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
Abbas, Ferhat, 27, 30–31, 129, 162, 173, 212n14
Abbasid caliphate, 119, 176, 200n48
Abdul-Hamid, 96
Abou-Ezzohra, 1–2, 7, 90, 97–98, 135, 147
activism, 10, 23, 46–49, 58–59, 71, 116, 138, 143, 152, 173, 181–82. See also anti-colonial nationalism; feminism; French feminists
Afghanistan, 3–4, 6, 32, 40, 93–94, 96, 99, 106–7
agricultural labor, 20, 50–51, 53–54, 56, 68, 80
Ahmad, Fadila, 155
Ahmad, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Qadir bin Si, 69
Aicha, Lalla (Moroccan princess), 157
Akbou (commune in Kabylie), 43
al-Ajyal, 107
al-Balagh al-Jazairi, 31, 66, 76, 85, 102, 113, 121–22
al-Bassair, 19, 22, 30, 69, 76, 90–91, 93, 97, 102, 111–12, 114–15, 125, 155, 162
al-Darraji, Yahya bin Muhammad, 63, 115
al-Din, Nazira Zein, 107
al-Fajr, 125
al-Fatat, 35
al-Fath, 121
Algerian War of Independence, 10, 12–14, 29, 73, 104–5, 110, 129, 175, 179, 181–82. See also anti-colonial nationalism
al-Gharbi, 60, 69, 130–31, 146
Algiers: casbah (neighborhood), 52, 57, 111, 139; domestic workers in, 55, 59; schools in, 80
al-Hajwi, Muhammad, 108
al-Hayat, 102
Al Islah, 99
Aliwa, Sheikh Ahmad Ben, 31
al-Mahdi al-Wazzani, 70
al-Maqqari, Ahmad Ibn Muhammad, 119
al-Masreyyah, 36
al-Moudjahid, 102
al-Najah, 23, 32–33, 35, 38, 44, 63, 65, 67–68, 70–71, 76, 81–82, 84, 94–97, 103, 106–7, 111–12, 115, 119–23
al-Namri, Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad, 63, 66–67
al-Shihab, 22, 30, 34–35, 68–69, 76, 82, 86, 93, 115, 124–25
al Shula, 155
al-Zawawi, Abu Ya’la, 32, 111–12, 115
Ameur, Tahar, 147
anti-colonial nationalism, 5, 9, 11–14; censorship and, 35; domestic workers and, 71–73; forms of dress and, 104–5, 108, 122–26, 129; Muslim press and, 23; Muslim reformists and, 30–31, 122–25, 155; postwar period, 158–59; unveiling and, 104–5, 153, 179; women fighters, 102, 165, 179; women’s advancement and, 13–14, 153, 155, 167, 179, 181–83, 185. See also Algerian War of Independence
Arab culture, 6; modernization and, 63; past glory of, 91, 94, 123, 127
Arabic-language press, 14–15, 30, 32, 94, 110, 190n19
artisanal work, 54–56, 80–82, 92–93, 100, 137
as-Salam, 154–61, 157–58, 160, 164–73, 175–79
assimilation: education and, 84, 128, 140, 165, 173; ethnographies and, 143–44; forms of dress and, 104–5, 120–22, 125–29, 153, 172; French army and, 153; Muslim men, 84, 126, 144, 156, 172, 176, 179; nationalism and, 28, 129, 169, 172–73, 179, 184; opposition to, 64–65, 76, 82, 93, 125, 127, 156, 159, 164–67, 169, 176; support for, 14, 23–24, 27–31, 38, 49, 59–62, 73, 78, 89–90, 184; women’s advancement and, 14, 48–49, 181. See also citizenship and naturalization
association (with French culture), 27
Association des oulémas musulmans algériens (AOMA), 30–31, 44, 101–2, 162
Association of Muslim Algerian Women (AFMA), 180–82, 212n15
Association of Schoolteachers of Indigenous Origin (AIOIA), 23, 38–39, 76, 183–84
associations, 25, 43, 46, 73, 92–93, 145, 162, 212n15
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 3–4, 32, 40, 94–96, 99, 107, 118–22, 126, 128, 133, 148, 159, 175. See also Turkey
Auclert, Hubertine, 141
Bagnault, Jane, 136, 141, 149–50, 152
Bahri, Younès, 35
Bakr, Asma bint Abi, 102
Baroy, Marie, 55
Battle of Algiers, 114
Battle of Algiers, The (1966 film), 110, 179
beauty culture, global, 158–59, 166
Begarra, Joseph, 25
Bel, Marguerite, 20
Benabdessadok, Chérifa, 183
Ben Badis, Abdelhamid, 18, 30–32, 34–35, 39, 43–44, 85–86, 101–2, 112
Bendjelloul, Mohammed Salah, 29, 31
Ben Drahou, Rahma, 47–49, 49, 57–61, 71, 73, 181, 193n2
Benhoura, Mohammed, 114
Benlabed family, 32
“Berber.” See Amazigh
Bertrand, Cyprienne, 90
Bey, Salah, 1
Blum-Violette Law (1936), 5, 147–48, 155
bodies, 11, 48–49, 59–74, 126, 137, 204n19, 209n58. See also dress
Bottini-Honot, Jeanne, 137–39, 143–46, 149–50
Bouhedja, Hadj Youcef, 84
Boumendjel, Messali Hadj Ahmed, 25
Boutaleb, Mohammed-Lamine, 172
Brenier, Joseph, 138
Bruillard, Yvonne de, 151
Brunschvicg, Cécile, 132, 135, 142, 144, 151
cafés: French, 111; masculine culture of, 34–35, 55, 68, 73
Carioca, Tahia, 157
casbah (in Algiers), 52, 57, 111, 139
censorship, 28–29, 35–36, 161, 184
Chamia, Ratiba, 45
Chassériau, Charles Frédéric, 180
Chateaubriand, 58
cinema culture, 165
citizenship and naturalization, 5, 27–28, 31–32, 90, 132, 147–48, 155
civilization: French, 132–35, 140–41, 153; Islamic/Arab, 85–88, 91, 94, 120, 123, 127, 181, 200n48; modernity and, 27, 98–100, 119–20, 122. See also modernity
civilizing mission, colonial, 16, 141–42, 146
class: colonial economy and, 50–51; French women and, 146; in interwar period, 19–21; social mobility, 24–25; urbanization and, 64; women’s advancement and, 38, 56, 62–69. See also elite Muslims; middle-class Muslims; working-class Muslims
clothing industry, 52–53. See also dress
Code de l’indigénat (Native code), 5, 28–29
codes of conduct, 165–66, 169, 179, 185. See also propriety and impropriety
communist groups, 25, 31, 33, 71
conferences, 43, 46, 87, 134–35, 145–47, 149–50, 176, 208n42, 211n2
Debèche, Djamila, 113–16, 124, 127–28, 173–78, 174, 178, 183
Demour, Maryse, 140
Dib-Marouf, Chafika, 183
Djebar, Assia, 204n19
doctors, female, 45, 67, 94, 132, 136, 140, 150, 162
domestic workers, 47–74; anti-colonial nationalism and, 71–73; assimilation and, 59–62; gender of, 51, 53, 54; mobility and visibility of, 47–50, 56–74, 130; modern subject formation and, 185; physical safety of, 69–71; public life and, 10; radio broadcasts and, 35; settler views of, 151
dress, 103–29; Algeria’s future and, 103–6, 122–28, 172; custom and, 105–6, 110, 112–16, 118, 125–28; domestic workers and, 185; education and, 100; European-style, 6, 26, 26, 37, 104–5, 107, 120–22, 125–26, 151, 153, 172, 176; gender relations and, 104; global beauty culture, 158–59, 166; identity and, 107–8, 118, 121, 123, 126, 172, 185; men’s clothing and hats, 103–8, 116–22, 125–29, 202n2; Middle Eastern, 106–9, 166; modernity and, 103, 105, 119–24, 126–27, 129; Muslim culture and tradition, 103, 116–23, 125–29; nationalism and, 104–5, 108, 122–26, 129; settler colonialism and, 116, 118, 120–21, 185; stereotypes about, 37, 129, 142; women in public life and, 127; women’s styles of hijab, 48, 98, 103–6, 109–16, 125–28. See also veiling
Dupré, Jeanne, 90
Dyab, Layla, 155
economy, colonial, 4, 6; class and, 50–51; gender dynamics and, 65; limitations of, 71, 139; rural-to-urban migration and, 50–56; women’s labor and, 81. See also labor
education, 75–102; about French culture, 28–29, 81, 136; European settlers and, 100, 149; language and, 172; modern subject formation and, 185. See also Islamic education; schools; schoolteachers; women’s education
effendis, 185
Egypt: colonialism in, 3; forms of dress, 106–8, 121, 166, 185, 203n8; Muslim reform movement, 7; women’s advancement, 4, 6, 32, 45, 56, 94, 96, 113, 116, 132, 134–35, 153, 176; women’s education, 2, 4, 89, 91, 98; women’s journals, 35
Egyptian Feminist Union (EFU), 4, 35–36
El-Hachemi, Abdelhafidh ben, 32–33, 39, 63–65, 67, 69, 95–96
elite Muslims, 1–2, 19–21, 23–24, 35–36, 50, 64, 73, 90, 143–48, 171, 177
El Kheira Association, 46, 92–93
El Madani, Tawfiq, 111
El Ouman, 95
equality. See gender equality
ethnographies, amateur, 130–31, 139–40, 142–44, 159, 160, 209n58
Étoile nord-africaine, 33, 46, 182
European colonialism, 3, 87, 95, 128, 135. See also settler colonialism
European norms, 49, 59–64, 93, 119–26, 159, 173, 176. See also assimilation
family, 8–9, 16, 27, 55, 65, 73, 81, 169, 176, 184. See also gender relations; marriage; motherhood; patriarchy
fashion, 37, 61, 107, 117, 125, 166. See also dress
Favre, Lucienne, 151
Fédération des élus indigènes algériens (Federation of Indigenous Elected Officials), 29–30, 37–38, 155, 190n26
feminism: definitions of, 8–9; as future possibility, 7–17, 183–86; global, 206n4; imperial, 132, 152–53; Islamic, 9, 12, 176, 181; in late twentieth century, 183; Muslim press and, 23, 89–90 (see also Muslim press); organized movements, 4, 6, 9, 96, 132, 212n15; secular, 9. See also French feminists; gender equality; maternal feminism; state feminism; women’s advancement
feminist press, 33–34. See also “Women’s Page”
Femmes de Demain, 33, 136, 139, 141, 146–50, 152
Femmes nouvelles, 161
Foudhaili, Essaida, 89
France: Algerian Muslim migration to, 5, 51; birth rate, 67, 196n59; claims to civilizational superiority, 132–35, 140–41, 153; culture and society, 11, 28–29, 81, 136. See also French feminists; settler colonialism
Franco-Muslim Feminine Union, 149–50
French Army, Psychological Warfare Bureau, 153, 161
French feminists, 130–53; amateur ethnographers, 142–44; efforts against settler prejudice, 148–52; as intermediaries, 130–32, 135, 140; as intermediaries to elite Muslims, 144–48, 152; Middle Eastern women’s rights and, 132–35, 141; publications, 33–34 (see also specific newspapers); settler-colonial context and, 152; social services and, 135–42. See also European women’s rights
French-language press, 14–15, 24, 30, 32, 37, 83, 88, 110, 190n19
French League for Education, 138
French Union for Women’s Suffrage (UFSF), 132–33, 135, 137–38, 142, 144–45
frivolity, 50, 64, 159, 165–67
Front de libération nationale (FLN, National Liberation Front), 25, 102, 105, 110, 114, 182–83
Gamar, Nedjma, 171
Gaudry, Mathéa, 78
gender equality, 1–14. See also feminism; women’s advancement
gender relations: in Europe, 67–68, 99–100, 114–16, 151–52; forms of dress and, 104; harmony in, 165; in marriage, 86, 156, 171–72; power dynamics in, 10, 20, 43, 50, 55–56, 62–69, 71–74, 104–5, 142, 156, 168, 172, 184. See also masculinity; patriarchy
geographic location of Algeria, 6
Goichon, Amélie-Marie, 142
Green Mosque (Constantine), 85
Guiga, Bahri, 89
Hacène, Ahmed, 25
Hacène, Amar, 25
Hacène, Seghir, 88–89, 93, 146
Haddadi, Abdelkader, 171
hadith literature, 15, 18, 37, 41. See also Islamic knowledge
Hadj, Messali, 46, 116, 173, 176, 181–82, 212n14
haiks, 45, 56, 71, 109–16, 126, 129, 153, 168, 195n45; images of, 44, 72, 158. See also veiling
hair: covering of, 56, 110, 126–27, 158 (see also hijabs); styles of, 37, 61
Hardy, Georges, 81
harem, 37, 47–48, 143. See also sequestration
headwear: ideologies and, 105–6; men’s, 103, 105, 107, 117–19, 123–27, 129. See also haiks; hijab; veiling
hijabs, 48, 98, 103–6, 109–16, 126
Hocine, Baya, 71
Ibn Arabi, 113
Ibn Hallush, Mustafa, 112, 115, 127
identity: Algerian, 2–3, 14, 31, 38, 85–86, 105, 122–23, 183; Arab, 121, 183; dress and, 107–8, 118, 121, 123, 126, 172, 185; feminism as, 184; Muslim, 29–31, 38, 41–42, 82, 85–86, 93, 98, 106, 120, 126–27, 172, 181, 183. See also Muslim culture
Ighilahriz, Louisette, 10
imperial feminism, 132, 152–53
Indonesia, 165
inheritance, 70, 77, 86, 98–99, 197n73
internationalism, 11, 104, 129, 132, 152–53, 183, 186
Iran, 3–4, 6, 32, 95–96, 109, 135, 168
Islam: feminism in, 9, 12, 176, 181; flexibility of, 127; past glory of, 85–88, 91, 181, 200n48; personal legal status, 27–28; renaissance of, 2, 33, 35, 86–87, 90–91, 158, 164, 168. See also Muslim culture; Muslim press; social uplift
Islamic education, 78, 85–86, 90, 162–63, 212n15
Islamic knowledge: defined, 7; on forms of dress, 104–8, 112–16, 119–22, 127, 174; laypeople’s engagement with, 85–86; modernity and, 123–24; woman question and, 15, 37–38, 40–41, 63; women’s education and, 76–78, 85–89
Kabyle population, 43, 52, 70, 85, 111, 145, 197n73
Kahena, 41
Kessous, Mohamed el Aziz, 33
Khadija (wife of Prophet Muhammad), 176
Khan, Amanullah, 3–4, 93, 96, 99, 122
Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 107
Khodja, Souad, 183
Ksentini, Rachid, 45
labor, 5, 19–20, 50–55, 65. See also agricultural labor; domestic workers; women’s labor
L’Action, 113, 163–64, 173–78, 183
La Défense, 18–19, 22, 27, 30–31, 69, 91, 96, 99, 130–31, 137, 143
La Dépêche Algérienne, 147
La Française, 33, 134, 136, 138–40, 145–47, 149, 151–52
L’Afrique du Nord illustrée, 44, 45
L’Afrique française, 46
L’Algérie Libre, 181
La Mazière, Alice, 145
Lamoudi, Lamine, 18, 27, 31, 99
La Presse Marocaine, 19
La Voix des Humbles, 19, 22–30, 26, 32, 37, 39–40, 76, 82–83, 89, 92, 96–97, 99, 114, 127, 133, 174, 184, 191n37
La Voix Indigène, 1, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32–33, 37, 61, 76, 83–84, 87–90, 93, 97, 143, 147
La Voix Libre, 30
Lebanon, 3–4, 6, 35, 96, 107–8
L’Echo d’Alger, 139
L’Echo de la presse musulmane, 174
L’Echo Indigène, 29, 88, 137, 143
L’Égyptienne, 4, 35–36, 40, 99
L’Entente franco-musulmane, 29, 37, 67
Léonard, Roger, 182
Le Petit Niçois, 178
Les Archives des luttes des femmes en Algérie (The archive of women’s struggle in Algeria), 183
LeTourneau, Roger, 13
Liberté, 46
Libya, 3
licentiousness, 57, 85, 93, 170
L’Ikdam, 95
literacy, 13, 25, 34, 66, 92, 148, 162–63, 190n19
Livre de l’Algérie, 111
L’Oréal advertisement, 158
malahfa, 109
Malaterre-Sellier, Germaine, 133–35, 141, 145, 147
Mami ben Allaoua, Smaïl, 32–33, 35, 44, 65, 67, 95
Mansur, Muhammad bin Ahmad al, 91, 97
Marçais, William, 142
marriage: mixed (Muslim-European), 172–73, 177–78; personal advertisements for, 177. See also family; gender relations
masculinity, 67–68, 105, 108, 123, 165
maternal feminism, 138–40, 152
Mauritania, 109
men, Muslim: café culture and, 34–35, 55, 68, 73; clothing and hats, 103–8, 116–22, 125–29, 202n2; education, 80–81; employment, 65; migration to France, 5, 51. See also gender relations; masculinity
Mernissi, Fatima, 63
Mesli, Fadéla, 29
Messika, Habiba, 45
middle-class Muslims, 6, 20, 24–25, 50–51, 118
Middle East: links to Algeria, 126; news from, 32, 40, 77, 89, 94, 183; use of term, 3; women’s advancement in, 2–9, 35–38, 40, 93–98, 116, 132–35. See also Afghanistan; Egypt; Iran; Iraq; Tunisia; Turkey
migration: to France, 5, 51; rural- to-urban, 50–56, 75–76
Millet, René, 82
Minerva, 133
misogyny: French colonial ideas about (see stereotypes); Islam and, 63, 90, 147, 181; patriarchy and, 151
mobility, women’s, 47–50, 56–74, 130, 196n49
modernity, 2–7, 12, 94, 175–76; definitions of, 202n5; forms of dress and, 103, 105, 116, 119–24, 126–27, 129; men’s anxieties about, 63–67, 185. See also civilization
modesty, 98, 113, 166, 168–69, 172
Mogannam, Matiel, 37
morality, 62–69, 98. See also licentiousness; promiscuity; propriety and impropriety
Mornay, Elsa, 133
Morocco, 3, 108, 125, 127, 134–35
motherhood, 165, 167–68; education and, 43, 91, 101
Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques (Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties, MTLD), 165. See also PPA-MTLD
Muhammad (Prophet), 18, 37, 41, 87, 89, 114, 176
musical culture, 45
Muslim, use of term, 2–3. See also Islam
Muslim culture, 49, 82, 120–21, 136, 139, 142. See also identity; Islamic education; Islamic knowledge
Muslim press: female contributors, 25–26, 26, 37–38, 84, 154–79; female readers, 35; growth of, 19, 21–23; ideological groups and communities, 14–16, 22–34, 46; readership, 34–35; reliability of sources, 161; unattributed articles, 33–34, 161; wire news and, 32, 40. See also censorship; specific publications
Muslim reformist movement, 6–7, 14; associations, 46; fatwas and, 104; Islamic knowledge and, 40–41, 114; nationalism and, 30–31, 122–25, 155; origins of, 30; publications, 22, 40; in rural areas, 39–40; schools, 75, 92, 101, 162–64; science and, 113; Sufi critiques of, 31; woman question and, 18–19, 38–43; women’s education and, 38, 78, 84–93
Nahda (“awakening”), 35
nationalism. See Algerian War of Independence; anti-colonial nationalism
naturalization. See citizenship and naturalization
Nawfal, Hind, 35
North Africa, 6, 13, 32, 45–46, 56, 87, 92, 95, 105, 107, 121, 133–34, 161, 163
Noureddine, Aldjia, 162
Office of Familial Action, 69
Oran républicain, 33, 47–48, 49, 58, 61, 194n5
Orientalism, 5–6, 11, 36–38, 47–48, 114, 144. See also stereotypes
Ottoman Empire, 3, 6, 117, 123
Oussedik, M. Meziam, 145
Pakistan, 165
Palestine, 3–4, 6, 35–37, 56, 107, 134
pan-Arabism, 35
Panchasi, Roxanne, 11
Parti communiste algérien (Algerian Communist Party, PCA), 25, 33
Parti du peuple algérien (Algerian People’s Party, PPA), 155, 181–82
patriarchy, 105, 182, 211n4; challenges to, 108 (see also feminism); essentialist, 31, 42, 50, 66–67, 74, 76–77; French women and, 151–52; social equilibrium and, 165
political participation, 8–9, 46, 190n26
political parties, 20, 25, 30, 46, 71, 212n14
possibility, methodology of, 13
power relations, 104, 184; colonialism and, 57, 98, 118–21. See also gender relations
press. See censorship; feminist press; international news; Muslim press; settler press
progress, 7, 28, 60, 98–100, 128, 181
propriety and impropriety, 62–69, 76, 166, 170. See also modesty; morality; respectability; sexuality
prostitution, 57, 109–10, 120, 196n49
public life, women’s participation in, 8, 10, 13–14, 20–21, 43–46, 56, 61–69, 73–74, 180–81, 185–86; education and, 182; forms of dress and, 127; as government leaders, 8–9; heterosocial spaces, 6, 65, 68, 166–67; veiling and, 112–16. See also cafés; political participation
Rachid, Zineb, 156
Radio Ptt d’Alger, 174
Ramdane, Mohamed Saleh, 67, 90
reformist movement. See Muslim reformist movement
religion. See Islam; Islamic knowledge; Muslim culture; Muslim reformist movement; Sufism
resistance, 35, 96, 110, 184. See also anti-colonial nationalism
respectability, 71, 118, 156, 161, 168–69, 173
Rida, Rashid, 85, 113, 120, 122
rural areas, 20, 48, 50–51, 56, 81, 130. See also agricultural labor
Sarkar, Benoy Kumar, 11
Saudi Arabia, 95
Sauret, Henriette, 151
schools: artisanal, 80–82, 92–93, 100, 137; created by French feminists, 137, 145, 148–49, 151; French colonial, 23, 25, 28, 38, 78–80, 79–80, 83, 92, 100–101, 120, 136–42, 159, 162, 191n37, 198n14; Islamic, 163 (see also Islamic education); numbers of, 78–80, 79–80. See also education; women’s education
schoolteachers: assimilation and, 29; associations, 38–39, 155; female, 7, 101, 137, 145, 148–49, 151; nationalism and, 29; publications by, 22–30, 32; woman question and, 38, 42, 76–78, 83–84, 183–84
Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO), 25, 39, 71
secularism, 9, 40, 95–96, 118, 126, 128, 138, 203n8
segregation, informal, 4, 52, 57
sequestration, 5, 37, 48–49, 60–62, 142–44, 147, 152, 172. See also harem
settler colonialism, 3–5, 21, 28–29, 51, 71, 179; bureaucracy, 25, 29, 80, 120; Code de l’indigénat (Native code), 5, 28; criticism of, 69, 88–89, 98–100, 135–42, 146, 154–55, 183–84, 211n2; education, 100, 149; feminist possibility and, 10–14; forms of dress and, 116, 118, 120–21, 185; laws, 5, 28, 51, 77–78; population, 187n5; segregation and, 52, 57, 131; state archives, 14–16; upward mobility, 51; use of term, 187n5; women’s advancement and, 4–6, 38, 71, 175–76
sexuality, 5, 27, 56, 93, 144, 172. See also licentiousness; promiscuity; propriety and impropriety
“sisterhood,” 159. See also “Women’s Page”
Smaili, Ahmed, 100
social change in interwar Algeria, 19–21, 73–74, 185. See also dress; education; labor; modernity; urbanization; women’s advancement
social divisions, 8, 15, 50, 184–86
socialists, 18, 25, 33, 39, 42, 71, 89
social uplift: colonial economy and, 71; Muslim reform and, 87 (see also Muslim reformist movement); through women’s education, 32–33, 60, 162; women’s advancement and, 6–7, 11–12, 32–33, 38, 85, 91, 97, 100, 159, 164
state feminism, 4, 6, 9. See also Egypt; Turkey
stereotypes: about forms of dress, 37, 129, 142; about Muslim women, 5, 13, 37–38, 47–48, 60; “backwardness” or “primitivism,” 7, 37, 87, 94, 105, 114, 143–44; Muslims as misogynistic, 9, 13, 37–38, 47–48, 77, 82, 84, 86–88, 99–100, 116, 153, 182, 184. See also Orientalism
street harassment, 156, 167, 169–71
Sudan, 120
suffrage, 3–4, 98–100, 133, 140–41. See also French Union for Women’s Suffrage
Sufism, 30–31, 37, 39–40, 42–43, 48, 84, 86, 90, 121. See also zawiyas
Sunna texts. See Islamic knowledge
Tahrat, Larbi, 25
Taliana, Dalila, 45
Tarahoui, Djemila, 161
Tarzi, Suraya, 106
Tatouti, Mohammed, 147
teachers. See schoolteachers
theater performances, 43–45, 44, 58–59
Tidjani, Aurélie Picard, 137
Tounsia, Louisa, 45
tradition, 7; education and, 25; forms of dress and, 103, 116–23, 125–29; nationalism and, 124–25; women’s role as bearers of, 127–28
Transvaal fatwa, 107
Tunisia, 3, 32, 36, 45, 82–83, 89, 96, 135
Turkey: independence, 95; men’s headwear, 103, 106–7, 109, 118–19, 126; modernization, 103, 111, 118–22, 128; state feminism and women’s advancement, 2–4, 6, 32, 68, 98–99, 111, 116, 132–35, 148, 153, 175–76; women’s education, 2, 91, 94–96. See also Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Umayyad caliphate, 119
umma (global community of Muslims), 87, 91, 93, 95, 108, 112, 122, 155
Union démocratique du manifeste algérien (UDMA), 30–31
Union populaire algérienne (UPA), 30
United Nations, 134
unveiling, 101, 126–29; anxieties about, 63–64, 105, 115, 125, 166; campaigns for, 3, 168–69; in the Middle East, 106–7, 112; street harassment and, 170–71; women’s advancement and, 49–50, 60–62, 61, 89, 128, 139, 153–54, 159. See also veiling
urbanization, 6, 20–21; domestic workers and, 71; gender norms and, 55–56; overpopulation and, 194n14; rural- to-urban migration, 50–56, 75–76; social changes and, 41, 64–67. See also Algiers; cafés
veiling: as cultural practice, 206n81; face veil, 36, 56, 106, 109–10, 113, 123, 126–27; ideologies and, 105–6; Islam and, 48, 174; nationalism and, 104–5, 153, 178–79; sexual violence and, 109–10; styles of, 41, 56, 109. See also haiks; hijabs; unveiling
vieux turbans (“old turbans”), 19, 24. See also elite Muslims
Violette Project, 151
Viollette, Maurice, 80
voting rights. See suffrage
wars. See Algerian War of Independence; World War I
Westernization, 119–25. See also assimilation; European norms
“woman question” debates, 1–7, 18–19; in Algerian Muslim press, 38–43; in the Middle East, 35–38; in Muslim public life, 43–46
women’s advancement: anti-colonial nationalism and, 13–14, 153, 155, 167, 179, 181–83, 185; assimilation and, 14, 48–49, 181; civilization and modernity, 6–7, 11–12, 32–33, 38, 40–42, 65, 98–100; class and, 38, 56, 62–69; education and, 2, 69, 128, 131, 154–55, 159 (see also women’s education); employment and mobility (see domestic workers); in Middle Eastern countries, 2–8, 32, 35–38, 40, 45, 56, 68, 93–99, 111, 113, 116, 132–35, 148, 153, 175–76; postwar period, 154–79; settler colonialism and, 4–6, 38, 71, 175–76; social uplift and, 6–7, 11–12, 32–33, 38, 85, 91, 97, 100, 159, 164; unveiling and, 49–50, 60–62, 61, 89, 128, 153–54, 159 (see also dress). See also feminism
women’s education: access to, 1–2, 5–9, 13, 41, 88; anxieties about, 18, 31, 63, 75–78, 102, 164, 167; assimilation and, 84, 128, 140, 165, 173; colonial, 78–83; dress and, 100; in Egypt, 36; French feminists on, 136–40; Islamic tradition and, 25; motherhood and, 43; postwar period, 161; precolonial, 78; professional training, 80; social uplift and, 32–33, 60, 162; women’s advancement and, 2, 69, 128, 131, 154–55, 159. See also education; schools
women’s labor, 6–9, 16–18, 47–74; gender relations and, 104; modern subject formation and, 185; statistics on, 52–55, 53–54. See also agricultural labor; artisanal work; domestic workers
“Women’s Page”: in as-Salam, 154–61, 165–67, 171, 175, 177–79; in Oran républicain, 33, 48, 194n5
Women’s Union (Syria and Lebanon), 4
working-class Muslims, 10, 20, 25, 39, 44, 48, 52, 56, 64, 74, 186. See also domestic workers; labor