Index
Page numbers in italics indicate figures
Abolitionism, 20–22, 26, 28, 32, 86, 99, 164, 189, 239, 261
Adirondack antislavery networks, 37–38
antislavery churches, 4, 15, 200, 329; see also Churches, African-American
Gerrit Smith’s New York State networks, 41–42
Manifest Destiny doctrine and, 38–40
militancy, 28, 165, 235, 239–241, 305
Adirondack Park, xi, xv–xvi, 216, 352, 362, 363
Adirondack region
abolition politics, 189–190, 193–194, 200
adaptivity of frontier culture, xviii, 4, 41, 93, 121, 142–144, 149–150, 195
conservation movement, xv–xvi, 288, 336, 349, 351–352; see also Public health
Black pioneer history honored, 354–364, 359, 360, 364
Canadian settlers, 8
commemorative events, 290–321 passim
exceptionalism, xvii, 189, 348, 350, 368
exclusionary social culture, xiv-xv, 182, 216, 334–335, 352–351
ethnic diversity, 13, 91, 93, 185, 191, 333
Great Camps, 181–182, 216, 352, 358
Great Migration to, 10
maps, antiquarian, 38, 142–161, 156, 157, 296
Native American influence, 216
place names marking Black settlements, 8, 22, 155–157
political landscape, complexity, 189–190
racialization of social culture, xv, 333–340, 334
racism, 4, 215, 285, 237, 333, 335, 347, 348–356, 359
slavery, lasting imprint on culture, xv
speculators purchase Gift Lots, 169–170, 297, 309–321
tourism and hotels, 93, 144, 147, 162, 163, 288, 313, 315, 335, 336
Yankee settlers, xvi, 8, 93–94; see also New England
African colonization, 25, 61, 89–90, 118, 141
African Methodist Episcopal Church, 87, 88, 100, 108, 161
Agrarianism, 18, 47–50, 53, 56–60, 90–95, 139, 214, 232, 329–334, 362
Black agents promote agrarian “redemption,” 44–61
Black mistrust of agrarian solutions, 170–176, 182, 329–334
and Booker T. Washington, 326–328, 330
and Gerrit Smith, “I am an Agrarian,” 18
see also Farming; Colored Conventions
Albany (Albany County, NY), 3, 16, 78, 84, 153, 183, 205, 271, 320, 321, 344
All the Year Round (London, UK), 190
American Anti-slavery Society, 49, 154
American Colonization Society, 89, 173; see also African colonization
Appo, Albertine (Eppes), 263, 266
Appo, Elizabeth, 108, 390, 393
Appo, Helen, 361
Appo, Maude Eppes, 262
Appo, William, 107–109, 151, 163, 229, 265, 361
Appo, William Jr., 248–249, 260, 261, 361
Argus (Albany), 83
Athol (Warren County, NY), 209
Atlantic, The (Boston), 303
Ausable Forks (Clinton County, NY), 286
Averyville (North Elba, Essex County, NY), 157
Bailey, Mary Elizabeth, 151, 256, 266
Banks, Russell, xvii, 295, 374n6
Barber, Jesse Max, 322–330, 330–342, 327; see also John Brown Memorial Association
Barnet, Malvina (Ray), 45
Bell, George W. (grantee-settler), 147
Bell, Philip (grantee), 48, 69, 138, 174
Beman, Amos, 61
Benjamin, Jacob (grantee), 61
Berkshire County Eagle (Pittsfield, MA), 68
Berkshire Mountains, xvi; see also New England
Bibb, Henry (grantee), 81, 87, 107, 153, 178
Binghamton (Broome County, NY), 210
Birney, James, 19
Black activism, 17–18, 51, 58–59, 71, 97, 101, 108, 221–223, 324
Black Adirondack settlers
diversify work options, 93–95, 136–141, 147–150
and equalitarian frontier, 50, 53, 196, 285, 368
challenge and enlarge parameters of the Black Woods, 142–147
Civil War pension appeals, 145–146, 260, 261, 267–270, 278, 280; see also Civil War
descendants, economic advancement eludes, 281–290
experience misrepresented in Adirondack memory, xiv-xvii, 8–10, 350, 278, 280–281, 353–355
farms, 24, 104, 107, 149, 132–135, 163–164, 199–201, 213–214, 257, 271, 293
gift lots gaining value, 168–170
and Harpers Ferry Raid, 230, 236–240
inadequate on-site support for, 75, 121–122
insufficient start-up funds for, 93–95, 124–127, 138–140
interracial conflict, tensions, or mistrust, 114, 118–119, 121, 124–128
interracial neighborly support and alliances,135–136, 142–144, 146–149, 163, 185–189, 190–196, 197, 256–257, 268–270, 285–288
interaction with John Brown and Brown’s family; see John Brown
joined by “Fellow-travelers” (Black settlers without deeds), 1, 107–109, 114, 150–152, 255–256; see also individual settlers (Appo, Brady, Craig, Frazier, Vinson)
Native American ancestry of, 366–367
postbellum arrivals (formerly enslaved), 255, 264–266, 278–280
postbellum wealth gap and lack of economic opportunity, 281–290
second wave of settlers, 129–141
shadeism in the Adirondacks, 259–263
white views of Black incapacity, xvi, 8, 226–227, 295–297, 350–351; see also Adirondack region, nativism; Eugenics
women, role and work of, 61, 62, 144–146, 266–268, 271, 272, 282–283
Blackness, xiii–xiv, xviii, 250, 261, 263, 358
Black settlements, enclaves, and family compounds
Black pioneers in Vermontville, Franklin, Franklin County, 113–128, 167
Blacksville (Loon Lake, Franklin County, NY), 99–100, 109, 114–116, 118–120, 121–122, 121–123, 155, passim, 128, 135, 143, 144, 167–168, 270–271, 302, 329, 360; see also Willis Hodges; Stephen Morehouse
Craig and Frazier homes in Averyville (North Elba, Essex County, NY), 155
Freeman’s Home (Cascade Pass, North Elba, NY), Freeman’s Home (Essex County, NY), 8, 22, 107, 125, 128, 134, 155–156, 163, 289, 329; see also John Brown; Richard Henry Dana; Lewis Pierce
Hazzard homes in St. Armand (Essex County, NY); see individual Hazzard family members A
Negro Brook and Negro Hill (Franklin, Franklin County, NY); see Louisa Brady; John and Mary Ann Thomas
Timbuctoo (North Elba, Essex County, NY), xiii, xiv, xix, 101–103, 124–128 passim, 132–134, 143, 157–161, 165–166, 169, 184, 201, 232, 281, 302, 329, 350, 365; see also Lyman Eppes; James H. Henderson; Samuel and Thomas Jefferson; Lewis Pierce; James McCune Smith
Black suffrage, 4, 16–20, 43, 84, 106, 165, 188–189, 232, 367
sites of activism in New York, 71
The Black Woods, double meaning, 7
Blood, Riley, 256
Bloomingdale (Essex County, NY), 8, 202, 267, 286, 292
Bonaparte, Louis (grantee), 141
Brace, Charles Loring, 65
Brady, James, 151, 164, 248, 256–261, 265, 272, 354, 368
Brady, Louisa, 151, 164, 192, 256–257, 259–260, 267, 269, 288
Brady, Samuel, 248, 256–261, 288
Brewer, Enos (grantee-settler), 271
Brewster, Benjamin T., 315–317, 320
Brighton (Franklin County, NY), 198
Brooklyn (Kings County, NY), 70, 97, 100, 123, 135, 142, 156, 167, 169, 178, 183, 214, 222, 271, 283
Brown, Rev. Abel, 38
Brown, Adaline, 238
Brown, Annie, 286
Brown, Belle, 145
Brown, Frederick, 143, 227–228, 232
Brown, Jason, 232, 227, 239, 240
Brown, John, xi–xii, 4, 52, 99, 109, 131, 143, 149–151, 157, 191, 196, 234
in American memory, xvi, 9–10, 34, 189–190, 201, 236–240, 260–263, 264–294, 295–321
antiracist, 333
biographies and essays about, 233–234, 236, 237
in Black memory, 10, 75, 262, 293–294, 295–321, 322–356
commemorations, 290–321 passim, 291; see also Pilgrimages and commemorative events
farm and farming, 164, 290, 331
friend to Black pioneers, 120–124; 126–127, 130, 134, 228, 231, 404–405n7
and Gerrit Smith, 22, 29–31, 34, 209, 232, 297–300, 332
Harpers Ferry raid, 30–31, 189, 228, 230, 236–241, 246, 265, 301, 323
home as shrine, 8–9, 11, 300–303, 323, 337, 338–339, 348
Kansas venture, 30, 184, 204–207, 227–229, 232–234, 240, 301, 349
North Elba homestead, 232–233, 234
relations in North Elba, 130–134, 164–167, 183–184, 230–242, 360
Subterranean Pass Way plan, 227–228, 232
Brown, John Jr., 227–228, 239–240
Brown, Mary Ann, 9, 34, 151, 229, 232, 236, 239, 278, 299, 303, 308
Brown, Ruth, 150, 164, 196, 228, 231, 233
Brown, Salmon, 227, 232, 239, 240, 256, 265
Brown, Thomas, 134
Brown, Watson, 143, 145, 228, 231, 323
Brown, William Wells (grantee), 141, 146, 329
Bryant, Luther, 264
Buffalo (Erie County, NY), 30, 50, 52, 68, 154
Burns, Bettie, 264
Burwell, M.D., Spotuas, 327, 328, 330
Bushnell, Horace, 93
Cady, Daniel, 212
Caldwell, Abraham (grantee), 88–89, 167
Canada, 6, 28–29, 89, 123, 153–155, 175, 178, 179, 239, 272
Canajoharie (Montgomery County, NY), 68
Canandaigua (Ontario County, NY), 271
Carasaw, Eliza, 102, 133, 147, 230, 246, 270, 274, 284
Carasaw, William (grantee-settler), 102, 147, 188, 230, 248, 253–254, 254, 263, 266, 268, 431n50
Catskill (Greene County, NY), 68
Cazenovia (Madison County, NY), 26
Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Convention, 1850, 26–28, 27
Child, Lydia Maria, 302
Churches, African American, 21, 23, 47–48, 51, 52, 64, 70, 77, 100–103 passim, 120, 170; see also African Methodist Episcopal Church
Civil War, xii, 4, 6, 31–32, 128, 147, 182, 189, 191, 202, 204, 214, 216, 232, 297, 340–341, 348
Adirondack Regiment (NY 118th), 214, 252, 260
Appomattox, 247
Black soldiers, 247–263, 319, 365
Draft Riots, New York City, 250, 258
memory, 318
see also under Black Adirondack settlers
Clinton County, New York, 37, 118, 202, 212, 216, 253
Clintonville (Clinton County, NY), 199
Colored American (New York City), 45, 47, 48, 61, 100, 108, 116, 160, 262
Colored Conventions
New York State, 17, 50, 74, 101, 222–223, 227
Black rights meetings and conventions in NYS, 71
Ohio, 52
see also under Troy, NY, Black suffrage meetings and conventions
Colored Land Committee, 224
Colored Orphan Asylum (New York City), 61, 62, 116, 141, 144, 166–167, 250
Colored Seaman’s Home (New York City), 67, 129
Columbia County, New York, 207
Constitutional Conventions (New York State)
Corliss, Hiram, 68
Cornish, Samuel (grantee), 48, 61, 87, 138
Corona (Queens County, NY), 284
Courant (Hartford), 158
Craig, Isaac, 133, 134, 155, 196
Craig, Jane, 133, 134, 155, 196, 267, 271
Craig Brook (Averyville, North Elba, Essex County, NY), 155
Crop, William, 68
Crown Point (Essex County, NY), 146
Davis, Jefferson, 33
De Crèvecoeur, Hector St. Jean, 94
Delaware County, New York, 68, 77, 207
Democratic Party, 39, 182, 189, 190, 192, 205, 215, 221, 222, 224, 297, 313, 319
Demmon, Benjamin, 265
Dickinson, Samuel, 269
Dickson (Dixon), Hannah, 133, 134, 144, 196, 230, 231
Dickson (Dixon), Henry (grantee-settler), 133, 134, 144
Donaldson, Alfred L., 1
Douglas, Stephen A., 177
Douglass, Frederick (grantee), 2, 5, 25, 52, 67, 78, 91, 94, 97, 102, 107, 124–126, 140, 153, 165, 171, 98, 212, 221, 226, 233, 251, 279, 304, 306, 329, 347
support for, disavowal of Florence Colony, 170–176, 17
Douglass, Sergeant-Major Lewis H., 251
Douglass’ Monthly (Rochester), 303
Downing, George T., 33, 45, 87, 89, 141, 179, 180–182, 307
Drummond, Samuel (grantee-settler), 132, 156, 167, 270
Duane (Franklin County, NY), 128, 135, 198, 271
Du Bois, W. E. B., 326–328, 330, 342, 447–448n48
Durand, Abigail, 196
Durand, Milo, 196
Dutchess County, New York, 105–106
Dutton, Street, 68
Easton (Washington County, NY), 104
Elevator, 78
Elizabethtown (Essex County, NY), 37, 134, 188, 190, 196, 210, 247, 260, 286, 316–319 passim, 350
Elliott, Thomas (aka Tommy Thompson), 265, 278–280, 281, 283, 290
Elmira (Chemung County, NY), 68
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 202, 249
Emmons, Ebenezer, 38
Enrollment Act (1863), 249
Eppes, Albertine, 163, 229, 262, 265
Eppes, Annie (also Ann, Anna), 163, 229
Eppes, Candace, 163
Eppes, Eveline (Eva), 296–297, 331–332, 354, 359
Eppes, Lyman E. (grantee-settler), xvii, 102, 107, 133, 143, 147, 149–150, 162, 168–170, 178–179, 183, 188, 195, 199, 201, 227–233, 236–241 passim, 262, 280–283, 289, 296–297, 302, 308, 323, 329–331 passim
Eppes, Lyman (Lyme Jr.), 151, 162–163, 229, 289–290, 289
Epps, Lyman (Lyme), 151, 201, 283, 289, 289–290, 329, 330–32, 354–355, 359
Erie Canal, 77
Essex County, New York, xii–xiii, 37, 71, 83, 88, 91, 101, 113–114, 120, 125, 142, 162, 182, 183, 195, 199, 202, 210, 212, 215, 218, 236, 241, 255, 265, 279, 283, 303, 316, 332, 351
Essex County Republican (Keeseville, NY), 55, 164, 206, 215, 218, 220, 316, 323
appraising farmland, 140, 197–198
cost of starting a new farm, 93–95
farm abandonment, 93, 191–192, 212–215, 281–282, 264–294, 366
literary idealization of, 91–92, 93, 125, 149
quality of gift lots, 112, 143
Fay, John, 165
Fifteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution (1870), 7, 180
Fillmore, Millard, 80
Fish, Judge Frothingham, 317
Fish, Hamilton, 8
Fishkill (Dutchess County, NY), 106, 278
Florence, town of (Oneida County), 77
Florence Colony (aka Florence Farming Association or Florence Farming and Lumber
archeological research, 85
competes with Adirondack gift land, 76, 125
Dorrance, Daniel (land agent), 83–85
Fountain, James (settler), 79
Hawkins, Walter (settler), 153
“Lesser Wilderness” stigma, 90–92, 95
Myers, Stephen (grantee-agent), 78–91, 83–84
Peterson, Daniel (settler), 84
Flushing (Queens County), 68, 137–138, 262
Franklin (Franklin County, NY), 8, 37, 91, 104, 128, 134, 135, 143, 148, 157, 185, 187, 198, 209–213 passim, 215, 236, 239, 241, 247, 248, 260, 265, 267, 270, 271, 343, 345
Franklin County, New York, xiii, 37, 83, 87, 88, 113–114, 125, 139, 144, 147, 150, 182, 186, 193, 194, 201, 202, 211, 238, 257, 259, 283
Franklin County Antislavery Society, 193
Franklin Falls (Franklin County, NY), 163, 193
Frazier, Jane, 143, 144, 151, 163, 267, 271
Frazier, Silas (grantee-settler), 143, 144, 151, 155, 163, 248, 255, 260, 261, 267, 268, 271
Frazier Pond (Averyville, North Elba, Essex County, NY), 155
Frederick Douglass’ Paper (Rochester, NY), 175, 217, 220, 221, 228
Freedman’s Bureau, U.S., 255
Freedom’s Journal (New York City), 158–159
Free Soil movement, 2, 39–40, 84, 205–206, 221–222, 228, 232
Free Soil Party, 176
French, John Homer, 157
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 26, 152–155, 164, 172, 176, 189, 217, 219, 220, 222, 235, 245, 272
Fuller, Elder, 84
Fulton County, New York, 77, 212
Fultonville (Montgomery County, NY), 317
Garnet, Elizabeth, 50
Garnet, Rev. Henry Highland (land agent), 2, 5–6, 23, 70, 50, 51, 53–55, 54
Garrison, William Lloyd, 5, 62, 99, 176–177, 292, 307
Gates, Isaac, 299
Gazette (Franklin), 205
Genesee County, New York, 77
Geneva (Ontario County, NY), 23, 53, 102
Gerrit Smith Farming Association, NYC, 120
Glen Falls (Warren County, NY), 154, 211, 222
Gloucester, James (grantee), 141
Goldsmith (Franklin County, NY), 124
Gordon, Alexander (grantee-settler), 135, 271
Greeley, Horace, 15, 29, 33, 56, 78, 174–177 passim, 220, 226, 240, 271, 300
Green, Beriah, 51
Green, Hawley (grantee), 180
Griffing, E. M., 68
Hall, Monroe, 217
Hall, Samuel F. “Pappa” (grantee-settler), 134, 143, 156, 270
Hamilton County, New York, 55, 114, 120, 180
Hand, Richard, 317
Harlow, Ralph Volney, 208
Harpers Ferry, raid on, xii, 29–31, 261; see also under John Brown
Harper’s Weekly (New York City), 258
Harrietstown (Franklin County, NY), 198
Harris, Silas (grantee), 308
Hasbrook, Adeline, 272
Hasbrook, Caroline, 145
Hasbrook, Carroll, 275
Hasbrook, Henrietta, 145
Hasbrook, Jane Ann, 144, 272, 274, 275
Hasbrook, Josiah (grantee-settler), 105–106, 132, 144–145, 147, 151, 166, 196, 220, 230, 248, 254, 263, 264–271 passim, 275, 278, 367
Hasbrook, Josiah Jr., 145, 253, 265–269 passim, 272–278, 273, 277, 280, 281
Hasbrook, Leonard, 144–145, 248
Hasbrook, Lloyd, 275
Hasbrook, Simeon, 231, 253, 286, 368
Hasbrook, Susan, 106, 144–146, 167, 267, 270, 282
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 366
Hayes, Ahaz, 156
Hazzard, Adaline, 266, 272, 293
Hazzard, Alexander, 147, 148, 151, 189, 236, 252, 265, 266, 272, 286, 292
Hazzard, Ann Mary, 344
Hazzard, Avery (grantee-settler), 68, 103–105, 163, 188–189, 199, 207, 227, 236, 246, 266, 272, 287, 282, 343
Hazzard, Charles Henry, 145, 236, 248, 252–255, 258, 263, 264–272 passim, 285–288, 292, 292, 294
Hazzard, Elizabeth, 292
Hazzard, Kathleen, 344
Hazzard, Levi, 246
Hazzard, Margaret, 103–104, 272
Henderson, Benjamin, 167
Henderson, Charles, 167
Henderson, James H. (grantee-settler), 100–103, 120, 126, 127, 132, 143, 147, 151, 160, 165–166, 196, 201, 230, 231, 296, 297
Henderson, Joseph, 167
Henderson, Susan, 100, 101, 166–167, 229–30, 270
Henderson, Sylvester, 167
Henry, Newport (grantee), 138
Henry, William “Jerry,” 28, 34
Herald of Freedom (Cincinnati), 174
Herkimer County, New York, 56
Hicks, Harriet, 196
Hicks, Harry Wade, 354, 444–446
Hicks, Silas (grantee-settler), 196
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 230, 236–237, 299
Hinckley, Alexis, 228, 265, 299–300
History of the Adirondacks (Donaldson), 1
Hodges, William J. (grantee), 224–225
Hodges, Willis A. (grantee-settler), 67, 74, 75, 96–100, 98, 102, 109, 114–123 passim, 134, 135, 143, 144, 155, 158, 167–168, 174, 188, 195, 198, 204, 224–225, 230, 231, 247, 270, 302, 307–308, 329, 360, 365, 368
Hodges Hill (Franklin County, NY), 155, 308
Holland, George (grantee-settler), 257, 271
Homestead Act (1862), 214, 271
Homestead ethic, 4, 41, 93, 121, 143, 149–150, 170–176, 195, 197–201
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 30
Hudson River, 182
Hudson River Valley, 23, 41, 59, 79, 105–106, 133, 151, 185, 207
Hunt, John, 117
Huntington, S., 211
James, Adeline, 146
James, Joseph (grantee), 146, 160
Jay (Essex County, NY), 190, 217, 279
Jefferson, Jane, 151, 160, 165
Jefferson, Samuel (grantee-settler), 102, 120, 130–132, 143, 147, 160, 165, 230, 247, 270
Jefferson, Thomas (grantee-settler), 102, 120, 143, 147, 151, 160, 230, 247, 270
Jefferson County, New York, 134
Jim Crow, Adirondack-style, 4, 141, 202–203, 269, 287–288, 289–290, 292, 325, 333, 339, 353; see also Racism
John Brown Association, 301
John Brown Farm State Historic Site, xvii, 337, 348, 361, 363
site caretakers as unreliable historians, 302
John Brown Memorial Association (JBMA), 322, 324–343 passim, 327, 349, 354
annual pilgrimages to North Elba, 323–324, 328–329, 338–341
Black suffrage settlements, JBMA unaware of, 329–330
John Brown memorial statue, 337–340, 339
and Lake Placid Club, 334–340, 337–342
see also Jesse Max Barber; Lyman Epps Jr.
Johnsburg (Warren County, NY), 210
Johnson, Edward (grantee), 138
Johnson, Isaac, 264
Johnstown (Fulton County, NY), 62
Jones, Elijah, 125
Jones, Henry, 144
Jones, J. A., 327
Jones, John W., 68
Jones, Katherine Butler, xvii
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 177, 204
Keene (Essex County, NY), 37, 124–128 passim, 209, 211, 217, 218, 256
Keene Plains (Essex County, NY), 37; see also North Elba
Keeseville (Clinton and Essex Counties, NY), 189, 200, 220
Kennedy, John A., 117
Knapp, Lemuel, 204–207, 212, 227
LaFollette, Enid (aka Maud Eppes Appo), 262–263
Lake Champlain, 119, 139, 146, 163, 213, 260, 271
Lake Champlain Valley, 216
Lake Placid, 156, 221, 229, 249, 280
Lake Placid (Essex County, NY), 290, 320, 354
Lake Placid Club, 331–332, 334–337, 342, 352, 354
Lake Placid News (Lake Placid, NY), 324, 333
Land agents and regional committees
agents recruited, assigned to districts, 40–43, 53
agents’ withdrawal of support, 140–148, 155, 167, 168–169, 182–183
Land agent committees and districts, 41–42, 136
Central New York Committee, agents: Wesley Bailey, 41–42, 63, 69, 380n11; Alfred H. Hunt, 41–42, 69; George Lawson, 41–42, 69
Hudson River Valley and Capital District Committee, agents: William Chaplin, 41, 64, 67, 69; Rev. Henry Highland Garnet, 41, 64–68 passim, 78, 101–102, 109, 126, 127, 134, 149, 153, 157, 160, 169, 184, 193, 222, 223, 225, 235, 250, 257–258, 316, 329; Nathaniel Safford, 69; William Topp, 41, 61, 67, 80
New York City Committee, agents: Elder Charles Bennett Ray and Dr. James McCune Smith, 41, 66–71 passim, 84–85 passim, 94, 100, 116, 120, 122, 129–141, 155, 167–175 passim, 178–183 passim, 195, 201, 212, 215, 222, 225, 233, 241, 250, 285, 316; Rev. Theodore S. Wright, 40, 316
Western New York Committee, agents: James W. Duffin, 41–42, 61, 64–65, 174, 222, 225; Rev. Jermain Wesley Loguen and Rev. Samuel Ringgold Ward, 42, 64, 67, 80, 56, 178–184
see also individual land agents
Land distribution plan, objectives
economic self-sufficiency, 20–21, 57–58, 91
expansion of state antislavery electorate, 16, 53
increased self-respect, 58
interracial community-building, 3, 57, 58, 198
model for environmental distributive justice, 3, 16, 18, 50, 57
objections to, 43, 64–67, 143, 168–170, 187, 226, 297, 366
safe alternative to city life, 45–48
social parity with white pioneers, 46, 50, 54
spiritual redemption through transformation of frontier into farmland, 33, 48, 53–55, 57
Landrine, Benjamin (grantee-settler), 132
Langley, William, 292
Lathrop, William, 104
Lay, Amos, 38; see also Adirondack region, maps
Learned, Justice W. J., 317–320
LeVere, George, 258
Lewis, Wait J., 124–128, 146, 165, 217, 354
Liberty Party,19, 28, 34, 37, 63, 73–74, 78, 85, 88, 101, 165, 193, 196, 200, 217, 218, 222, 225
Liberty Press (Utica, NY), 69
Lime Lake, 120
Lincoln, Abraham, 189, 214, 232, 238, 248–250 passim, 258, 300
Little Falls (Herkimer County, NY), 68, 140
Loguen, Caroline, 179
Loguen, Rev. Jermain Wesley (land agent), 42, 64, 67, 73, 88, 127, 152, 155, 179, 180, 197, 201, 215, 219, 316
visits the Black Woods, 1847, 113–114, 115
Loon Lake (Franklin County, NY), 119–123 passim, 135, 143, 144, 147, 167, 186, 195, 343, 360
Lyons, Freeman, 185
Lyons, George, 185
Madison County, New York, 12, 207
Malone (Franklin County, NY), 135, 144, 185, 189, 193, 195, 250, 259, 260, 267, 272
Malone Palladium (Franklin County, NY), 354, 427
Mann, Samuel (grantee), 177
Marshall, Edward (grantee), 116
Mason, Lafayette (grantee-settler), 196, 212–214, 260, 261, 268, 271
Massachusetts, xvi, 10, 32, 79, 81, 83, 235, 249, 276, 278, 282, 292, 300, 306, 323; see also New England
McClure, Glenn, xvii, 358–360, 359
McCray, Robert, 314–321, 355, 368
McCune Smith M.D., James (land agent), 2, 44–47, 53–54, 56, 61, 62, 42, 73
Mercury (Charleston, SC), 78
Merriam’s Forge (Westport, Essex County, NY), 146
Merrill, Jerry (Jeremiah), 197, 219
Merrillsville (Franklin County, NY), 147, 197–199 passim
Miles, Frank, 274
Miles, Jeremiah, 145, 254–255, 264, 267, 273, 274, 282–283
Miles, Lucy Ann (Pierce), 272
Miller, Gerrit Smith, 316, 319
Miller, William, 25
Mills, Mary, 62
Minerva (Essex County, NY), 220
Mingo, Jonathan (grantee), 67, 137–140 passim, 198, 261–262
Missouri Compromise (1820), 177
Monroe County, New York, 71
Montgomery County, New York, 317
Moore, Noadiah, 37
Moore, William (grantee-settler), 134
Moose Mountain (Hamilton County, NY), 147
Morehouse, Ann, 367
Morehouse, Charlotte Ann (Thomas), 268, 269–270, 284
Morehouse, Joan, 346
Morehouse, John, 344
Morehouse, Marshall, 284, 344–346, 350, 367
Morehouse, Oscar, 343–346, 367
Morehouse, Sara/Lura/Laney, 134, 143–144, 398n3
Morehouse, Stephen (grantee-settler), 134, 143–144, 167, 343, 396n11
Morehouse, Warren, 134, 143–144, 147–148, 188, 191, 248–252, 263, 265–269 passim, 285, 289, 344, 345
Morgan, J. P., 181
Mott, Lewis, 266
Mt. Van Hoevenberg; see South Mountain
Murray, Phebe, 270
Murray, Wesley (grantee-settler) and Phebe, 134, 151, 188, 256, 272
Myers, Harriet and Stephen, Underground Railroad work, 78
Nash, Thomas, 120
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 322–324, 328, 341, 342
National Era (Washington, DC), 71, 107
National Negro Convention (Buffalo, NY, 1843), 52
Native Americans, 49, 105, 149, 172, 216, 346, 353, 362, 366–367
Negro Brook (Essex County, NY), 8, 128, 135, 156–157, 192
Nell, William Cooper, 124, 306, 350
Nesbit, William, 89
Newburgh (Orange County, NY), 106
Newcomb (Essex County, NY), 147
New American Cyclopedia, 29
New England
Black Suffrage activism, 78–84 passim
migrations from, 8, 73, 93–94, 103–105, 139, 185–189, 215, 271, 351
New England Emigrant Aid Committee, 204–207
New Hampshire, xvi, 72, 134; see also New England
New Russia (Essex County, NY), 212–214, 260, 281
New York City, 21, 40–42 passim, 44–47 passim, 47–49, 50–51, 64–68 passim, 70, 97–100 passim, 117, 123, 134, 138–139, 144, 153, 156, 163–167 passim, 178, 180, 189, 196, 199, 214, 229, 253, 258–259, 270–271, 289, 316, 321
New York State Anti-slavery Society, 25–26
New York State Vigilance Committee, 26, 63
New York Times (New York City), 5, 7, 177, 181, 227, 242, 246, 303, 306, 322, 341, 306, 341, 349
New-York Tribune (New York City), 56, 119, 174, 177, 220, 226, 240, 303, 304
Nokes, John, 239
North Elba (Essex County, NY), xii, 4, 9, 22, 30, 63, 71–73, 84, 88, 93, 102, 106–109 passim, 130, 135, 143–150 passim, 156–157, 162–167, 170, 188, 189, 195, 202, 209, 212, 215, 218, 228, 232, 248, 253, 255, 260, 264, 265, 270–272 passim, 278, 280, 283, 285, 289, 290, 297–300, 323; see also under Black settlements: Averyville, Freeman’s Home, Timbuctoo
Northern Star and Colored Farmer (Albany, NY), 80, 125
Northern Star and Freemen’s Advocate (Albany, NY), 78, 91
North Hudson (Essex County, NY), 279, 281
North Star (Rochester, NY), 67, 73, 78–83 passim, 91, 84, 107, 113, 120–126 passim, 153, 168–169, 174, 215, 219, 306, 350
Northup, Solomon (grantee), 220, 245
Nott, Eliphalet, 36
Observer (Utica), 238
Ogdensburg (St. Lawrence County, NY), 119
Oneida County, New York, 83, 84, 153, 208
Oneida Institute (Whitesboro, NY), 51–52, 101
Osgood, Deacon Iddo, 71–73, 132, 195, 218, 285, 368
Oswego Canal, 77
Painted Post (Steuben County, NY), 178
Parker, Rev. Theodore, 30
Patriot (Albany), 38, 56, 58, 67, 70
Paye, Sylvanus, 280
Peacock, Thomas, 238
Peekskill (Westchester County, NY), 178, 180
Pembroke, Jacob, 312, 318, 319; see also Jacob McCray
Pembroke, James, 309
Pembroke, Robert, 312, 318, 319; see also Robert McCray
Pembroke, Stephen (grantee), 308–321 passim
Pembroke, Surena, 318
Pennington, James W. C (grantee), aka Jim Pembroke, 68, 69, 141, 309–312, 311, 319
Pennington, Thomas H. S., 319
People’s Rights, The (New York City), 59
Perkins, Bishop, 118
Peterboro (Madison County, NY), 34, 73, 102, 128, 316
as model for an intentional, Perfectionist community in the Black Woods, 21–22
see also under Gerrit Smith
Peterson, Daniel H., 84
Phillips, Wendell, 9, 287, 302, 303, 307
Pierce, Lewis (grantee-settler), 106–107, 134, 144–145, 164
Pierce, Lucy Ann (Miles), 145–146, 282
Pierce, Susan Hasbrook, 146, 267, 270, 282
Pilgrimages and commemorative events at John Brown Farm, 290–295, 291, 323–324, 324–343, 344–347, 290–295; see also under John Brown Memorial Association
Plattsburgh (Clinton County, NY), 37, 189, 195, 238, 250, 253, 257, 259, 270
Playing in the Dark (Morrison), xv
Plumadore Pond (Franklin County, NY), 23
Porter, Augustus, 199
Port Kent (Essex County, NY), 121
Post (Elizabethtown, NY), 146, 156, 280
Potterville (Warren County, NY), 210
Poughkeepsie Journal, 26
Powell, William P. (grantee), 64, 67, 129, 132, 138, 179
Prescott, William H., 39
Prince, Wilbur, 344
Provost, Anthony (grantee), 116–118
Public health and cult of environmental purity, 44–47, 57, 350–353; see also Adirondack Region, conservation movement
Purity and “scientific” racialism, 283–284, 341
Putnam, Hiram, 213
Queens County, New York, 103
Racism, 4, 8, 32, 117, 135, 173, 189, 237, 276, 297, 341, 342, 361
bigotry among Free Soilers, 39–40
Black experience and, xii, 18, 28, 48–49, 65, 270–271
cause of anti-urbanism among Black reformers, 18, 45–47, 48–49, 51
land speculators, 297
morbidity rates and race in New York City, 44–47
Negrophobia, xviii, 2, 44, 51, 69, 215, 258
see also Blackness, Whiteness; see also under Adirondack Region
Rainbow Lake, 197
Ram’s Horn (New York City), 67, 82, 87, 91, 97–100 passim, 108, 118, 123
Randolph, Chaplain Benjamin F., 254–255, 258
Raquette Lake (Hamilton County, NY), 180
Ray, Elder Charles Bennett (land agent) (New York City), 285
agrarian ideologue, 47–50, 98, 102, 202, 230
children (Charlotte E., Florence, and Henrietta Cordelia), 5–6, 52–54, 56, 64, 156, 179, 316–317, 319, 368
co-owner and editor, The Colored American, 47–50
friend to Smith grantees, 6, 137, 179, 313–315; see also under Ray Brook
Ray, Charlotte (Burroughs), 140
Ray, Daniel, 156
Ray Brook (Essex County, NY), 156
Reason, Charles (grantee), 5–6, 68, 73, 141
Reason, Patrick (grantee), 68
“Reed, Mrs.”, 230
Reid, Sylvester, 270
Remond, Charles Lenox, 174
Rensselaer County, New York, 23, 143
Republican (Plattsburgh), 156, 202, 345
Republican Party, 183, 221–223, 240, 261, 276, 365
Reynolds, David, xvii, 234, 241
Rights of All, The (New York City), 48
Rochester (Monroe County, NY), 55, 62, 68, 89, 124, 154, 175
Romanticism; see Agrarianism
Rome (Oneida County, NY), 77, 84
Rowe, Franklin, 287
Ruby, Reuben (grantee), 138
Sanborn, Franklin, 30, 282, 299, 323
Saranac Lake, 156
Saranac Lake (Essex and Franklin Counties, NY), 284, 329, 344–345
Saranac River, 104, 162, 169, 186, 345
Saratoga Springs (Saratoga County, NY), 37, 220
Schenectady (Schenectady County, NY), 36, 53, 154
Schoharie (Schoharie County, NY), 178
Schroon (Essex County, NY), 209
Seaton, Abel, 62
Seward, Gov. William H., 36
Seymour, Gov. Horatio, 247, 249
Shaw, Col. Robert, 251
Sherman, Abe, 238
Slavery; see Abolitionism; Racism
Smith, Clara, 254
Smith, Genevia, 255
Smith, Gerrit
abolitionism, 20–22, 25–26, 32, 86, 218–219
Adirondack antislavery allies, 36–38, 200, 217–218
Adirondack business trips, 29, 36–38
and African colonization, 25, 61, 69
agrarianism, 18–20, 28, 38, 90, 330
Bible (abolition) politics, 20, 32, 86, 221, 367
and Black-initiated settlement initiatives, 77–90, 207–212
and Black speculators, 85–87, 178–184
campaigns for state and national office, 222–227
changing assessment of Black Woods initiative, 28–29, 34–35, 55, 226–227, 297–300
Civil War and postwar activities, 31–33
correspondence, 22–29, 33–35, 40, 41, 56, 59, 63, 73, 74, 90, 101, 166, 168, 175, 200–202, 209–212, 355
disavowal of Florence colony, 77–90
disputes with newspapers, 33, 55–56, 78, 177–178
“grand scheme of justice and benevolence,” summary, 15–20
and “The Jerry Rescue”, 28, 178, 107
and John Brown, 29–30, 209, 297–300
land baron career, 207–212, 214, 216–218
land reform, romance with, 6, 18, 59–60, 86, 383n33; see also George Henry Evans
law suits, 181–182, 212–214, 217–218
Manifesto, 298
Peterboro, xii, 2, 15, 17, 21–31 passim, 36, 177–178, 217, 221
philanthropy, 26, 28–29, 62, 86, 212
and poor contract farmers, 215–219
U.S. Congress, 25–28 passim, 176–178, 220
see also Liberty Party
Smith, Greene, 63
Smith, Julia, 254–255, 266, 294
Smith, Nancy, 20–21, 25–26 passim, 36
Smith, Paul, 147
Smith, William A. (grantee), 188
Smith, William H. (grantee-settler) 114–119 passim, 167
Snell, John, 68
South Mountain (Mt. Van Hoevenberg), 106, 107
Speer, Alden, 210
Spinner, Adeline, 259–260, 425, 452, 465
St. Armand (Essex County, NY), 8, 104, 128, 135, 145, 147, 156–157, 163, 188, 199, 204–207 passim, 209, 212, 215, 236, 246–248 passim, 252, 264, 266, 270, 271, 274, 285–288, 284, 329, 343
Stauffer, John, xvii, 92, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 383, 384, 388, 389, 394, 408, 413, 422
Stearns, George Luther, 30, 299
Steuben County, New York, 178
St. Lawrence Anti-slavery and Land Company, 75, 88
St. Lawrence County, New York, 87, 89, 118
St. Lawrence River, 87
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 170, 175
Sullivane, Clement, 269
Swinyer, Eunice, 270
Syracuse (Onondaga County, NY), 28, 34, 53, 113, 155, 179, 183
Tappan, John (grantee), 178
Tappan, Lewis, 41, 45, 65, 75, 121
Taylor, Arunah, 296
Telegraph and Temperance Journal (Troy, NY), 78
Temperance, 24, 64–67, 84, 99, 149, 222
Temperance and Slavery Land Committee, 75
Thew, Eugene, 289
Thomas, Charles, 249
Thomas, Charlotte Ann, 134, 266, 289, 344; see also Charlotte Ann Morehouse
Thomas, John (grantee-settler), xvii, 15–16, 22–24, 28, 34–35, 134, 151, 186–197, 201–203, 236, 245, 257, 266, 284, 288–289, 343–346 passim, 355, 368
Thomas, Rachel, 271
Thomas, Richard, 134
Thompson, Daniel (grantee-settler), 134, 143, 199–200
Thompson, Henry, 164, 196, 228, 231, 232–233, 239, 240
Thompson, Jane, 145
Thompson, Leander, 265
Thompson, Ruth Brown, 126, 228, 232–233
Thompson, Thomas; see Thomas Elliott
Thompson, Willard, 261
Thurman (Warren County, NY), 210
Tilmon, Levin (grantee), 83, 85
Timbuctoo (Essex County, NY); see Black Adirondack settlers, Black settlements
Times (Troy), 156
Times-Picayune (New Orleans), 107
Tioga County, New York, 82
Tobey Elizabeth, 196
Tobey, Jesse, 196
Tocsin of Liberty (Albany), 38
Topp, William (grantee-agent) (Albany, NY), 41, 61, 67, 80
Torrance, Betsy, 269
Townsend, Jonas (grantee), 138
Troy (Rensselaer County, NY), 3, 28, 52, 70, 100–103, 108, 122, 127, 130, 133, 134, 146, 154, 162–167 passim, 178, 188, 192, 195, 222, 227, 251
True American (Cortland, NY), 67
Trusty, George; see under Henry Highland Garnet
Tug Hill region (New York), 3, 77–78, 91
Tupper Lake, 271
Tulsa Race Riot, 324
Ulster County, New York, 108, 163
Underground Railroad, 28, 38, 68, 78, 153, 180, 189, 193, 228, 281, 287, 310
Vanderbilt, Alfred G., 181
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 33
Vanderheyden, Mary Ann, 23
Van Pelt, John (grantee), 154–155
Van Rensselaer, Thomas (grantee), 62, 87, 98, 99, 118
Vermont, 18, 25, 68, 94, 100, 103–104, 139, 144, 185–186, 216, 238, 266–267, 269, 272–282; see also New England
Vermontville (Franklin County, NY), 124, 128, 143, 156, 164, 186–187, 192, 193, 202, 259, 271, 284, 285, 288, 329, 343, 346
Vermont Watchman & State Journal (Montpelier), 274
Vidal, Ulysses (grantee), 141
Viney, Moses (grantee), 154, 401n30
Vinson, Margaret, 134, 144, 151
Vogelsang, Peter (grantee), 141
Wadhams Mills (Essex County, NY), 202, 271, 282
Walker, Jonathan, 62
Ward, Samuel Ringgold (grantee-agent), 42, 80, 136, 155, 198, 272, 383, 385, 387
Ware, Judson C., 265, 280, 286
Wardner, James, 139, 156, 197, 238
Wardner, Rev. Nathan, 261
Warner, Charles Dudley, 156, 197, 238–239, 306
Warner, Samuel, 217–218, 415n31
Warren County (New York), 38
Washington, Dennis and Phillis, 152–153
Washington County, New York, 68, 103–104
Watson, Winslow C., 215–216, 226, 266, 297
Wattles, Augustus, 49
Wattles, John Owen, 49
Webb, James Blair (grantee), 88
Weed, Thurlow, 36
Weedsport (Cayuga County, NY), 178
Weeks, Edward (grantee-settler), 146
Weeks, Perry (grantee-settler) and Elizabeth, 134, 188, 393
Westchester County, New York, 70, 84, 142
Westport (Essex County, NY), xiii, 146, 166, 210, 238, 247, 256, 260, 271, 272
Whallonsburg (Essex County, NY), 202
Whig Party, 19, 41, 55, 78, 86, 90, 101, 165, 177, 218, 221
White Mountains, xvi; see also New England
Whiteness, xvi–xvi, xviii, 7–8, 15, 259, 265, 287, 353; see also under Blackness
Whitesboro (Oneida County, NY), 51
Whitfield, James M. (grantee), 68, 138
Whiting, Mason, 210
Willard, Charles, 196
Williams, Richard (grantee-settler), 188
Williamsburgh (King’s County, NY), 74, 97–98, 224
Willsboro (Essex County, NY), 147, 196, 247
Wilmington (Essex County, NY), 163, 190, 218
Wilmot, David, 39; see also Free Soil movement; Free Soil Party
Wilson, George, W. B. (grantee-settler), 87, 119
Willson, Richard (grantee-settler), 135
Witherbee (Essex County, NY), 10–11
Wolf Pond (Clinton County, NY), 124
Woodruff, Atty. Gen. Timothy, 181
Worts, Leonard (grantee-settler) and Deanna, 106, 142, 144, 253, 265, 273
Wright, Henry C., 302
Wright, Theodore S. (grantee-agent), 40–41, 43, 50–52 passim, 56, 67, 136
Yates County, New York, 142