INDEX

#BBUM (Being Black at Michigan), 246–47, 250

activism. See black activism/black campus movement (BCM)
ACT test, 179, 252–53
affirmative action admissions/Opportunity Awards Program (OAP). See also Black Action Movement (BAM)
black students banned by voters in 2006 and, 243–44
“businessman-like view” for dealing with, 172–73
creation of, at UM, 54–55
executive orders and, 41, 43–50, 63–66, 132
expansion of, after BAM, 113–14
faculty hiring policies and, 87–89, 131–36
financial aid and, 113–14, 151, 161
Freshman Year of Studies program and, 86–87
Harold Shapiro and, 169–74
Human Relations Committee (HRC) and, 78–81, 85, 86
Leonard Sain and, 51–55
medical school and, 26–28
Michigan Mandate and, 206–10
MLK Memorial Fund and, 77, 85
Niara Sudarkasa and, 176–186
opponents of, 26–28, 56, 105–7, 156–59, 216–20, 243–44
non-black minorities and, 136–40
political and legal risk in shaping, 52–53
social class and, 146–53, 161–62, 166–67, 174–76, 178, 197, 205–6, 209–10, 233–37, 241
under Sjogren and Goodman, 145–52
student support service and, 112–13
Summer Bridge Program, 147
Supreme Court decisions on (See Supreme Court decisions)
UM actions after banning of, 244–48
African American Cultural Lounge, 126
Afro-American and African Cultural Living Units, 121–26
Afro-American Society (SAS), 89
Agnew, Spiro, 105–6
Allen, John M., 56
American Civil Liberties Union, 123
Anderson, James, 225–26
Angell, James, 222–24
Asian American students,
activism and, 139–43
admissions and, 179
affirmative action and, 139–40, 158, 177–78
diversity rationale and, 171
merit aid and, 161
athletes, admissions policies for, 32–33
Ayers, Bill, 68

Bakke, Allan, 54, 157–58, 218, 219
Banks, Veronica, 99
Black Action Movement (BAM)
administration response to, 94–99, 102–3
creation of, 92
demands of, 92–93
Detroit Rebellion of 1967 and, 100
disruptive change and, 94
faculty support for, 101–3
institutional racism and, 93–94
police and, 95, 99
resolution of, 102–3
tactics and, 99–101
Black Action Movement II, 140–43. See also Third World Coalition Council (TWCC)
Black Action Movement III, 194–98. See also United Coalition Against Racism
black activism/black campus movement (BCM), 1, 4, 61–62, 67–68.
assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and, 74–75, 76
black history course and, 71–72, 79–80
Black Power influence on, 69, 76
black students’ lack of faith in campus administrators and, 76
campus uprisings and, 69–70
civil rights movement and, 42–43
demands presented in 1968 by, 74–75
MLK Memorial Fund and, 76–78
new laws and rules regarding, 106–11
New Left and, 68, 76
protests and, 89–91, 98–100, 107
racial inclusion in administration and, 72–74
scholarship on, 4–5
United Coalition Against Racism (UCAR) and, 191–201
workplace discrimination and, 40–43
black faculty, 87–89, 131–36
Black History: Lost, Stolen or Strayed, 127
Black Panthers, 69
Black Power movement, 69, 76
black students. See also black activism/black campus movement (BCM)
attrition and, 2, 60–62, 65, 85–87, 96–98, 116–118, 125, 129–31, 145–50, 165–66, 168–69, 174–75, 182–83, 185, 212, 229–30
Black Student Union (BSU) and, 69, 80
discriminatory educational policies in Detroit and, 19–20, 154–55
early admissions policies at UM and, 10–11
enrollment numbers for, 19, 28, 40, 45, 53, 61, 89, 111–15, 128–31, 146–47, 159–63, 251–52
financial aid for, 113–14, 151, 161–62
housing and, 34–36, 81–83, 115, 120–26
social alienation/isolation and, 2, 39, 85–87, 100, 115, 118–20, 123–24, 128–30, 149, 165, 169, 182–83, 185, 189, 202, 210–14, 229, 230
stereotypes about, 167
supportive services for, 112–13
in UM medical school, 27–28
Black Student Union (BSU), 69, 80, 166, 174
list of demands by, in 2013, 247–48
reemergence in the 1980s, 176
social media campaigns by, 246–47
Blassingame, John, 71
Bok, Derek, 234–36
Bollinger, Lee, 221, 244
Boone, William, 38
Boston Guardian, 120
Bowen, William, 234–36
Briggs, Clyde, 74, 79
Brigham, Carl, 17
Brinkerhoff, James, 107
Brown, Robert, 99
Burton, Martin, 33
Bush, George H. W., 217
Bush House, 125
Butts, Thomas, 151

Calkins, Laura, 222–23
Cantor, Nancy, 222–24
Carney, Kevin, 255
Cash, William, 78, 85, 88
Cass, Lewis, 13
Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (CRCR), 110–11
certification system, UM admissions, 14–25
Chavis, John, 55, 59, 79
Chesler, Mark, 203
City of Richmond v. Croson, 217–18, 220, 233
City University of New York (CUNY), 113
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 54, 62, 121, 122
civil rights movement, 42–45
Executive Order 10925 and, 43–44
Coalition for the Use of Learning Skills (CULS), 112, 115, 118, 119
Cobb, Jewell, 133–35, 180
Cobo Hall, 155–56
Cohen, Carl, 156–59, 167, 219
Cohen, Robert, 68
COINTELPRO, 76–77
Coleman, Mary Sue, 242, 244, 246, 248
Columbia University, 14
Committee on Civil Rights, 27
Committee to End Discrimination (CED), 26–27
Communist Party USA, 76
conservatism, 216–19, 241–42
co-optation of black activism, 1–3, 50–51, 81, 89, 231–32, 237
breakdown of, 103
success of, 128, 136
Cornell University, 83, 89
Cosby, Bill, 127
Couzens Hall, 127, 189, 190
Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, The, 79
critical race theory, 5
Cruse, Harold, 79–80

Daane, R. K., 122–23, 138
Dartmouth University, affirmative action program at, 54
DeFunis v. Odegaard, 54
Delgado, Hector, 190
Democratic Party, 42, 43
Deskins, Donald, 172
Detroit, Michigan
crime in, 155–56
diversity and black students from, 170, 174–75
Goodman and Sjogren on admission of students from, 145–50, 148, 161, 167–69, 180–81
Gratz and Grutter and black students from, 233–34
Michigan Mandate and black students from, 206, 209–10
public schools in, 26, 154–55, 209–10
Rebellion of 1967, 69, 81–82, 100
Sudarkasa and, 179–82
Detroit Free Press, 106, 156
Detroit News, 167
Detroit Rebellion of 1967, 69, 81, 82, 100
Detroit Urban League, 123
disruptive change, 5, 50, 94, 101, 107, 201, 254–58
Diversity Blueprints Task Force, 244
diversity rationale, 31–33, 169–74, 189
Duderstadt and, 202–4
racial climate and, 182–86
social justice and, 204–5
Sudarkasa on, 179–86
Dorr, Harold M., 27
D’Souza, Dinesh, 188–89, 216
Duderstadt, James, 188, 189–203, 221, 224, 231
mixing of accountability and ambiguity by, 205–7
view of the diversity rationale, 202–4
vision of model multiracial community of, 210–13
Dunn, Gerald, 126

Eckstein, Ruth, 60
Eisenhower, Dwight, 41
Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act of 1976, 219–20
English, Richard, 147–48
Equal Employment Opportunity Affirmative Action Plan, 88
eugenics, 16–17, 18–19
Executive Order 1114, 49–50
Executive Order 10925, 43–45, 49, 63
Executive Order 11246, 63
Executive Order 11375, 132

Fabre, Ed, 176
faculty, black, 87–89, 131–36
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 122
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 76–77
Feldkamp, John, 79, 83, 115, 122
financial aid, 113–14, 151, 161–62, 256
merit-based vs. need-based, 175–76
Fisher, Abigail, 249–50
Fleming, Robben, 67, 70–74, 81, 128, 200
assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and, 74–76
Black Action Movement (BAM) and, 94–103, 105, 107–9
black faculty hiring and, 87–89, 131–36
on black identity and cultural appreciation, 83–84
on desegregated dormitories, 81–82
Federal Bureau of Investigation and, 76–77
Freshman Year of Studies program and, 87
new laws regarding protests and, 107–11
on problem of racial separatism, 82–83
protests at UM and, 90–91, 98–99, 140–43
racial harassment policy and, 200
student demands and, 91–94
support for black student housing, 126
Foster, Luther, 52
Free South Africa Coordinating Committee (FSACC), 190
Freshman Year of Studies program, 86–87
Fresno State College, 15
Fricke, Benno, 24–25, 60–61, 114
Frieze, Henry, 13–14
Frye, Billy, 133–34, 180, 181

Geiger, Richard, 12
General Motors, 77–78, 237–38
GI Bill, 55
Gibson, Ralph, 72
Gill, Lee, 121, 123
Go Blue Guarantee, 250–51
Goodman, George, 79, 85, 89, 113–14, 135, 145–52, 156–57
challenges to policies of, 164–69
falling enrollment of black students and, 146–47, 161–62, 164, 167–68
Gordon, Pam, 165–66
Gorman, Daryl, 101
Graff, Otto, 79
Gratz, Jennifer, 215, 220
Gratz v. Bollinger, 1, 6, 7, 215–16, 244, 250
corporate interests and, 237–39
legacy of co-optation in, 227–31
legal strategy in, 220–27
political and legal climate surrounding, 216–19
Supreme Court ruling on, 239–42
Great Lakes Indian Youth Alliance, 137
Greene, Walter, 62–66, 72, 73, 75, 85, 94
Greve, Michael, 220
Grimes, Willie, 90
Grutter v. Bollinger, 1, 6, 244
Supreme Court ruling on, 239–42
Guinier, Lani, 255–56
Gurin, Patricia, 227–30, 240

Haber, William, 74–75, 78–79, 95–97
Hamacher, Patrick, 220
Harding, Vincent, 71
Hargo, Gabriel Franklin, 11
Harvard University, 12, 14, 54, 132, 153, 188, 252, 257
Harvey, Dough, 90–91
Hatcher, Harlan, 21, 23, 35, 49–50, 51–52, 70, 77
Hayakawa, S. I., 89
Hayden, Tom, 68
Hays, William, 87
Heyns, Roger, 48–49, 50, 55, 64
Higher Education Act of 1965, 62
Hispanic/Chicano students, 102–3, 136–38, 148, 178, 230, 237
ACT test and, 179
diversity rationale and, 171–72
Holmes, Robert, 181
Hoover, J. Edgar, 76
Hopwood, Cheryl, 218
Hopwood v. Texas, 218–19, 220
housing
dedicated black student, 115, 121–28
discrimination in, 34–36
integrated, 81–83
racial climate in, 114–15
United Coalition Against Racism (UCAR) and, 200–201
Houweling, Doug, 188
Huebner, Gertrude, 98
Human Relations Committee (HRC), 78–81, 85, 86

inclusion bureaucracy, 2–3, 78–81, 89, 111, 114–20, 127, 131, 177, 199, 250
institutional knowledge about black students, 3, 38, 60, 66, 86, 130, 148–51, 168, 178, 182, 242
international students, 37, 84
admissions policies for, 29–30

Jackson, Bailey, 203–4
Jackson, Jesse, 216
Jaye, David, 219–20
Johns Hopkins University, 14
Johnson, Henry, 127–28, 183, 185
Johnson, Lyndon, 43, 63, 132
Johnson, Paul, 137–38

Kennedy, John F., 42–45, 49–50, 52, 62, 63
Kerner Report, 82
Kidd, Charles, 119–20, 125
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 74–76, 84
Kohler-Hausmann, Julilly, 155
Krauthammer, Charles, 216, 217

Lacy, Walter, 245
Lawrie, Elisabeth, 21
legacies, admissions policies for, 21, 25, 32–33, 207–8, 226
Lewis, Dave, 104
Little, Clarence, 16–17, 18, 25–26
Lockard, Jon Onye, 126

Maddox, Gilbert, 116–19, 125
manpower development, 45
Marshall, Gloria, 101, 110, 176
Marshall, Thurgood, 217
McCree, Wade H., Jr., 209
Merritt College, 69
Michigan Civil Rights Commission, 123
Michigan Daily, 135, 200
Michigan Democratic Black Caucus, 123
Michigan Mandate, 188–89, 213–14, 224–25, 231
administrative views of model multiracial community and shortcomings of, 210–13
diversity rationale and, 203–4
evolution of, 189–98
goals of, 204–5
implementation of, 205–10
United Coalition Against Racism (UCAR) and, 191–201
Miller, Doris, 61
Milliken v. Bradley, 154
Monts, Lester, 244
Moody, Charles, 199, 203, 224–25
Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862, 13
Morrison, Betty, 134–35
Mosher-Jordan Hall, 127
Moskowitz, Jack, 64

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 43
National Guard, 90
National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities, 216
nationalism, 84
Native American students, 136–38, 148, 178
ACT test and, 179
diversity rationale and, 171–72
Nelson, Gayle, 121
New Left, 68, 76
Newton, Huey, 69
New York Times, 156, 159
Niagara Movement, 120
Nixon, Richard, 105
Norman, A. Geoffrey, 64
North Carolina A&T University, 89–90

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 239–40
Odegaard, Charles, 21–22
Office of Educational Testing (OET), 16–17
Opportunity Awards Program (OAP). See affirmative action/Opportunity Awards Program (OAP)
Opportunity Program (OP). See affirmative action/Opportunity Awards Program (OAP)
out-of-state students, 22–23, 146

Padilla, Raymond, 136–37
Parker, Dorothy, 142
Payton, John, 220–21, 230–34
Pierpont, Wilbur, 46
Plans for Progress (PfP) program, 44
political economy of the 1970s, 153–56
Pollack, Martha, 249
Powell, Lewis, 54, 158, 170, 231–32
Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT), 168, 178
President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (PCEEO), 44, 46–47, 54, 237
President’s Committee on Government Contracts (PCGC), 41
Program on Intergroup Relations, Conflict, and Community (IGRCC), 212–13
Project Awareness, 127

quotas, admissions, 19

racial climate at UM, 2, 4, 7, 10, 34, 37–39, 61, 85–86, 104, 114–20, 125, 127, 130–31, 134, 136, 143, 150–51, 166, 176, 181–86, 189–92, 194, 209–11, 226, 229–30, 239, 243, 246, 248–49
racial innocence, 2, 28, 51–52, 64, 86, 94–96, 105, 129, 130, 134, 181–82, 221, 225, 239–40, 245–46, 249–50, 258
racial justice
BAM vision of, 106–7, 144–45, 165
difficulty of research on, 5–6
disruptive change for, 257–58
diversity and, 31–33, 169–74
lack of transparency on, 6
Michigan Mandate and, 201–14
social justice and, 174–75
racial liberalism, 10, 28, 35–37, 82
administrative control over, 84–85
colorblindness and, 52–53
Randolph, A. Philip, 41
Ransby, Barbara, 190–91
Raphael, Steve, 167–68
Reagan, Ronald, 217, 219, 237
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 54, 157–58, 217, 219, 220
Rehnquist, William, 217, 232, 239
Rhodes, Frank, 133
Roosevelt, Franklin, 41
Ross, Arthur, 99
Ross, Richard, 71–72, 74–75, 76
Rosser, Richard, 216
Ruthven, Alexander, 35

Sadler, Bernice, 132
Sain, Leonard, 51–55
Salvo, Mario, 68
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 154–55
San Francisco State University (SFSU), 89
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), 17, 18, 23–26, 60–61, 114, 152–53, 158–159, 178, 207–8, 252–54
Schlissel, Mark, 248–49
Science, 64
Scott, Don, 132
Scott, Norman, 72
SCUGA Factor, 207–8, 226
Seale, Bobby, 69
Seashore, Edith, 203–4
sensitivity training, 115, 120–21
Sevransky, Ted, 191–92
Shape of the River, The, 234–35
Shapiro, Harold, 169–74, 177–78, 181, 194, 205
Shaw, Richard, 206–9, 225–26
Sjogren, Cliff, 145–52, 156–57, 161, 164, 206, 209
challenges to policies of, 164–69
on pool of “qualified” black students, 168
SCUGA Factor and, 207
on Sudarkasa’s goals, 179–80
Slosson, Edwin, 14
Smith, Allan, 72–74, 87–88
Smith, Ira, 17–18
Sorenson, Allan, 46
Spencer, Ted, 206–9
Spurr, Stephen, 95, 117
Stanford University, 216
Steele, Claude, 212
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 68, 89, 90, 91
Study of American Intelligence, A, 17
Sudarskasa, Niara, 176–86, 190. See also Marshall, Gloria
on racial climate at UM, 182–86
Sugrue, Thomas, 227
Sullivan, Leon, 42
Sullivan, Teresa, 244
Summer Bridge Program, 147
Supreme Court decisions, 154–55
City of Richmond v. Croson, 217–18, 220, 233
Gratz v. Bollinger (See Gratz v. Bollinger)
Grutter v. Bollinger, 1, 6, 239–42, 244
Hopwood v. Texas, 218–19, 220
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 54, 157–58, 217, 219, 220

Tappan, Henry, 12–13
Taylor, Hobart, Jr., 42–48, 54–55, 58, 66, 237
Walter Greene’s compliance review and, 61–64
Texas Southern University, 69
Third World Coalition Council (TWCC), 140–43
Thomas, Clarence, 217, 241–242
Thompson, Ron, 81, 82–83
Thurber, Donald M. D., 46
Title VI, 63, 121
Title VII, 132
To Secure These Rights, 27
Trotter, William Monroe, 120
Trotter House, 120–21, 245
Troutman, Robert, 44
Truman, Harry, 27, 41
Tuskegee Institute, 52

UM. See University of Michigan
United Coalition Against Racism (UCAR), 191–201, 231
University Education, 12
University of California, 14, 54, 157–58, 217
University of Chicago, 17
University of Illinois, 17
University of Michigan
actions of, after banning of affirmative action, 244–48
activism at (See black activism/black campus movement (BCM))
admissions policies at (See admissions policies)
affirmative action program at (See affirmative action/Opportunity Awards Program (OAP))
black employees at, 46–47, 72–74, 127
black history course at, 71–72, 79–80
Black Student Union (BSU) at, 69, 80
Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (CRCR), 110–11
Committee to End Discrimination (CED), 26–27
compliance review at, 62–66
Diversity Blueprints Task Force and, 244
efforts to control enrollment growth at, 20–22
as elite American university, 14–16, 22
Equal Employment Opportunity Affirmative Action Plan, 88
founding of, 10
funding and tuition at, 153–54
hierarchy of values at, 10–12
housing at (See housing)
medical school, 27–28
out-of-state students at, 22–23
political economy of the 1970s and, 153–56
racial climate at, 182–86, 190–92, 229–30, 239
racial liberalism at, 10, 28
recognition for racial inclusion programs at, 1–2
sensitivity training at, 115, 120–21
study of undergraduate students at, 7
Sudarkasa and racial climate at, 182–86
toxic racial climate created at, 37–39
transparency at, 6–7
University of Pennsylvania, affirmative action program at, 54
University of Texas, 218–19
University of Wisconsin, 70

Varner, Nellie, 78, 80, 133, 135
veterans
admissions policies for, 32
GI Bill and, 55
Vietnam War, 68
Vincent, George, 15
Vroman, Clyde, 23–24, 145

Washburn Municipal University, 15
Washington, Booker T., 120
Washington Post, 216
Wayne State University, 47
Wheeler, Albert, 72–73
Whitaker, Wayne, 27
Whyman, Deborah, 220
Wilcox, W. B., 71–72, 76, 79–80
Will, George, 216
Williams, Georgia, 115, 120–27
Williams, G. Mennen, 49
Wilson, Pat, 151
Wilson, Pete, 217
Wolverine Pathways, 250–51
women at University of Michigan, 10–11
admissions policies for men vs., 30–31
as faculty, 131–32
Woodward, Augustus, 10
workplace discrimination, 40–43
BAM and, 106–107
black employees at UM and, 46–47, 127
Executive Order 10925 and, 43–45, 49
faculty hiring policies and, 87–89
Wu, Ellen, 139

Yates, J. Frank, 78, 80–81, 86–87, 111–12, 119, 224