Index
ableism, 251n85
Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique (Ferguson), 174
abolitionism, unlearning and, 200–201, 253nn5–6
Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 199
Adeyemi, Kemi, 52
“Adore” (Prince), 199
adulthood, Black youth transition to, 110–13, 164–65
affirmative action, 148
African Religions and Philosophy (Mbiti), 158–59
Afro-modernity, 37
Afro-pessimism, 215n26
agency, criminalization of, 86
Ahmed, Sara, 66–67, 89, 148; on whiteness, 15
a’ightness, Black excellence vs., 181–82, 249n59
Alexander, Michelle, 247n30
Alexander, M. Jacqui, 4
Allison, Kevin, 143
ambiguity: CP Time and, 44–45, 48–49; white discomfort with, 72, 157–66
American Community Survey (ACS), 93–94
American Dream, fast life and, 143–45
American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Rawick), 39
American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 24, 80
Aminzade, Ronald, 37
ancestry tests, 96
Anderson, Elijah, 137–38, 183–84, 248n43
androcentric logic, misogynoir and, 74–79
Angélique, Marie-Joseph, 92
anthropology, time and, 214n24
anti-Blackness: ableism and, 251n85; Black youth awareness of, 111–13, 150–54, 177–84; capitalism and, 73–74; increase in, 168; loss of time and, 62–68; in Midwest, 90–99; misogynoir and, 78–79; police violence and, 86–88; racialization and, 19. See also race, racialization, and racism
Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), 238n19
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 126
arson, urbanized space and, 127–28
Asian community, in Twin Cities, 98–99, 233n37
assimilation: critical race theory and, 22, 218n76; immigrant resistance to, 237n13; Indigeneity and, 95–96
The Atlantic magazine, 24–25, 91–94
Australia, conquest of Indigeneity in, 95
Badu, Erykah, 153
Baldwin, James, 104–5, 159, 190–91, 213n2
Bambara, Toni Cade, 204
Barthold, Bonnie J., 38–39, 75, 99
beauty: as cognitive labor, 76–79; racialized and gendered standards of, 54–56
Berlant, Lauren, 183
Biden, Joe, 167
Billson, Janet, 216n45
biography, tabanca time and, 126–36
biological time, 72
The Black Atlantic (Gilroy), 37
Black Codes, 86
Black excellence, construction of, 181
Black history, suppression of curriculum on, 115–19
Black Lives and Spatial Matters: Policing Blackness and Practicing Freedom in Suburban St. Louis (Rios), 81–82
Black Lives Matter movement, 177
Black Midwest Initiative, 90–94, 231n7
Blackness: Black youth’s embrace of, 160–66; contributions to knowledge and, 9; CP Time linked to, 41–49; crime and criminalization linked to, 42–43, 183–84, 189–93, 224n67; epiphenomenal time and, 180; fungibility of, 172–73, 243n29; futurity and, 176–84; Indigeneity and, 8, 89–90, 94–99; in Midwest, 89–99; phenomenology of, 89–94, 232n17; physics of, 148; police response to, 84–88; qualitative collapse of, 9, 215n33, 219n78; racial time and, 37–38; relational racial identity and, 96–99; space and, 31–32, 235n68; surveillance and criminalization of, 69–74; tabanca time and, 126–36; time and, 31–32; white misappropriation of, 161–62
Black Radical Tradition, runaways and fugitives in, 7–8
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 146–47
Black’s Law Dictionary, 147
Black studies scholarship: funk and, 4; urban sociology and, 174, 196; whiteness principles and, 158–66
Black Time: Fiction of Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States, 38–39, 75
Black Wealth/White Wealth (Oliver & Shapiro), 155–56
Black womanhood: black girl ordinary and, 249n59; CP Time and, 51–56; fast life and, 139–40; gender-based violence against, 239n9; gendered division of labor and, 239n8; misogynoir and, 74–79; police encounters with, 81–88; present orientation and, 170–71; reproductive labor and time theft for, 103–6; sex trafficking and, 138–39
Black youth: cool pose of, 216n45; CP Time and, 40–41; culture of, 11; demographics, 212; developmental deadlines for, 211; expendability of, 5–7; in fast life, 52–54, 137–45; future for, 27–28, 167–68, 176–84, 194–98, 201–6; innocence perceptions about, 214n17; job search and hiring process for, 119–24; life expectancy perceptions of, 149–54, 192–93, 211–12; “maybe environment” for, 25; perceptions of race, racialization, and racism by, 71–74, 210–11; perceptions of time by, 1–4, 208–10; police and, 80–88; prescience in present orientation of, 184–88, 204–6; present orientation of, 168–76; racialization and sexualization of, 71–74; relational racial identity and, 96–99; school experiences of, 43, 113–19; strategies for dealing with whiteness among, 157–66; temporalization in urban space of, 18–23, 214n16; time concepts of, 1–4, 29–37, 57–58; time theft vs. time use for, 79–88; transgressive temporalities of, 26–27, 35–37; in Twin Cities, 93–94; urban sociology and, 4–5
Blume Oeur, Freeden, 174, 178, 248n34
Bonilla, Yarimar, 13
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, 16, 23–24, 68–69, 148
Bosniak, Linda, 237n16
Bourdieu, Pierre, 44–49, 60–61, 148, 179
Bruce, La Marr Jurelle, 74, 179–80, 187, 192–93, 203, 236n1, 244n46
Burton, Linda, 143
Butler, Octavia, 251n91
Byrd, Jodi, 252n3
Canada, Black population in, 92–93
“Can You Use That Word in a Sentence?” contest, 9
capitalism: bourgeois time and, 152–53; CP Time and, 52–54; fashion and, 163–64; racial violence and, 105–6; temporal capital and, 153–54; time theft and, 68, 99; time use and, 80–88
carceral space, time and, 42–49, 99
“Carnival Tabanca” (Bunji Garlin), 125
Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, 105
Chakravartty, Paul, 106
Chauvin, Derek, 243n27
Cheryl Johnson McCaskill Communications, 164
Chicago School, 90
childhood: Black youth experience of, 101–3, 170, 203; time theft and, 103–6
chronos, Greek concept of, 30, 54, 220n9
citizenship, immigration and, 237n16
Clark, Jamar, 85
class stratification: delayed gratification and, 145, 241nn28–29; education and, 116–19; risk/resiliency research and, 171–73
Clifton, Lucille, 191
Clinton, Hillary, 167
code switching, job searching and, 138, 239n3
Coleman, Chris, 105
colonialism: critiques of research on, 250n78; Indigeneity and, 95–96; Midwest and, 89–90, 94–99; racialization and, 19; settler narratives of, 243n24; time in relation to, 37, 49, 99; violence of, 67. See also settler time
Common (musician), 102
consistency, white framing of, 56
consumption, Black experience with, 69–74, 164–66, 245n57
corporeality, space and time and, 101
Council of Minnesotans of African Heritage, 94
counter-frames of whiteness, 149, 161–64
CP Time (Colored People’s Time): defined, 23–24, 38; as hidden transcript, 54–56; as praxis, 49–54; productivity and subversiveness of, 57–58; racialization and, 37–41, 223n53; as resistance, 38, 40–49, 202; transnational variations on, 223n55
creativity, CP Time and, 40–41
crime and criminalization: anti-Blackness and structural racism and, 243n27; of Blackness, 42–43, 183–84, 189–93, 224n67; curfews and, 81–82; deportation and, 134–36, 238n18; epidermalization and, 70; fast life and, 142–45; of immigration, 131, 238nn18–19; language of, 214n16; police violence and, 81–88; present orientation and, 171–72; time and, 53–54, 60–61; of time use, 81–88; urbanized space and, 172–73; zero-tolerance policies and, 118–19
crip time, 223n55
critical race theory: racism in, 225n86; whiteness and, 22, 218n76
cubist ethnography, 10
cultural lag, 234n50
culture: a’ightness, Black excellence vs., 181–82; appropriation and misappropriation of, 162; Black culture, suppression in school of, 115–16; Black youths inversion of white culture, 159–66; CP Time and, 38–41, 43–49; Indigeneity and, 96–99; neighborhood effects and, 171; racialization and, 19–20; structure and, 101–6; time and, 32–33; in urban sociology, 173–76
cumulative dis/advantage hypothesis, 155–56, 191
dark sousveillance, 12
debt: education debt, 118–19; taken time and, 68–74
delayed gratification, 145, 241n28
Denton, Nancy, 106
deportation time, 26, 126–27, 131–36; music and, 193–94
depressive time, Bruce’s concept of, 179–80
developmental deadlines: Black youth perceptions of, 211; fast life and, 141–45; risk/resiliency research and, 171; disorientation, COVID-19 pandemic and, 201–6
Donald, Stephanie, 85
double consciousness, Du Bois’s concept of, 63–66, 73, 83–84, 111–13, 180–82
The Dragon Can’t Dance (Lovelace), 194
drug trafficking: fast life and, 137–45, 240n13; time and, 51–54
Du Bois, W. E. B., 49, 63, 67, 134, 138, 146–47, 158, 174–75, 180–82, 225n86, 225n88
Duck, Waverly, 250n73
economics: Black Midwest and, 91–94; temporal dispossession and, 155–56
Edelman, Lee, 5–6, 178, 214n21
education: class stratification and, 116–19; fast life as alternative to, 139–45; futurity orientation in, 174; myth of meritocracy and, 178; racial differences in experience of, 94, 110–13, 154–56; suppression of Blackness in, 113–19; time construction and, 152–54. See also school
empathy, Hartman on, 238n25
employment: Black youth experience of, 154–56; fast life as alternative to, 137–45; job search process and, 119–24; racial patterns of, 93–94, 111–13
enclosures: in education, 117–19; fast life as escape from, 143–45; racialized space as, 127–36
enjoyment, property of, 147
Enlightenment, time and, 32, 74
epiphenomenal time, 180
Ermath, Elizabeth Deeds, 74–75
Estes, Nick, 243n24
ethnographic research: cubist ethnography, 10; Midwest and, 90–94; mixed methods in, 8–14; present orientation in, 168–76, 196–98, 246n11
ethnonoir research, 231n6
Fabian, Johannes, 7, 60, 162, 168, 220n6, 246n11
families: Black youth perceptions of, 101–3; deportation time and, 131–36; incarceration impact on, 43; migrant experience of, 126–36; present orientation and, 170–71; reproductive labor and time theft for, 103–6
family regulation system, 51, 225n93
fashion trends, Black youth knowledge of, 159–66
fast life: Black youth experience in, 52–54, 137–45; defined, 137
“Fast Life” (Kool G. Rap and Nas), 143–44
feminism: misogynoir and, 74–79; time and, 51–54
Ferguson, Roderick, 174
Ferreira da Silva, Denise, 22, 34, 68, 78, 106, 175, 220n3, 239n3, 248n42, 250n78
Fields, Barbara, 29
The Fire Next Time (Baldwin), 190–91
Firsts (Morales art piece), 87–88
Floyd, George, 90, 203, 243n27
Franklin, Benjamin, 52
fugitivity: criminalization of Blackness and, 86; runaways and legacy of, 7–8, 222n46; time and, 38–39, 202–3, 244n46
fungibility of Blackness, 172–73, 243n29, 247n29
funk: mixed methods research on, 8–14; time in context of, 2–4
Funk the Erotic: Transaesthetics and Black Sexual Cultures (Stallings), 3
Furstenberg, Frank, 171
future: in Black music, 188–93; Black youth views of, 27–28, 167–68, 176–84, 194–98, 201–6; deported time and, 194; prescience of Black youth about, 184–87; whiteness and perceptions of, 32–33, 159, 163–66, 243n24
Garlin, Bunji, 125
gender: CP Time and, 54–56; fluency in, 213n7; misogynoir and, 74–79; time construction and, 151–54; violence and, 239n9
gentrification, racialization and, 105–6
geopolitics of economy, Mignolo on, 33–34
G. I. Jane (film), 77
Glissant, Édouard, 202
globalization, migration and, 98–99, 233n37, 233n39, 244n41
Goffman, Alice, 172–73, 247n29
Goffman Erving, 56
Gowan, Teresa, 231n6
Great Migration, 89
Habeus Viscus (Weheliye), 195–96
hair care and hair styles: culture and structure and, 101–6; racialized and gendered standards of, 54–56, 76–79; resistance to whiteness and, 157–66
Halberstam, J. Jack, 53, 152–53
Hannerz, Ulf, 234n50
Hardt, Michael, 134
Hartman, Saidiya: on afterlife of slavery, 115, 144, 189–90, 203, 221n30; on Black womanhood, 174–75; on crime and survival, 134, 238n25; on economic inequality, 91; on fungibility of Blackness, 172–73, 243n29, 247n29; on life course and state terror, 140; on pain and identification, 184; on representation and violence, 220n3; on social time racialization, 84; on space and time, 126; on urbanized space, 18–23, 213n2; on whiteness and slavery, 147
hauntings, Blackness and, 19, 217n57
Hayward, Clarissa, 34
Hegel, G. F. W., 252n119
heteronormative logics, queer and trans identity and, 214n21
hidden transcript, CP Time as, 54–56
higher education, racial differences in, 112–13
hiring process, time racialization and, 119–24
history, Black youth perceptions of, 188–93
Hmong American community, in Twin Cities, 98–99
Hong, Grace, 19
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA), 238n19
illegitimacy, Western, white constructions of, 75–79
immigration: deported time and, 131–36; globalization and, 98–99, 233n37, 233n39, 244n41; legislation involving, 238n19; time and space and, 126–36
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 131
Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS), 131
Indigeneity and Indigenous groups: Blackness and, 8, 24–25, 89–90, 94–99; colonialism and, 252n3; in Midwest, 94–99; oppression of progress and, 37; relational racial identity and, 96–99; Spirit time of, 223n55; time and, 45–46, 243n24; in Twin Cities, 90–94. See also Native American youth
Industrial Revolution, temporality and, 39
Infante, Chad Benito, 173
infrapolitics: CP Time and, 40–41; racialized violence and, 72
insurgent time, 23–24, 35–37, 50–54, 57–58
integrity, racialized questioning of, 63
intergenerational wealth transmission, 111–13, 165
interlude, deported time and, 236n1
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 98
intersectionality, racialization and temporalization of Black youths and, 18–23
In the Heat of the Night (film), 42
Jackson, George L., 253n21
James, Joy, 75, 150, 200, 253n5
James, Rick, 199
Jim Crow of the North (PBS documentary), 108
Job Corps, 224n81
Kabat-Zinn, John, 196
kairós, Greek concept of, 30, 54
Kant, Immanuel, 78
Keeling, Kara, 152, 176, 191, 202–3
Kelley, Robin D. G., 40–41, 164, 166, 174, 202–3
killing time, racial representations of, 191–92
King, Mike, 22
King, Tiffany Lethabo, 202
knowledge, Black contributions to, 9
Kristeva, Julia, 74
labor: of anti-Blackness, 62–63; Black youth temporality and, 25, 154–56; CP Time and, 50–54; education for, 116–19; fast life as alternative to, 137–45; gendered division of, 239n8; immigrant patterns of, 126–27, 236n7; processing time and, 63–68, 71–74; racial differences in, 94, 111–13; racialized hiring processes and, 119–24; time racialization and, 39–41, 165–66; whiteness and, 146–47
Ladson-Billings, Gloria, 118–19
lateness: Black youth’s resistance to, 35–37, 50–54, 57–58; CP Time and, 43–49; rejection of protocols for, 2–5; transnational variations on, 223n55
Laymon, Kiese, 9
Learning to Labor (Willis), 116–17
Lesko, Nancy, 27–28, 118–19, 123–24
Lethabo, Tiffany, 94
Lewis, Oscar, 246n11
liberalism, futurity and, 177–78
Liebow, Elliot, 176
life expectancy (life course): Black youth perceptions of, 111–12, 192; fast life and, 139–45; prescience of Black youth about, 185–88; present orientation and, 170–76; white opportunity structures and, 149–54
Lindner, Cristoph, 85
linear temporality: Black youth awareness of, 112–13; whiteness and, 34
Lipsitz, George, 15, 105, 107, 146, 153–54, 157, 162, 188, 219n1
loitering, racialization of, 85
Long Division (Laymon), 9
loss, time and, 238n24
Lovelace, Earl, 194
lysis (lyse), Fanon’s concept of, 3
madtime, Bruce’s concept of, 187
Majors, Richard, 216n45
Mama (television program), 162
Managing to Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success (Furstenberg), 171
Mann, Simone, 12
marginalization, time theft and, 152–54
Martinot, Steve, 19–20, 73, 143, 218n69, 241n4
Marx, Karl, 80
Massey, Douglass, 106
mass incarceration: CP Time linked to, 42–49; drug offenses and, 238n29; racialization and, 224n68; whiteness and, 247n30. See also carceral space, time and
“maybe environment”: Black youth and, 25; fast life and, 139–45; in Minnesota, 99–106; origins of, 89–109; white spatial-temporal imaginaries and, 106–9
McCaskill, Carl, 164
McCleskey v. Kemp, 150
McClintock, Anne, 104
McKittrick, Katherine, 10, 72, 194–95, 232n15
memory, misappropriation of, 162
mental health, prescience about Black life course and, 186–87
meritocracy, myth of, 178
Midwest: Blackness and Indigeneity in, 94–99; culture and sociology in, 89–94; “maybe environment” in, 99–106
migrant justice collectives, 238n18
Miles, Tiya, 97
Miller, Jody, 239n9
Mills, Charles, 61, 67–68, 99, 107, 148, 219n1
mindfulness, 196
Minnesota: “maybe environment” in, 99–106. See also Twin Cities
Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, 186–87
Minnesota Compass, 105
Minnesota Homeless Study, 99
“The Miracle of Minneapolis” (Thompson), 24, 91–94, 108–9
misogynoir, 177–78; temporal dispossession and, 74–79
mnemonic community: Black youth and, 188–93; historical events and, 33–34
modernity: Afro-modernity and, 37–38; Blackness linked to, 159; time and, 32, 221n22; whiteness linked to, 39, 160–61
money and time: Black womanhood and, 51–56; Black youth consumption and, 163–64, 245n57; Black youth labor and employment and, 147–48; fast life and, 138–45; processing time for Blackness and, 69–74; reproductive labor and, 153–54; space racialization and, 103–6; wealth inequality and, 110–13
Morales, Ricardo Levins, 87–88
Moten, Fred, 3, 38, 232n17, 253n6
Movement for Family Power, 51, 225n93
Moynihan Report, 170
multiple consciousness of Black women, 75–76
Muñoz, José Esteban, 178, 183, 192
Museum of Science (Boston), 130
music: Afrofuturism and, 188–93; Blackness and, 115, 236n1; Black youth involvement in, 11, 41, 159–60, 193–94; space and, 193–94
Native American youth, 8; in Minnesota, 95–99; school experiences of, 113–19. See also Indigeneity and Indigenous groups
Native studies, slavery and, 94
negativity, racialization and, 20
Negri, Antonio, 134
New York Times, 164
Ngo, Helen, 21, 65, 95, 148–49
No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive (Edelman), 5–6
No One Is Illegal (NOII) movements, 238n18
North Minneapolis (Minneapolis), 104–6
Notes of a Native Son (Baldwin), 159
Nyong’o, Tavia, 72
Obeidallah, Dawn, 143
objectivity, violence and, 126
Ogburn, William Fielding, 234n50
Ogle, Vanessa, 30
Omi, Michael, 21
“On the Faith of the Fathers” (Du Bois), 63
On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City (Goffman), 172–73
opportunity: fast life and, 144–45; race and, 119–24; rejection of Black youth from, 164; structures of, 207–8; white time and structures of, 149–54
Otherness, temporality of, 39–40, 99–100
otherwise worlds, Black youth and, 202
overstanding, 240n20
Painter, Nell Irvin, 21
pan-toting tactics, workplace resistance and, 40–41
pastness, tabanca time and, 125–26
pathology, in urban sociology, 173–76
Patrick, Deval, 167
penal-legal system, racialization of time and, 19, 217n63
Perry, Pamela, 190
persuasion, CP Time and, 44–45
phenomenology: of Blackness, 89–94; of whiteness, 66–67, 89
The Philadelphia Negro (Hartman), 174–75
Physics of Blackness, 49
Poitier, Sidney, 42
police and policing: Black youth and, 80–88, 177–78, 204; deportation time and, 135–36; prescience of Black youth about, 186–87; racialization and, 128–29, 237n9; slavery compared with, 189; in Twin Cities, 90–94; in urbanized space, 241n30. See also state terror
positivist sociology, job search and hiring process and, 122–24
possession, whiteness and, 146
The Possessive Investment in Whiteness (Lipsitz), 146
postremoval time, families and children and, 131–36, 238n20
poverty: de-pathologization of, 174–76; risk/resiliency research and, 171; in Twin Cities, 91–94
power: time and, 38–41, 44–49, 60–61, 168–69, 223n55; whiteness and, 146–49
praxis: CP Time as, 49–54; humanness as, 195–96
presence/attendance, CP Time and indeterminacy of, 44–45
present orientation: of Black youth, 168–76, 181–84; in ethnographic research, 168–76, 196–98, 246n11; futurity and, 176–84; power of nowness and, 194–98; prescience in, 184–88, 204–6
Prince (Rogers Nelson), 199
prison-industrial complex: CP Time linked to, 42–49; deportation time and, 134–36; transgressive temporalities and, 129–30, 237n11
private property, time as, 80
processing time: job search and hiring process and, 123–24; labor and, 63–68; oppression and, 189; racialization and, 61; surveillance and criminalization of Blackness and, 69–74; as time theft, 80–88
progress: linear time linked to, 74; oppression of, 37; whiteness linked to, 32–33
punctuality: Black youth’s resistance to, 35–37, 50–54, 57–58; COVID-19 disorientation and, 201–6; CP Time and, 43–49; rejection of protocols for, 2–5
queer identity: Black youth and, 5–6, 73–74; funk and, 3–4; futurity and, 182–83, 192; heteronormative logics and, 214n21; misogynoir and, 74–79; runaway status and, 8; slowness and, 52–54; time and, 152–54, 243n30
race, racialization, and racism: beauty standards and, 54–56; Black youth perceptions of, 156–58; ethnography and role of, 11–14; hiring process and, 119–24; loss of time and, 62–68; in Midwest, 90–91; modernization and, 33–34; opportunity and, 119–24; prison-industrial complex and, 129–30, 237n11; relational racial identity and, 96–99; scholarship on, 34–37; in school, 113–19; space and, 99, 101–6; suppression of curriculum on, 115–19; temporalization of youths in urbanized space and, 18–23; time and, 5–7, 23–24, 32, 34–35, 37–41, 210–11; time use vs. time theft and, 60–61, 79–88, 165–66; in Twin Cities, 91–94. See also anti-Blackness
racial time, 61: Fleming’s concept of, 34–35; social time as, 37–38
Rawick, George, 39
reflexion, definition of, 220n6
refugee temporality, 223n55, 233n37
relational racial identity: formation of, 96–99, 233n36; white spatial-temporal imaginaries and, 107–9
representation, violence of, 220n3
reproductive futurism, queer theory and, 5–6, 214n21
reproductive labor: misogynoir and, 74–79; time theft and, 103–4, 153–54
resistance: by Black womanhood, 55–56; CP Time as, 38, 40–49; deportation time and, 134–36; fashion as tool for, 163; to whiteness, 149, 162–66
Resurrecting Slavery: Racial Legacies and White Supremacy in France (Fleming), 34–35
reverse racism: affirmative action as, 148; white claims of, 156–58
Richards, Beah, 42
ridicule, inverting whiteness with, 158–66
Rifkin, Mark, 25
Rios, Jodi, 81–82, 235n68, 241n30
Robinson, Cedric, 7
Rock, Chris, 77
Rodríguez, Dylan, 42, 178, 224n67
Roediger, David, 147
“Rondo Days” festival, 105
Rondo neighborhood (St. Paul), 104–6
Roof, Dylan, 251n94
Rosaldo, Renato, 11, 21, 34, 39, 46, 126
Roxbury (Boston), 127–28, 171–72
Run-a-Way (multiservice center) (pseudonym): emergency shelter and independent programs at, 16–18; organization and activities of, 14–18; research at, 7–8
Sanders, Bernie, 167
Scenes of Subjection (Hartman), 184
school: Black youth experience of, 154–56; CP Time and, 50–54; for Native American youth, 97–99; spatio-temporal locations of, 130; teaching biases and, 63–64; time racialization in, 43, 113–19; unlearning in, 200
Secondary Security Screening Selection, 134
self-definition/self-determination, CP Time and, 50–54
Sexton, Jared, 42–43, 94–95, 226n1
sex trafficking, Black womanhood and, 138–39
Shange, Savannah, 249n59
Shaw, J. Brendan, 166
shopping, Black experience with, 69–74
Silko, Leslie Marmon, 232n27
Simone, Nina, 6
Sirianni, Carmen, 179
slavery: afterlife of, 67, 115, 144, 189, 221n30; Black youth perceptions of, 188–93; in Canada, 92–93; fashion as link to, 163; Indigenous groups and, 95–96; in Native studies, 94; in school curriculum, 115–19; time racialization and, 37–39, 49, 223n53; whiteness and, 147
slowness, Black practice of, 52–54
Smith, Andrea, 94–96, 161–62, 202
Smith, Jada Pinkett, 77
Smith, Mark, 39
smudging (Native tradition), 97
social capital, Blackness and, 99–100
social death, 142
Social Death: Racialized Rightlessness and the Criminalization of the Unprotected (Cacho), 53
social institutions, racialization and, 20, 225n91
social time: CP Time as, 50–54; inclusion and exclusion and, 57–58; racialization of, 23, 37–38, 83–84; stigmatization of Black sociality, 174–76; theories of, 30–37, 220n7
sociogenesis/sociogenic principle, 73
sociology: alternative methods in, 11–14; of education, 116–19; Midwest in, 90–94; risk/resiliency research in, 171; skepticism concerning, 9–11, 216n37; space and time in, 99–101; time and, 29–37, 57–58, 175–76, 202–6
Sojoyner, Damien, 51, 117, 192
Somali migrants, in Twin Cities, 98–99
Sorokin, Pitirim, 31
sousveillance, 12
Southeast Asians, in Twin Cities, 98–99, 233n37
sovereignty, Blackness and, 94–95
space: in Black music, 188–93; Black womanhood and, 55–56; carceral space, 42–49, 99; CP Time and, 51–54; criminalization and, 81–82, 235n68; deportation time and, 131–36; music and, 193–94; racialization of, 99, 101–6; time and, 4–5, 24–26, 95–99, 129–30; urbanized space, 18–23, 213n2, 221n29; whiteness and, 89–90, 106–9, 148–49, 160–66
Spillers, Hortense J., 75–77, 150
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 43
state terror: life course and, 139–40; prescience of Black youth about, 186–87, 197–98, 204–6. See also police and policing
stereotypes: of race and time, 43; of whiteness, 160–61
stereotypes of whiteness, 160
Streets of Hope: The Rise and Fall of an Urban Neighborhood (Medoff & Sklar), 127–28
strikethrough, 215n26
suburbanized space, race and, 241n30
Sullivan, Shannon, 148–49, 158
surveillance: of Black youth, processing time and, 69–74; racialization of, 234n49
survival: deportation time and, 134–36; fast life and, 142–45
Swartz, Jeffrey, 245n57
Swistun, Débora Alejandra, 10
Tadiar, Neferti X. M., 80
Tally’s Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men (Liebow), 176
teaching biases, Black students, 63–64
technology, time racialization and, 39
teefing time (theft of time), 59–61
“Tell Me” (Groove Theory), 193
temporal coordination, Zerubavel’s concept of, 31–32
temporal dispossession: job search and hiring process and, 120–24; misogynoir, 74–79; wealth inequality and, 155–56
temporality (time): Black youth perceptions of, 1–4, 150–54, 208–10; Black youth transgressions of, 26–27; COVID-19 disorientation and, 201–6; deportation time, 131–36; end of time, 199–200; future and, 27–28; immigrant perceptions of, 129; marginalization of, 30; in music, 188–94; owning vs, borrowing of, 1–4, 80–88; queer identity and, 52–54; race and opportunity and, 119–24; racialization and, 5–7, 19–23, 34–35; role of, 23; school bell as indicator of, 113–19; settler time, 97–98; sociology of, 29–37; space and, 4–5, 24–26, 99, 129–30; tabanca time, 25–26, 125–36; Trinidadian perceptions of, 126–30, 237n13; violence and use of, 165–66; white manipulation of, 37–41, 179–80, 219n1; whiteness and, 26–27, 33, 37–41, 43–49, 57–58, 80, 106–9, 146–49, 219n1; of youths in urbanized space and, 18–23
temporalization, Black culture and, 162–63
tempus nullius, 95
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 126
terra nullius, 95
There Are No Children Here (Kotlowitz), 170
Thích Nhất Hạnh, 196
Thompson, Derek, 24, 91–94, 108–9
Thompson, E. P., 104
Time and the Other (Fabian), 99–100
Time Binds: Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories (Freeman), 32
time theft: education as, 116–19; racism and, 62–68; space racialization and, 103–6; time use vs., 79–88. See also teefing time (theft of time)
“To Be Young, Gifted and Black” (Nina Simone), 6
Tolle, Eckhart, 196
tone policing, 82
transformativity, CP Time, 50–54
transgender identity: funk and, 3–4; heteronormative logics and, 214n21; runaway status and, 8–9, 216n47; time and, 153–54, 243n30
transgressive temporalities, 23–28; CP Time as, 41–49; curfew violations and, 81–82; deportation time and, 134–36; fast life and, 137–45; incarceration and, 129–30; lateness and, 57–58; present orientation and, 169–76
transience, CP Time and, 47–48
trapping (drug trafficking), 137–45
Treaty of Mendota, 95
Treaty of Traverse des Sioux, 95
Trentham, Henry James, 39
truancy, fugitivity and, 36–37
Twain, Mark, 191
Twin Cities: Black youth in, 24–25; demographics of, 93–94; economic inequality in, 24, 91–94; “maybe environment” in, 99–106, 108–9; migrant groups in, 98–99; racist real estate policies in, 108–9; Rondo and North Minneapolis neighborhoods in, 104–6; whiteness in, 89–94. See also North Minneapolis (Minneapolis); Rondo neighborhood (St. Paul)
“U, Black Maybe” (Common), 102
“Uncle Tom Was an Indian: Tracing the Red in Black Slavery” (Miles), 97
underclass, 106
The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning and Black Study (Harney & Moten), 3
unlearning, abolition and, 200
unquantifiable time, 66
unsettleable (unpayable) debt, 68–74, 163–64
urbanized space: ambiguity of, 102–6; Blackness and, 100–106, 234n50; Black youth racialization and, 18–23, 213n2; deportation time and, 131–36; fast life in, 143–45, 241n30; gentrification and, 127–28; inert city concept of, 85; interaction orders in, 250n73; job search and hiring process in, 120–24; present orientation in, 169–76, 183; Rondo and North Minneapolis neighborhoods, 104–6; temporalization of, 18–23, 102–6, 213n2; white spatial-temporal imaginaries and, 106–9
vagrancy laws, criminalization of Blackness and, 86
violence: Back Midwest and, 90–94; Black womanhood and, 239n9; Black youth perceptions of, 189–93; fast life and structure of, 142–45; police violence, 80–88, 250n82; processing time and, 61, 189; profitability of, 165–66; racism and, 63–68, 216n42; social organization of, 171–73; time and, 33–34, 38–39, 51–54, 68–74, 165–66; of urban renewal, 105–6
Wacquant, Loïc, 183
wages, public and psychological wage of whiteness, 146–48
Walia, Harsha, 238n18
Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval (Hartman), 84–88, 174–75
Waziyatawin, 95
wealth: Black youth perceptions of, 110–13; temporal dispossession and, 155–56
weed legalization, 238n29
Weheliye, Alexander, 4, 195–96, 225n88
white habitus, 16, 35, 41–45, 107–9, 148
White Men Can’t Jump (film), 160
whiteness: accrued time and, 152–54; aggrieved whiteness concept, 218n74; anti-Blackness and, 150–54, 161–62; Black youth perceptions of, 15–18, 156–66; CP Time as resistance to, 41–49; critical race theory and, 22, 218n76; history and, 190; Indigeneity and, 95–96; misogynoir and, 74–79; modernity linked to, 39; phenomenology of, 66–67, 89; progress linked to, 32; public and psychological wage of labor and, 146–47; racialization and, 21–22; space and, 89–90, 106–9; strategies for dealing with, 157–66; temporality of, 26–27, 29, 33, 37–41, 43–49, 57–58, 80, 106–9, 146–49, 219n1; in Twin Cities, 93–94; wackness of, 157–66
white time: Black youth and, 61; resistance to, 23; tabanca time and, 124–29
wigging tactics, workplace resistance and, 40–41
Wildcat, Daniel R., 223n55
Wilderson, Frank, 31–32, 82, 95, 162, 223n53, 232n27
Wilson, August, 65
Wilson, William Julius, 99–100, 234n50
Winant, Howard, 21
Womack, Ytasha, 251n91
Woods, Clyde, 117
work. See labor
World Bank, 98
Wright, Michelle M., 9, 48–49, 93, 148–49, 159, 180, 191, 215n33, 219n78
Wright, Richard, 99