Skip to main content
table of contents
INDEX
Page references in italics refer to illustrative material.
- abstraction, 10–12, 13, 15, 36, 43, 47–48, 49–50, 149–51. See also concreteness
- aesthetics, 106, 113, 116–17
- Alea recycling and waste disposal program, 151–57
- alibis, political, 45, 136
- allegiances, 51–52, 54–56, 137. See also voltagabbana (turncoats)
- ambiguity: in identifying Fascists (ch. 5), 27, 123–24; moral, on Fascism, 20, 21, 23
- anniversaries, 21, 67, 74–75, 77, 79, 80–83, 89, 94–95. See also marches, neo-Fascist
- ANPI (Assocazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia), 78–79, 82–84, 90–91, 134
- anti-Fascism/anti-Fascists: in the carnival of Mussolini, 75, 76, 78–79, 82–92, 96; counterdemonstrations by, 78–82; and the Museum of Fascism, 145, 165; and ordinary exemplars, 55–56, 58, 67, 72; in ordinary language, 127–28, 131–32; uncertainty of, 18–24
- attitudes of Predappiesi: on the carnival of Mussolini, 90, 93–95; on Fascism, 18–19, 20–22, 23, 136–37, 164–65; on ordinary exemplars, 53–54, 72; on recycling the past, 155–56
- Augé, Marc, 99, 102, 160
- Austin, J. L., 12, 15, 16
- authorities, municipal, 108–10, 112–13
- avoidance: of the carnival of Mussolini, 94; of discussion of Fascism, 21; of everyday spaces, 99, 107–8, 118–19; of Fascist souvenir shops, 22–23; ordinary language in, 123, 125–26, 136–37
- L’Avvenire del Lavoratore (The Worker’s Future), 34–35
- Bakhtin, Mikhail, 43, 44, 93
- Balbo, Italo, 59–60
- Berezin, Mabel, 42
- Bernstein, Eduard, 35–37
- birth of Mussolini, 19, 46–47, 71–72, 81–82. See also casa natale
- black shirts, 50, 51–52, 78, 90–91, 94, 126–27. See also neo-Fascists/neo-Fascism
- body of Mussolini, 76–78, 91
- Brothers of Italy, 88–89
- Bui, Roberto, 18–19, 139, 146–47, 148–49, 150, 155–56
- Cammelli, Maddalena Gretel, 38, 88
- Canali, Roberto, 157
- Carini, Antonio, 102
- Casa del Fascio (House of the Fasces): and the Alea waste disposal program, 151–57; in the carnival of Mussolini, 78–79, 82–84; documentation center planned for, 109–10, 138–40, 142–51, 165–66; as everyday space, 108–12, 115–16; and the myth of Mussolini, 45; photograph of, 4; in the politics of scale, 141, 148–50. See also Museum of Fascism controversy
- Casa del Popolo, 79, 80–81, 91, 135
- casa natale (birth house of Mussolini), 5–6, 30–31, 59, 62, 108, 152–53
- CasaPound, 38, 88–89, 126
- categorizations/categorical forms: of Fascism, 50, 125–26, 137; of ordinary exemplars, 71, 73; of ordinary life, 11, 13, 14–18, 31–32, 48–50, 166–67; of ordinary space, 99; political, of ordinariness, 160; of Predappiesi reactions to Fascists, 96
- Cavell, Stanley, 12–13, 14, 15, 162
- cemetery. see San Cassiano cemetery
- Certeau, Michel de, 97–98, 99
- “Chernobyl of history” analogy, 83, 89–90, 142–51
- Church of Saint Anthony, 3
- Ciaranfi, Angelo, 51–52, 67–68
- “common man,” 39, 40, 43–45, 46, 48, 49
- common sense, 48, 65–69, 96
- Communism/Communists, 19–20, 21, 36, 72, 78
- concreteness, 10–11, 12–14, 36, 70, 71–72, 149–51, 161. See also abstraction
- Cook, Joanna, 161
- Costa, Andrea, 33–34
- counter-Enlightenment, 28, 36–37
- criminalization of Fascism, 125–26
- Croce, Benedetto: “Fascist parenthesis,” 7
- crowds/crowd behavior, 40, 44–45. See also masses and Fascism
- crypt, Mussolini, 77–78, 80–81, 85, 94, 112–15, 134. See also San Cassiano cemetery; tomb of Mussolini
- cult of personality, 58–65, 71, 96
- culture: in anthropology and populism, 158; in conceptualizing ordinary life, 16; cultural intimacy, 21–22, 71; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 142–43
- Das, Veena, 12–13, 24–25, 161–62
- defascistization, 45–46. See also epuration
- defining Fascism, 121–33
- Democratic Fascist Party, 76–77
- Diggins, John, 39–40
- documentation center: proposed, for the Casa del Fascio, 109–10, 138–40, 142–51, 165–66; at the Villa Carpena, 107. See also Museum of Fascism controversy
- Dovia, 7, 33–34, 59–60
- Duggan, Christopher, 60–61
- Eco, Umberto, 122–23, 131–32, 136–37
- Eighth Garibaldi Brigade, 66–67
- Emilia-Romagna, 19–20, 33–34, 147, 152
- Engels, Friedrich, 35–36
- epistemology: in conceptualizing ordinary life, 11–12; of Fascism, 23; in the origins of Fascism, 39; of populism, 28
- epuration, 125–26. See also defascistization
- ethics, 12, 13–14, 15, 25–27, 61, 95, 164. See also morality; values
- eventual everyday, 24–25
- exemplars/exemplarity, ordinary: of everydayness, 24–25; Ferlini as, 51–54, 56–58, 65–69, 70–73; Mussolini as, 48–49, 52–54, 58–65, 69–73; proclamation of ordinariness by, 26–27; scaling of, 161
- experience, lived, 38, 41–42, 98–99, 158–59, 160
- extraordinariness, 69–71
- Farinacci, Roberto, 59–60, 62
- fasces, 101–2, 117, 118, 126–27
- Fasci d’azione rivoluzionaria, 42
- Father Christmas, Fascist, 105
- Ferguson, James, 141–42
- Ferlini, Giuseppe, 51–59, 61, 65–69, 70–73, 75
- fetishization of ordinariness, 159–60, 166–67
- Fiore, Roberto, 88
- form of ordinariness: in anthropology after Fascism, 161, 163, 166; context in, 16–17; in everyday spaces of Predappio, 118–19; labor of, in exemplarity, 73; in the origins of Fascism, 31–33, 44–45, 50
- Forza Nuova, 85, 88–89
- Frassineti, Giorgio: anti-Fascist hate mail for, 120; and the carnival of Mussolini, 82–85; in the controversy over the Museum of Fascism, 138–40, 142–46, 147–49, 150–54, 165; everyday pragmatism of, 22–23; and the Mussolini family, 134; recycling program in electoral loss of, 155; tour of the Rocca by, 102
- Hadot, Pierre, 161–62
- heritage, historical: cultural intimacy in Predappiesi attitudes to, 21–22; in making Predappio a negative exemplar, 70; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 151–52, 155–56; in Predappio’s extraordinary ordinariness, 71; resistance to, 164–66; urban, in postwar Italy and Germany, 111–12
- Holmes, Douglas, 158–59
- House of the Fasces. see Casa del Fascio (House of the Fasces)
- Iannone, Gianluca, 88–89
- identifying Fascism and Fascists: ambiguity in, 27, 123–24; Fascist family resemblances in, 121–23, 133–37; ideology in, 124, 129–31, 136–37; ordinary skepticism in, 127–33; Predappio as index in, 120–22, 124; problem of defining Fascism in, 123–28
- ideology: in identifying Fascists, 124, 129–31, 136–37; and leadership, 45–48; opposition to, in ordinariness, 72; and ordinary exemplars, 53–54, 57–58, 63–64, 69, 70–71, 72–73; and pragmatism, in Predappio, 22–24, 57–58, 72–73
- Il Paese del Duce, 58–65
- Il Popolo d’Italia (Italian Fascist Party newspaper), 42
- indexes of Fascism, 120–22, 123, 124, 127, 148–49
- instrumentalization of ordinariness, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 48, 52–53, 65
- intellectuals/intellectualism, 37–38, 41, 47–48, 139, 159, 160–61
- intimacy: cultural, in Predappian pragmatism on Fascism, 21–22, 71; of Predappiesi, with Mussolini, 52–53, 64–65
- inversion of everyday life, 75–76, 93
- Italian constitution of 1947, 21, 126–27
- Kallius, Annastiina, 28
- kinship, 123, 133–37, 140. See also resemblances, family
- labor of ordinariness, 7–9, 17, 24–25, 26–28, 74–76, 95–96, 118–19, 163–65, 166–67
- La fója de farfaraz (Capacci, Pasini, and Giunchi), 52, 57–58, 64
- Lambek, Michael, 12, 13, 14
- Langhammer, Claire, 160
- language, ordinary: in epistemology and philosophy, 11–12, 167; Fascism and Fascists in, 20, 27, 119, 122–23, 131–32, 133–37; and ordinary skepticism, 13–14, 127–33; as strategic choice, 119
- Lazar, Sian, 133–34, 135, 137
- Le Bon, Gustave, 39, 40, 44–45
- Leccisi, Domenico, 76–77, 82
- Lefebvre, Henri, 93
- Lega Nord, 138
- le Pen, Jean-Marie, 158–59
- liberalism, 39–40, 158–59
- liberation: of Italy, 80; of Predappio, 67–68, 74, 79, 80–81, 90–91
- life. see vitalism (life)
- Long Armistice, 125
- Lotta Continua, 79–81, 90
- La Lotte di Classe (The Class Struggle), 34–35
- loyalty, 57–58, 125–26, 135, 136–37. See also voltagabbana (turncoats)
- l’uomo della providenza, 60–61, 71
- Maffesoli, Michel, 99
- Malinowski, Bronislaw, 10
- Malone, Hannah, 111
- Marcelli, Ivo, 80–81
- marches, neo-Fascist: in the carnival of Mussolini, 27, 74–76, 82–89, 91–96; Mussolini family participation in, 135–36; ordinary language describing, 123, 128, 132–33; as out of the ordinary events, 24; Predappian pragmatism regarding, 21, 23
- March on Rome, 58–59
- Marxism, 35–38, 41
- masses and Fascism, 40, 43–45, 63–65. See also crowds/crowd behavior
- Matteotti, Giacomo, 61
- Mazzarella, William, 46, 47–48
- Meloni, Giorgia, 88–89
- memorials, 103–8, 126–27. See also documentation center
- memory: and the Casa del Fascio project, 147; in everyday spaces, 27, 99, 102, 103–8, 113, 115–16, 117–19; in pragmatism on Fascism, 23; of World War II, wearing of black in, 4–5
- metaphysics, 12–13, 15–16, 25, 39
- militarization of Predappio, 81
- mobilizing myth, 38, 44–45
- modernism, Fascist, 49, 62–63, 98
- monumentalism, 2–6, 8–9, 60, 98–99, 148–49
- morality: claims of, in narratives of turncoats, 58; collective, in opposition to the carnival of Mussolini, 95; moral certainty on Fascism, 18–24; and ordinary exemplars, 60–61, 65, 73; scaled, and Fascist ideology, 47–48; scaled, of ordinariness, 160, 164–65, 166–67. See also ethics; values
- Morsello, Massimo, 88
- MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano), 56, 77–78
- Museum of Fascism controversy: in the carnival of Mussolini, 82, 83–84; in countering the myth of leadership, 45; and the politics of scale, 140–42, 147–50, 151, 155–56; public discourse on, 82, 142–51; recycling program compared to, 151–55; vaccination analogy in, 142–43, 145, 152–53. See also Casa del Fascio (House of the Fasces)
- Mussolini, Alessandro, 33–34, 37–40, 45–48
- Mussolini, Alessandra, 134
- Mussolini, Benito: conversion to interventionalism of, 40–41, 42; execution and interment of, 76–78; in the history of Predappio, 32; humble origins of, 61–62, 70; as ordinary exemplar, 48–49, 52–54, 58–65, 69–73; socialism in early life and career of, 33–37
- Mussolini, Bruno, 134
- Mussolini, Edda Negri, 134, 135–36
- Mussolini, Guido, 134
- Mussolini, Rachele, 80, 103, 106, 113, 135
- Mussolini, Rosa, 34
- Mussolini, Silvia, 135–36
- mythology: Fascist, Predappio as site of, 58–65; of leadership, 45–47; on the origins of Fascism, 37–38, 42, 44–45; in Predappio’s extraordinariness, 70–71
- Nazism, 5, 32, 127–28
- neo-Fascists/neo-Fascism: in the carnival of Mussolini, 76–77, 78, 79–82, 84–90, 91, 93; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 144–46, 147, 148–50; in ordinary language, 20, 27, 119, 122–23, 127–28, 131–32, 133–37; Predappian pragmatism regarding, 18–19, 23; Predappiesi assumed to be, 120–21, 132–33; Predappio as shrine for, 45, 46–47, 127–28; use of mythology by, 38. See also black shirts; marches, neo-Fascist; right-wing/far right, political
- Neveu, Catherine, 161
- “nonplaces,” 99, 103
- nostalgia/nostalgics, 75, 81–82, 90–91, 123, 128, 132–33, 148
- Nuremberg grounds, 111–12
- objects: in conceptualizing ordinary life, 10–11, 15–16, 18; Fascist and Mussolini-related, in everyday space, 105–8, 113
- ordinarification, 50, 64, 74–76, 110–12, 118–19, 122–23, 163–64. See also labor of ordinariness
- ordinary man. see populism
- origins of Mussolini and Mussolinian Fascism: in the creation of Mussolini as ordinary exemplar, 61–62, 70; early Fascist ideology, 37–40; early life and career in, 33–37; of Il Duce, 18–19, 32; singular leadership in, 45–48; transition to interventionism in, 40–42; vitalism and populism in, 43–45
- Orwell, George, 123–24
- Özyürek, Esra, 141
- Palazzo Varano, Predappio’s town hall, 30, 60
- parties, neo-Fascist, 88–89. See also under name of political party
- partisans, 66–67, 76, 78–79, 90–91, 101–2, 103. See also ANPI; Ferlini, Giuseppe
- Paxton, Robert, 45, 46, 124
- PCI (Italian Communist Party), 21, 56, 78
- Petacci, Clara, 76
- Piazzale Loreto, Milan, 76
- Piazza Sant’ Antonio, 84–85, 86
- pilgrims/pilgrimages, neo-Fascist, 18–19, 24, 60, 74–75, 111–12, 145
- PNF (Fascist Party), 125–27
- politicization/depoliticization, 90–91, 140, 155, 161, 165–66
- politics: British, ordinariness in, 160; family resemblance in, 133–37; left-wing, in Mussolini’s early life and career, 33–37; of the Museum of Fascism and waste disposal, 140–42, 147–50, 151, 152–53, 155–56; neo-Fascist, 88–89; ordinariness in, 28, 166; pragmatism in, 22–23; in Predappian public spaces, 116–17; of scale, 24–25, 140–42, 147–50, 151, 155–56, 164–65
- populism, 28–29, 43–45, 46, 47–48, 63–64, 158
- practicality, 10–11, 65–69, 73
- pragmatism: and abstraction, in the Casa del Fascio controversy, 149–50; on Fascist uses of urban spaces, 111–12; of ordinary exemplars, 52, 57–58, 67–71, 72–73; in the origins of Fascism, 32, 39–40; in populism and anthropology, 158–59; in Predappian handling of Fascist history, 18–24; in reactions to the carnival of Mussolini, 92, 96
- Proli, Egidio, 77–78
- propaganda, 45–47, 60, 62, 64, 76
- race, 43, 49, 159
- reconstruction of Predappio, Fascist, 34, 49, 52–54, 59–63, 72–73
- recycling system controversy, 151–57
- resemblances, family, 122–23, 132, 133–37, 159. See also kinship
- resistance: to the carnival of Mussolini, 74–76, 93–94; to debates on Fascism, 164–65; trivialization of Fascist and Nazi sites as, 111–12
- right-wing/far right, political: in the carnival of Mussolini, 81–82, 85, 88–89, 96; family resemblances in, 134–35; and the Museum of Fascism controversy, 111–12, 138, 142, 148–49, 151–52, 157; resurgence of, 121–22, 138. See also neo-Fascists/neo-Fascism
- ritual/ritual life, 11–12, 74–76, 77, 91–93, 94–96. See also marches, neo-Fascist
- Rocca delle Caminate (Mussolini’s summer home), 80, 90, 97–99, 100–103, 115–16, 144
- Roman salutes, 85, 92, 126–27, 128
- Romanticism, 28, 31–32, 158
- RSI (Italian Social Republic), 125–26
- Sacks, Harvey, 7–8
- Salvini, Matteo, 138
- San Cassiano cemetery: in the carnival of Mussolini, 75–78, 80–81, 85, 87, 91, 94; King Victor Emmanuel’s visit to, 30; monumental reconstruction of, 60; tomb of Il Duce in, 112–15. See also crypt, Mussolini
- Santayana, George, 39
- scale: ethics of, 26, 164; in extraordinary ordinariness, 71–72; form of ordinary life in, 161; moral, and ordinariness, 160, 164–65, 166–67; moralizing, in Fascist visions of ordinary life, 47–48; and the Museum of Fascism controversy, 140–42, 147–50, 151, 155–56; in ordinary language about Fascism, 123, 132–33, 137; politics of, 24–25, 140–42, 147–50, 151, 155–56, 164–65; and the power of ordinariness, 160
- Scelba Law, 126–27
- self-interest, monetary, 129–32, 133–34, 136, 137
- Serenelli, Sofia, 62–63
- Sheringham, Michael, 99, 160–61
- signs of Fascism, 121–22, 123, 127
- simulacrum, 97–98, 116, 119
- skepticism, 11–12, 13–14, 15, 16, 27, 127–34, 137
- socialism, 19–20, 32, 33–38, 41–42, 64
- Sofri, Adriano, 79–80
- Sorel, Georges, 37–39, 40, 43–44
- souvenirs/souvenir shops, Fascist: in the carnival of Mussolini, 82–83; defining owners of, as Fascists, 129–30; and the Museum of Fascism controversy, 145, 150; in ordinary life of Predappio, 5, 8–9; Predappian pragmatism regarding, 18–19, 21, 22–23; at the Villa Carpena, 107
- spaces, everyday: Casa del Fascio, 108–12, 115–16; dehistoricization of, 110–11, 115–16; memory in, 27, 99, 102, 103–8, 113, 115–16, 117–19; Mussolini’s tomb as, 112–15; Rocca delle Caminate, 100–103; Villa Carpena, 103–8
- spatiotemporality, 13–14, 17–18, 49, 98–99
- Spengler, Oswald, 43–44
- Storchi, Simona, 61–62, 108–11, 142
- survey of Italian state employees on Fascism, 125–26
- symbolism/symbols: of anti-Fascist pasta, 89; Christian, far-right use of, 85, 91; Fascist, 5, 6–9, 126–27, 139; Ferlini as, 67; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 143, 146, 150, 153, 156; Predappio as, for Mussolini’s humble origins, 49
- “Tagliatella anti-Fascista,” 79, 82–89
- Taylor, Charles, 17
- “third millennium Fascists,” 88–89
- tomb of Mussolini, 7, 60, 71–72, 76–77, 80–81, 85, 112–15, 146. See also crypt, Mussolini
- tourism/tourists: in the carnival of Mussolini, 75, 80–82, 92, 94; and Fascism, in Predappio, 4–9; historic and nostalgic, in identifying Fascists, 128; and the labor of ordinariness, 50; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 45, 138–39, 145–46, 147, 150, 155; tours of Rocca delle Caminate, 100–103
- trivialization, 111–12
- values: abstract, and Fascism, 42; in the anthropology of ethics, 25–27; in everyday life, 15, 17; ordinary exemplars as embodiment of, 61, 63–64, 69, 71–72. See also ethics; morality
- veterans, partisan, 78–79
- Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 30–31
- Villa Carpena, 103–8
- violence: bombings, 67, 79–81; in the carnival of Mussolini, 75, 79–82, 88, 91, 92–93; in the Museum of Fascism controversy, 139–40, 155–56; in the origins of Fascism, 43, 44–45, 47
- vitalism (life), 36–38, 43–44, 47–49
- voltagabbana (turncoats), 23, 51–53, 54–56, 57–58, 64–65, 72–73, 131–32
- Zoli, Adone, and government, 77–78