Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures.

Accord on Fire and Building Safety (Bangladesh), 138
Aetna, 161
AFL-CIO. See American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
agency fees, 54, 182
agricultural workers: Great Migration, 49, 191; industry and product boycotts, 142–143, 158, 172; labor lenses, 31–32; migrant and guest labor, and organizing, 35, 142–43, 145, 158, 172; organizations and standards, 102, 172
air traffic controllers, 18
Alabama, 95–96, 158
Aldridge, Rasheen, 94–95
algorithms, 202, 203
Allen-Bradley Automation, 191–192
Alliance of Guestworkers for Dignity, 101–102. See also National Guestworkers Alliance
Amazon: algorithms, data, and privacy, 202; consumer power imagined, 158–159, 170; worker stories, 1; worker unionization, 151
“American Dream:” decline, and capitalism changes, 37; personal stories and challenges, 68–69; ways of working, 203; white privilege and grievance, 77
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 23, 26
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 17, 29
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 12
American Federation of Teachers, 183
American history. See United States history
American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), 140, 144, 151
Andrias, Kate, 27
anti-democratic forces and activity. See under democracy
anti-union forces and activity. See under labor movements
anti-war activism, 196–197
Apple, 170
Applebaum, Yoni, 45, 208
apps: domestic worker firms, 162; gig economy services and firms, 202, 203–205; worker privacy and rights, 99, 100, 108–109, 201–202
Aramark, 153
arbitration. See mediation and arbitration
Asia Floor Wage Alliance (AFWA), 97, 125, 130–131, 138, 139, 226n29
athletes, biodata collection, 201–202
Atlanta, Georgia: educational food-service organizing, 57, 58–60, 153–154; washerwomen organizing, 20–21
AT&T, 53
Austin, J. C., 77
Austin, Texas, 169–170
automation: executives’ wishes and plans, 54, 189–190, 199; future fears vs. realities, 189–190, 198, 199, 205–206; types, and worker responses, 190–192, 198–200. See also technological change and innovation
automobile industry: locations and wages, 41, 78; unions, 12, 78, 90, 91–94, 139, 178–179, 224n8
Autonomous Tenants Union of Chicago, 156
Avondale Shipyards, 175–176

bad business fees, 159–161
Bangladesh, 138
Bank of America, 186
bankruptcy, 141, 151
banks, 140, 157, 182–183, 186. See also finance capital
bargaining for the common good, 178–187; private sector, 185–187; public sector, 180, 181–185; tenets, 180–181
Bezos, Jeff, 151
birth control, 122–123
Black and Brown workers: civil rights, 2, 11–12, 21–22, 91; creative labor strategies, 2, 5, 47, 94, 97–98; data collection and privacy, 188, 202; economic power and gaps, 39–40, 78, 85–86, 95, 153, 191; health conditions and quality of life, 76, 77, 95, 96; identities, 67, 121–122; labor movements, 11–12, 20–22, 26, 28–30, 78, 91, 93–96, 174, 225n19; labor organizing, personal stories, 47–51, 57, 58–60, 65, 67, 69–72, 89–93, 133–137; labor self-organization, 21, 29; labor union exclusion, 23, 28–30, 90, 93, 96; othering and economic oppression, 41, 49, 77–78, 92, 93, 121–122; populations and migrations, 36, 49, 121, 168, 185, 191; Reconstruction goals and aims, 2, 9
Black Lives Matter movement, 94–95, 96. See also Movement for Black Lives
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 9, 21
Blackstone, 141
Bland, Sandra, 86
Boeing, 41
Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), 86
Boston, Massachusetts, 156
boycotts: agricultural work and products, 142–143, 158, 172; laws outlawing, 30, 142; personal stories, 47
Brooklyn, New York, 156, 167
Brotherhood of Railway Carmen, 29
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 28–29, 174
Brown, Mike, 94–95
Burger King, 172
business location, 78, 129
Butler, Mark, 57, 59–60, 153
Butler, Sanchioni, 6, 88, 89–98

Calhoun, John C., 39–40
California: bargaining for the common good, 184, 185–186; community benefits agreements, 169, 185–186; labor classification and standards, 203–204
Cannon Mills, 128–129
capital: modern collective bargaining, 3, 13, 61–62, 72–73; negotiation, power, and fairness, 3, 4, 34
capitalism: economic inequality as part, 40, 41, 75, 151; as equated with democracy, 40; labor legislation and worker power, 34–35; labor unions’ historical perspectives, 22–23; modern collective bargaining mindsets, 61–62, 72–73, 97; patriarchy and, 75, 87; prosperity gospel, 40–41; shareholder, 37–38; slavery, 39–40; technological change and costs, 189–190; ultimate profiteers (global), 127–131, 133, 143, 151; white supremacy and, 75–79. See also globalization
card check process, 17
Caring Across Generations, 161
Carmichael, Mitch, 109–110
Carnoy, Martin, 188–189, 224n5
Carter, Jimmy, 76
Cerberus Capital, 141, 155
Charlotte, North Carolina, 94
charter schools, 99, 100, 109, 112, 143
Chase Bank, 68
Chauvin, Derek, 96
Chicago, Illinois, 124–125, 156, 175, 182
Chicago Teachers Union, 18, 182
child labor, 158
Ciampa, Peter J., 12
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), 42
civic participation, 208
civil rights legislation: employee rights, 86; political parties’ histories, 31; use in organizing, 26, 27, 73
civil rights movement: and labor inspiration, 91, 92–93, 158; and labor rights, 11–12, 21–22, 225n19; and personal inspiration, 196, 197
CJs Seafood, 79, 101, 143
class issues. See class struggle; economic equality; economic mobility; gentrification and displacement
class struggle: labor movements history, 23, 34–35, 200; personal stories, 66, 122, 136–137; presented as “labor unrest,” 30; scarcity mentality and economic stagnation, 76–78
climate change, 185
Coalition of Immokalee Workers, 102, 172
coenforcement of worker standard-setting laws, 26, 171–173
Cole, Echol, 11
Cole, Robert, 29
collective bargaining: change and evolution, 4, 20, 73, 74, 125–126, 127, 128, 178–180, 209–210; for the common good, 178–187; community-centered, and community paths to, 171–176, 180–187; current conditions and possibilities, 15, 27–28, 33–35, 38, 72–74, 97, 100–105, 115, 117–118, 154, 179–180, 207–209; defined, 14, 74; democratic principles and practices, 3, 4, 5, 13, 19, 25, 61, 72–74, 115, 180, 207–208; employee classifications and, 15, 35, 127–128; industry differences, 16–17, 26; international organizing, 129–131, 137–139; laws, 4, 15, 24, 26–27, 30, 35, 38, 54, 115, 178; within managerial capitalism, 37; organizing without legal rights, 99–103, 107, 113–114, 117, 182; power of, 3–5, 12, 13, 14, 18–19, 21–22, 30; process, 14–18; public sector rights and issues, 15, 18, 42, 54, 99–100, 107, 117, 179, 181–185; technology and automation issues, 191–192, 199–200; tenants’ rights, 156–157, 229n10; transnational, 129–131; workplace stories and successes, 6, 53–55, 59–60, 191–192. See also collective bargaining agreements; community-driven bargaining; labor movements; worksite-based collective bargaining
collective bargaining agreements, 14; employees covered, 15; labor history lessons, 30–31, 72–73
colleges and universities: antidemocratic targeting, 41, 123–124; bargaining for the common good, 184; student activism, 65, 123–124, 197
“common good,” bargaining for, 178–187; private sector, 185–187; public sector, 181–185; tenets, 180–181
communication processes and understanding, 136–137, 149–150
Communications Workers of America, 53, 186
community benefits agreements, 168–171, 185–186, 229n24
Community Change Housing Trust Funds, 159
community-driven bargaining, 154–159
community support: charitable offerings, 59, 110, 113; civic participation, 208; community benefits agreements, 168–171, 185–186, 229n24; community-centered bargaining, 171–176, 180–187; human needs, 58, 60; industry cooperatives, 76; secondary boycotts and worker solidarity, 30, 100, 110–111, 142–143, 158, 182; for striking workers, 54, 182; from and for teachers, 99–100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 112–113, 184, 200; for unionizing workers, 84, 92–93, 166
commuting to work, 134, 135, 185
compensation issues. See wages and compensation
computer systems: technological change, 188–189; workplace changes and challenges, 69
Confederate States of America, 39
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 26
Connecticut Campaign for Worthy Wages, 160–161
Constitution of the United States: amendments, 2, 35, 36; antimajoritarian bias, 40
construction industry: community benefits agreements, 169–170; organizations and standards, 102; project labor agreements, 17; unemployment benefits, 153
consumer activism and protections, 157–158, 172
contingent work, 37–38
contracts: collective bargaining negotiations, 14–15, 72; collective bargaining outcomes, 13–14, 179; organizing without, 100–101, 182
cooperative ownership, 22–23
corporate landlords, 154–155, 156–157, 167, 168
corporate power: consumer protection activism, 157–158; election campaign donations, 41–42. See also finance capital
cotton gin, 191
COVID-19 pandemic: “essential” work classifications, 1, 32–33, 40, 96, 204; global effects, 98; rents and evictions, 155; unionized labor during, 3, 55; workplace health and safety, 1, 40, 96
craft unions, 23–24, 26
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 62
Crosby, Jeff, 7, 194, 195–206
Crown Heights Tenant Union, 156, 167

data collection and ownership, 201; communities of color, 188, 202; educators, privacy issues, 99, 100, 108–109, 201; gig economy workers, 203; sports, 201–202
Davis-Bacon Act (1931), 174
day labor, 102, 124–125
deaths of despair, 75–76
Debs, Eugene V., 24
debt: collective bargaining, 140, 144, 157, 182–183, 186; Debt-Free Future campaign, 157
defense contractors, 174
Defense of Production Act (1950), 96
DeLuca-Nestor, Heather, 6, 100, 106, 107–114
democracy: activism, 91; anti-democratic movements and climates, 25, 36, 37, 39–43, 101, 123–124, 151; collective bargaining as practice, 3, 4, 5, 13, 19, 25, 61, 72–74, 115, 180, 207–209; colleges and universities, 41, 123–124; economic, 3–4, 7, 27, 43, 61, 72–74, 224n5; election integrity, 41–42; ideals and principles, 2–3, 22, 73–74, 111, 112, 208; industrial, 24–25, 27; nonprofit tax law as limitation on, 41, 222n16; personal and local actions, 50, 73, 111–112, 114–115, 124, 126, 167–168; public education and institutions, 112, 180; unions and, 111, 112, 113–114; in worker centers, 101
Democratic Party, 31. See also “Dixiecrats”
Detroit, Michigan, 57, 93–94
dignity and respect: labor movement values, 208, 209; manager-worker relations, 70–71, 72, 82, 136–137, 149–150; worker desires and opinions, 11, 70–71, 72, 82, 84–85, 148, 149–150, 167–168
direct action: community-driven bargaining, 154–155, 155–157; labor methodology, 30, 47; non-unionized organizing, 99–102, 149; personal stories and paths, 47, 49–50, 69–72, 103, 105, 107–114, 123, 208–209. See also boycotts; strikes
diversity: unions and racial justice, 169, 184; “workers” considerations and classifications, 31–32, 33; workplace populations and solidarity, 83, 84, 150, 191–192
division and othering: of patriarchy, 87; preventing labor organizing, 41, 72, 76–79, 83, 92, 93, 98, 100, 150; racial, personal stories, 49, 121–122; tools of division, 41, 72, 76–79, 83, 87, 92, 93, 98; of white supremacy, 41, 75–79, 83, 92, 93, 150
“Dixiecrats,” 25, 31, 35, 36
“dog whistles,” 41, 223n18
domestic labor: groups and protections, 101; as invisible and unvalued, 86
domestic workers: bills of rights, 101, 162, 166–167; collective bargaining agreements/frameworks, 21, 29, 162; home care worker supports, 161–162; personal stories, 165–168; sexual and economic exploitation, 85–86, 166; worker centers and self-organization, 20–21, 101, 166–167; worksite collective bargaining rules, 35, 128
Domestic Workers United, 101, 166–167
Dominican Republic, 82
Douglas, Bettie, 6–7, 132, 133–137
Driscoll’s, 142
drug addiction, 103, 113
DuBois, W.E.B., 9, 21
Dynamex, 204

Economic Democracy: The Challenge of the 1980s (Carnoy and Shearer), 188–189
economic equality: collective bargaining effects, 18–19, 27, 34; economic democracy, 3–4, 7, 27, 43, 61, 72–74, 224n5; labor movements’ focus, 94–95; political and cultural barriers to, 36–37; universal basic income, 190
economic inequality: bad business fee concept, 159–160; exploitation of women, 86; gig economy and, 202–203; racial pay gap, 86; racial stereotypes, 121–122, 200; racial wealth gap, 78; systemic barriers of capitalism, 40, 41, 75, 151; workers vs. “the one percent,” 141–143, 145, 151–152, 155, 179, 189–190
economic mobility: jobs and job security, 117, 122, 179; personal stories/paths, 49, 66, 67, 136–137; vs. stagnation, 76, 78
economic paternalism, 2, 93
education systems, 112, 180. See also teachers and school employees
efficiency and productivity: automation improvements, 191; gig economy, 202–203; scientific management and study, 233n10
elections: antidemocratic targeting, 41–42; and democratic participation, 114–115, 208; 1912 presidential, 23–24; 2016 presidential, 25, 77, 79; state electoral maps, 104
employee benefits: gig economy workers, 204; global differences, 179; labor organizing and actions, 34, 53, 54, 57–60, 69, 92, 99, 100, 103, 108–110, 153–154, 179; low-wage employment needs, 160–161, 162; personal stories, 68–69, 90, 103, 108–110; unemployment protections, 57, 59–60, 153–154, 204
employee classifications: collective bargaining rights, 15, 35, 127–128; vs. contractors, 1, 37–38, 54, 127–128, 203–204; organizing across, 151–152; retail positions, 67; worker exploitation, 37–38, 54, 86
environmental policy, 111–112, 169, 178, 185
Environmental Protection Act (1970), 111
Equity Group Investments, 141, 155
“essential” workers: COVID-19 endangerment, 1, 96; COVID-19 needs and classifications, 1, 3, 32–33, 40, 204; striking rights, 18; structural power, 32–33, 151; unionized and nonunionized labor, 3, 101
Europe, 42, 139, 158, 179
Evers, Medgar, 92
eviction, 155, 157, 167

Factory of the Future (GE), 195, 199–200
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 27
Fair Share Care Act (Maryland; 2005), 148
Familias Unidas por la Justicia (Families United for Justice), 142–143
families. See grandparent relations and influences; parent-child relations and influences
family and medical leave, 69–70, 148, 150–151
farmworkers. See agricultural workers
fast food industry and employees: automation, 54; labor organizing, 6–7, 54, 95, 133–137; personal stories, 133–137; supply chain labor rights, 102, 172; wages, 95, 134–136, 137, 160
fear: of labor activists and organizers, 60, 70, 82–83, 91–93, 109, 134–135, 136, 148, 149, 190–191; of technology and automation, 188–190, 198, 199, 205–206; as tool of control for immigrant workers, 78–79, 81, 83–84; as tool of division, 39–40, 75, 76–77, 92
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), 15, 220n11
fees: agency, public employees, 54, 182; bad business fees, 159–161; student fee autonomy, 41, 123–124; union dues, 17, 25, 73
Feinberg, Stephen, 141, 155
Ferguson, Missouri, 94–95
Fifteenth Amendment, 36
Fight for Fifteen movement: Black Lives Matter and, 94–95; fast food industry organizing, 95, 134–135, 137
finance capital, 3, 37, 139–141, 157, 182–183, 186
financialization: effects on workers and labor, 37, 75, 141, 182–183, 183–184; multinational corporations’ power, 3, 139–141; worker power shifts, 32
Fine, Janice, 172
Fink, Leon, 22
501c3, 222n16
Floyd, George, 96
Foner, Eric, 2
food safety, 157–158
food workers. See agricultural workers; fast food industry and employees; teachers and school employees
forced labor (modern), 79, 143, 145. See also slavery
Ford, Henry, 93
Ford Motor Company, 89–90, 93
Fourteenth Amendment, 36
franchise owners, 133, 134, 136–137
Free Alabama Movement, 95–96
Frontier Communications, 53

Gap, Inc., 130, 158, 226n29
Gary, Indiana, 78
gender-based violence, 85–86, 98
gender discrimination, 85–87, 90, 98
gender identity, 86
gender norms, 48–49
General Electric, 195, 197–200
General Motors, 178–179
gentrification and displacement: bargaining for the common good, 185; community benefits agreements, 168–171; personal stories, 66, 167; tenants’ rights and organizing, 156–157, 167
Georgia, 20–21, 57, 58–60, 91, 117, 153–154
Georgia Department of Labor, 57, 59–60
gig economy and jobs: business models, 203–204; labor trends and types, 1, 38, 202–205
global framework agreements, 138–139
globalization: corporate accountability, 128–129, 137–139, 143, 145; effects on workers, 37, 38, 75; multinational labor organization work, 97, 129–131, 137–139; worker power shifts, 32
Global Labor Justice, 102, 158, 226n29
“global north:” consumer power and activism, 158; human trafficking, 85–86; migrant labor, 141–143 multinational organizing support, 97, 130–131
“global south,” and workers: antisweatshop movement, 158; creative labor strategy, 2, 5, 97, 98; migrant workers, 141–143; multinational organizing support, 97, 125, 129–131
global union federations (GUFs), 138–139
Gompers, Samuel, 23
Google, 53
government employees. See public sector
government procurement, 173–174
grandparent relations and influences, 65–67, 69, 89, 147, 151, 165
Great Migration, 49, 191
Great Resignation, 33, 221n31
Greensboro, North Carolina, 47, 95, 225n24
guest workers, 78–79, 101–102, 142, 143–145
Gupta, Sarita, 4, 120, 121–126
Gurley, Akai, 95

Handy, 162
hate crimes, 121, 134–135
H-2A visas, 142
H-2B visas, 143
healthcare benefits. See employee benefits
healthcare industry employees: bargaining for the common good, 185–186; essential workers, 40; striking, 53
health conditions: communities of color, and chronic illnesses, 75, 76; life expectancy, 95; whites, and deaths of despair, 75–76. See also COVID-19 pandemic
Heckscher, Charles C., 27, 73
Hilton, 127–128
H&M, 226n29
Holder, Eric, 95
home care workers: personal stories, 165–166; supports and services, 161–162
home ownership: economic stagnation, 76, 78; personal stories, 66, 68–69
hospitality industry workers: bargaining for the common good, 185; employee vs. contractors, and rights, 127–128; striking, 53
housing issues: affordable units and development, 156, 159, 169, 185; community benefits agreements, 168–169, 185–186; public funds support, 159; rent strikes, 154–155, 155–156; tenant unions, 156, 167
human rights: collective bargaining as, 12, 15; and labor rights messages, 11, 21–22, 91, 150, 158
human trafficking, 85–86
Hyatt Hotels, 143, 144

ICE. See U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
identity. See gender identity; racial identities; worker identities
Illinois and Indiana Regional Organizing Network, 161
immigrants and refugees: American immigration policy, 36; essential workers and COVID, 96; guest and temporary workers, 78–79, 101–102, 125, 142–145; labor unions and ICE, 28, 78, 81–85; organizing, 124–125, 141–143; personal and family stories, 81–85, 121–122, 165; students, 200; undocumented workers, 78, 81, 83, 102, 142
incarcerated workers, 95–96
independent contractors: employee classification, 37, 54, 128, 203–204; lack of protections, 37, 38, 203–205. See also gig economy and jobs
India, 98, 124
Indian Americans, 121–122
“industrial democracy,” 24–25, 27
IndustriALL, 138, 139
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 23
inequality. See economic inequality; gender discrimination; racial discrimination
infrastructure projects and labor, 169, 174–175, 183–184
interest-based bargaining, 16
interest rate swaps, 182
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM), 41
International Domestic Workers Federation, 101
International Labor Organization, 101, 138
International Ladies Garment Workers Union, 26
International Union of Electrical Workers, 197–200
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT) District Council, 50
International Union of Police Associations, 96
international workers: collective bargaining and challenges, 129–131, 137–139; international unions, 17, 101, 138–139, 179; labor organizing and protections, 97, 101, 125–126, 130–131, 138–139
intersectionality, 62, 73; international labor organizing, 97; organizing policy/practice, 94–95, 96–98
intimidation. See fear; retaliation
investment vehicles, 140–141, 157
island production, 199

Jamaica, 165, 166
Janus v. AFSCME (2018), 54, 182
job creation, 190, 191–192, 200, 209
jobs. See employee benefits; employee classifications; job creation; layoffs; training; specific industries
Jobs to Move America, 174–175
Jobs With Justice: aims and initiatives, 50–51, 72, 95, 101, 124–125, 153–154, 159–160, 161, 173, 176–177, 181; Atlanta Jobs With Justice, 153, 228n1; Central Indiana Jobs With Justice, 176; Chicago Jobs With Justice, 124–125; creation, 18; DC Jobs With Justice, 225n20; Jobs With Justice San Francisco, 173, 185; as nonprofit organization, 41; Rhode Island Jobs With Justice, 176; training, 24
Justice, James C., 99–100

Katznelson, Ira, 221n34
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 12, 91, 196
Klotz, Anthony, 33
K-Mart, 47
Knights of Labor, 22–23
Koch, Charles and David, 42
Kodak (Eastman Kodak Co.), 122

labor force: contingent work, 37–38; women’s labor, 86; worker types and history, 73
Labor Management Relations Act (1947). See Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (1959), 222n6
labor movements: American events and history, 11–12, 20–35, 91, 116; anti-labor forces and politics, 3, 30–31, 35, 36–37, 38–43, 61–62, 72, 77, 78, 82–83, 99, 115, 117; collective bargaining power, 12, 14, 21–22; exclusivity and exclusion, 23, 28–30, 93; inclusivity and multiracial organizing, 6, 84–85, 92–98, 181; long-term labor community power, 179–187, 208; shortcomings, 5, 6, 34, 179. See also collective bargaining; labor unions
labor unions: anti-labor forces, 3, 13, 30–31, 36–39, 41, 77, 78, 82–83, 84, 91–93, 99–100, 115, 129, 182, 190–191, 221n34, 222n6; collective bargaining roles/activity, 17, 19, 26–28; community partners and benefits, 169; and democracy, 111, 112, 113–114; global differences, 42, 138; history and evolution, 4, 12, 22–25, 26, 37–38, 78, 178–179, 197; international, 17, 101, 138–139, 179; locals, 17, 48, 94, 109, 184, 197; long-term labor community power, 179–187; membership trends and data, 3, 17, 38–39, 43, 47, 50, 222n8; organization rights, 11, 21–22, 33–34, 38, 42, 82–83, 84, 91, 96, 115, 117, 148, 205; organizing without unionization, 99–102, 117, 171, 182; personal experiences and stories, 47–51, 59–60, 69–72, 81–85, 89–93, 107–114, 147; self-organization, 20–21, 29, 83, 84, 91–93, 94. See also labor movements
landlords, corporate, 154–155, 156–157, 167, 168
language skills, 166
laundry workers, 20–21
layoffs: automation fears, 54, 189–190, 190–192; bankruptcies and severance, 141, 151; regional industries and firms, 122; vs. retirement deals, 192; unemployment benefits, 57, 59–60, 204
Lee, Dale, 110
Lee, Sophia Z., 29
leisure time. See work-life balance
Lemann, Nicholas, 37
Lerner, Stephen, 144, 223n5, 227n13
leveraged buyouts, 141, 151
Lewis, John L., 26
liability, gig economy jobs, 203–204
liberty concepts, and slavery, 2, 39
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 94
life expectancy data, 95
lobbying: anti-union groups and wealth, 3, 140, 143, 144, 151; community and advocacy groups, 159
locals (union groups), 17, 48, 94, 109, 184, 197
location choices, corporations, 78, 129
lockouts, 18
Loomis, Erik, 21, 85
Los Angeles, California, 123, 175, 183–184
Lyft, 205
Lynn, Massachusetts, 195, 196, 197–200

machinist labor, 195, 199–200
MacLean, Nancy, 39–40
Macy’s, 67–72, 173
Maine, 161
maintenance jobs, 83, 90
Major League Baseball, 201–202
Malloy, Dan, 160
managerial capitalism, 37
manager-worker relations: communication and understanding, 136–137, 149–150; dignity and respect, 11, 70–71, 72, 82, 84–85, 136–137, 148, 149–150; fast food industry and organizing, 134, 135–137; meatpacking, and unions, 82–85; retail, and unions, 67, 68–71, 148; retaliative policies, 134, 135, 149; undocumented and guest workers, 78, 83–84, 125, 143; worker types, history, 73
manufacturing industries and workers: jobs and security, 115, 117, 122, 197; locations, workers, and wages, 78, 117, 128–131, 138, 191; maintenance jobs, 83, 90; technological change, 191, 195, 197–200; textiles work, health, and safety, 125, 128–129, 130, 138, 158; transit systems, 174–175; US rustbelt, politics, and identity, 76–78. See also globalization
maps: United States, 116; West Virginia, 104
marketplace power, 32–33
Marriott, 53, 127–128
maternity leave, 86
McCartin, Joseph A., 24
McDonald’s, 133–137, 150, 160–161, 172
McMillion, Doug, 149
meatpacking industry, 81–85, 96
media coverage: civil rights movement, 196; educator activism, 111; of labor, 13, 18, 110–111; mass media power, 5–6, 40
mediation and arbitration: legislation elements, 18, 24; negotiation processes, 17; professional sports, 201–202
medical personnel. See healthcare industry employees
members-only unions, 219n9
Memphis, Tennessee, 11–12, 90–91
metalworking jobs, 195, 197–200
#MeToo movement, 98, 208
Mexico, 142
Meyerson, Harold, 40
Michigan, 79, 93–94, 117
micro unions, 219n9
middle class, stories and stereotypes, 200
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 169
minimum wage: Fight for Fifteen movement, 94–95, 134–135, 137; legislation, 27; multinational brands and rates, 130–131; vs. solid jobs and security, 117; worker opinions, 117, 149–150
mining industry and miners, 26, 103, 104
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 96
minority unionism, 30, 219n9
Mississippi, 91–93
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 92
Missouri, 94–95, 115, 133–137
Mitchell, Kimberly, 6, 64, 65–72, 74
Montgomery, Alabama, 91, 158
Morehouse College, 58–59
Morgantown, West Virginia, 99–100
Morrison, Toni, 119
mortality rates, 76
mortgage lending: investment vehicles, 140, 157; redlining, and personal stories, 68
Movement for Black Lives, 96, 209
Mullens, Amelia, 103, 105
multinational corporations: collective bargaining, 129–131, 137–139; fast food industry, 133–137; global framework agreements, 138–139; globalization, 37, 128–129; industry financialization, and labor effects, 3, 139–141; locations, unions, and wages, 78, 97, 129; supply chains, and corporate accountability, 102, 128–129, 137–139, 143, 144, 145; supply chains, and gender-based violence, 226n29; ultimate profiteers of global capital, 127–131, 133, 137–141, 151; worker exploitation, 54, 129, 130, 131, 143; workers’ stories and desires, 6–7
multiracial work and values: cohesion, and union successes, 83, 84; labor organizing, 6, 92–98, 184; “workers” considerations and classifications, 31–32, 33
municipal labor: agencies, 172–173; bargaining for the common good, 183–184; collective bargaining rights, 15, 54–55; community benefits agreements, 169–170; strikes and organizing, 11–12
Murch, Donna, 191
Murray, Cynthia, 7, 146, 147–152

NAACP, 94
nannies, 165–166
National Apartments Association, 155
National Basketball Players Association, 201
National Day Laborer Organizing Network, 102, 125
National Domestic Workers Alliance, 101, 161–162
National Federation of Independent Business v. Perez (2016), 222n6
National Federation of Railway Workers, 29
National Football League Players Association, 201
National Guestworkers Alliance, 101–102, 143, 145
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), 26
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 34–35, 73; collective bargaining framework, 26–28, 30, 35, 38, 115, 178; as employer tool, 38–39; secondary boycotts, 30, 142; shortcomings, 34, 35, 38, 42, 73; strike and work stoppage rights, 18, 30; Taft-Hartley (1947) changes, 30–31, 35; worksite collective bargaining, 4, 15, 35
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): on collective bargaining, 14, 15; collective bargaining subjects, 15–16; creation and role, 26, 35; erosion of protections, 25–26
National Mediation Board, 29
negotiating. See collective bargaining
Neighborhood Assistance Corporation of America, 68
New Deal era and programs: labor leaders and legislation, 26–27, 31, 34–35, 36; opposition and reversals, 30–31, 36–39; shortcomings, and unjust outcomes, 31
New Jersey, 82, 186
The New Unionism (Heckscher), 27, 73
New York, 165–168, 169
Nissan, 41, 78, 89, 91–93
Noden, Kirk, 76–77
nonprofit organizations, 41, 222n16
North Carolina, 15, 54, 81, 82–83, 94, 128–129, 225n24
numerically controlled machinery, 198–199

Oakland, California, 95, 191
Obama, Barack: Labor Department administrators, 127–128; labor regulation policy, 222n6; politics following administrations, 25; Transportation Department operations, 175
occupational safety and health: automation improvements, 191; coeinforcement, 171–172; community benefits agreements, 170; domestic workers, 85–86, 162; early labor organizing, 20–21, 26; hazards, and worker rights, 1, 11–12, 40, 78–79, 82, 91, 96, 125, 138, 143, 197; international labor organizing, 125, 138, 143; sexual harassment and abuse, 85–86, 98; and structural power, 32–33. See also standards
the “one percent.” See under economic inequality
opioid crisis, 103, 113
Organization United for Respect at Walmart (OUR Walmart), 147–151
organized labor. See collective bargaining; labor movements; labor unions
othering. See division and othering

Pakistan, 195–196
parental leave, 86
parent-child relations and influences, 57–58, 89, 107, 108–109, 126, 133–134, 136, 147
Partnerships for Working Families, 168, 170
paternalism: craft unions’ responses, 23–24; economic, 2, 93
patriarchy, 87; gender discrimination and inequality, 85–87, 90, 98; labor history, 31; labor unions messaging and language, 23–24, 90; union organizing and fights against, 75, 98
pay. See wages and compensation
Payne, Larry, 12
Penner, Greg, 143, 145
Perdue Foods, 82
Perkins, Frances, 26
permissive subjects, collective bargaining, 16
Perry, Allyson, 6, 106, 107–114, 180
personal information. See privacy issues
picketing. See secondary boycotts; strikes
Piketty, Thomas, 40
Pitts, Stephen, 191
police brutality and killings: cultural environments, 36, 123; labor movements history and action, 12, 94–95, 96; women victims, 86
police reform, 176–177
police unions, 28, 96
politics. See elections; lobbying; public sector; regional political differences; specific legislation and legislators
Portland, Oregon, 184
postal workers, 32
power: applications of, 4; associational, 22–23, 32; concentrated, 4, 7, 27, 36–38, 61, 75, 123, 128, 140–141, 157, 189; consumer, 157–158; economic and political, 114–118, 206; regulatory, 170–171; relations of, 93–94, 139, 151–152, 190; self-determination, 70, 123; shifts in, 3, 32, 129, 191–192; structural, 32–33; workplace, 3, 7, 12–19, 22–27, 30–35, 39, 71–73, 93–94, 101, 107, 114, 130, 181, 191, 199–200
PowerSwitch Action, 168, 170
pregnant workers, 149–150
presidential elections. See under elections
prison corporations, 140
prisoners’ rights, 95–96
privacy issues: worker rights: athletes, 201–202; worker rights: educators, 99, 100, 108–109, 201; worker rights: gig economy, 203
private prisons industry, 140
private sector: bargaining for the common good, 185–187; collective bargaining rights, 15; striking, 18
privatization: labor shields against, 97–98, 99, 100, 109, 112; trends and outcomes, 179
procurement strategies, 173–176
productivity and efficiency: automation improvements, 191; gig economy, 202–203; scientific management study, 233n10
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), 18
professional athletes, 201–202
project labor agreements, 17
Proposition 22 (California), 203–204
prosperity gospel, 40–41
public education, 112, 180. See also teachers and school employees
Public Employees’ Insurance Agency, 109
public programs and funding: community-driven bargaining, 159–160; federal-level, 174, 179; procurement strategies, 174; state-level, 160–161
public sector: bargaining for the common good, 180, 181–185; collective bargaining rights issues, 15, 18, 42, 54, 99–100, 107, 117, 179, 181–185; government layoffs, 55; jobs erosion, 179; lack of striking rights, 18, 99; procurement strategies, 173–176; race issues in unions, 28; solidarity examples, 100, 110–111, 182; wage divisions, 100
public transportation: commuting use, 134, 135, 185; funding and manufacturing, 169, 174–175, 185; racial integration and justice, 158
Pullman, George, and Pullman Company, 28–29, 174, 220n10
Puzder, Andrew, 54

quality of life issues, 75–76, 95

racial classifications: imposed, workplaces, 83; personal stories, 67, 121; slavery methodology, 85
racial discrimination: American history, 31, 39–41, 77, 78, 191, 196; data and algorithm effects, 188, 202; as divider, 41, 77–78, 83, 92, 93, 150; dog whistles, 41, 223n18; labor organizing against, 47, 93–96, 97–98, 150, 174, 181; in labor unions, 23, 28, 29–30, 48, 90, 93, 96; pay and wealth gaps, 78, 86, 191; personal experiences, 48, 68, 70, 83, 86, 89, 90, 121–122, 134–135, 150; spaces, places, and real estate, 68, 78, 167, 185, 191, 202. See also white supremacy
racial identities: personal stories, 67, 121–122; working-class whites, 76, 77, 78
racial violence. See hate crimes; police brutality and killings
raids, immigration, 81, 83–85
railroads and industry: porters and rail workers, 28–29, 174; unionists’ oversight beliefs, 24
Railway Labor Act (1926), 15, 24, 29
Randolph, A. Philip, 174
rape, 85
Reagan, Ronald, 18
Reconstruction era, 2, 4–5, 9, 24
redistribution of wealth: collective bargaining limitations, 35; collective bargaining power, 18–19
redlining, 68
regional labor differences: organizing rights and realities, 114–117, 116, 152; seasonal agricultural work, 142; unionization and membership, 78, 79, 91–92, 221n34. See also state laws
regional political differences: labor environments and outcomes, 6, 100, 102–103, 114–118, 116; state trends, 115, 116
religion: personal stories, 195–196; prosperity gospel, 40–41; segregated worship, 196
renters: gentrification, 167, 168; rights and strikes, 154–155, 155–157
reproductive labor, 86
reproductive rights, 122–123
respect. See dignity and respect
Restaurant Opportunities Center United, 102
retail industries: labor stories and organizing, 65, 67–72, 141, 173; multinational brands, 128–129, 130–131, 138–139
retaliation: renters’ rights, 156–157; for unionization, 205; worker scenarios and rights, 134, 135, 136, 149, 157
retirement and resignation: bargaining negotiations, 192; Great Resignation, 33, 221n31; retirement investment vehicles, 140; women’s savings, 86
Reuther, Walter, 12, 225n19
Richmond, Virginia, 94
Ricker, Mary Cathryn, 183
rideshare services, 203–204, 205
“right to work” laws: educator activism despite, 99–100; organizing without legal rights, 99–102, 182; states, and conditions, 42, 99, 100–101, 116, 182
right-wing thought and extremism: antidemocracy and antilabor, 39, 41–42; populist movements, 75, 77; white supremacy, 39, 41, 76–77
Rochester, New York, 121–122
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 26, 34–35, 36, 174
Roosevelt, Theodore, 24
Rosen, Carl, 191
Roy, Arundhati, 98

safety. See food safety; occupational safety and health
Sakuma Brothers, 142–143
salaries. See wages and compensation
Sanders, Bernie, 79
San Francisco, California, 172–173, 185–186, 191
sanitation workers’ strike, Memphis (1968), 11–12, 91
“scabs,” 18, 125
“scarcity mentality,” 76, 77
scheduling issues. See work hours
school employees. See teachers and school employees
Schwarzman, Stephen A., 140–141
scientific management, 233n10
Scott, Keith Lamont, 94
Seattle, Washington, 96, 156–157, 162, 172, 205
secondary boycotts, 30, 142
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (Foner), 2
self-determination: gig economy work, 202, 203, 205; pathways, 50, 70–71, 84–85, 93, 111, 126, 162; personal stories, 49–50, 58–60, 65–72, 84–85, 90, 122–123, 126, 133, 136–137, 200
self-government, 22
self-organization: Black rail unions, 29; cooperation and associational power, 22–23, 32; labor unions’ focus, 22–23, 94; personal stories, 83, 84, 91–93, 103, 107–114; Washing Society, 20–21
Service Employees International Union (SEIU): Fight for Fifteen and BLM, 94–95; Movement for Black Lives, 96; personal stories, 47, 59
service industry and workers: collective bargaining rules, 35, 127–128; “essential” labor, 1, 32–33, 40, 204; labor organizing and actions, 47–48, 53–54, 57–60, 65, 67–72, 95, 101–102, 103, 133–137, 160, 172–173; tip-based pay, 28, 102; worker replacement and automation, 54. See also gig economy and jobs
sexual assault and abuse, 85–86, 98
sexual harassment: gig economy employees/firms, 203; policies, 98; protests against, 53, 86, 90, 208
shareholder capitalism, 37–38, 140, 141, 155
Shearer, Derek, 188–189, 224n5
shoe manufacturing, 197
Silver, Beverly, 32, 129
Sinyai, Clayton, 23, 27
slavery, 2, 9; American history, 39–40, 85, 191; escape, 21; laws against, 2, 35, 36; patriarchy and rape, 85; tips as legacy, 28, 102
Sloan, Tim, 186
slogans, 11
Smiley, Erica, 4, 46, 47–51, 129, 188
Smithfield Packing, 81, 82–85, 225n12
Socialist Party of America, 24
social movement unionism, 179
Sodexho, 153
Soni, Saket, 144, 227n13, 228n20
South Carolina, 15, 39, 54
Southern United States. See Reconstruction era; regional labor differences; slavery
spatial-fix strategy, 129
sports data and analytics, 201–202
St. Louis, Missouri, 133–137
St. Paul, Minnesota, 183
Staggers, Jacob, 99, 100
standards: community coenforcement, 26, 171–173; consumer safety and rights, 157–158; gig worker employment, 204; occupational safety and worker rights, 101–102, 125, 142–143, 154, 160–162, 170, 171–172
state laws: collective bargaining, 15, 54, 99, 182; employee benefits, 59–60, 148, 153; labor organizing rights, 31, 42, 115–117, 116; labor standards, 204; public sector striking rights, 18, 99–100; “right to work,” 42, 99, 100–101, 116, 182
state maps: United States, 116; West Virginia, 104
state public assistance programs, 160–161
steel industry and workers, 76–79, 147
stereotypes: American workers, 31–32, 200; of poor whites, 77; racial, 121–122, 200; as tools of division, 41, 77, 83; of unions, 31–32, 41. See also racial discrimination
Stop & Shop, 54
strikes, 18; agricultural labor, 142; American events and history, 11–12, 21, 54, 91, 197, 220n10; Fight for Fifteen movement, 95; legislation details, and rights, 15, 18, 24, 30, 142, 178–179; manufacturing systems and change, 198; picket line images and experiences, 11, 89, 107, 108, 147; prison labor, 95–96; rent, 154–155, 155–156; scabs, 18, 125; statistics, stories, and successes, 53–54, 99–100, 103, 198; sympathy strikes and support, 21, 142–143; teachers and educators, 18, 53, 99–100, 103, 105, 107–114, 182–183, 184. See also boycotts
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 196
students: activism, 65, 123–124, 196; fee autonomy and antidemocratic targeting, 41, 123–124; loans and debt, 140
Stumpf, John, 140
subjects, collective bargaining, 16
supply chains: corporate accountability, 128–129, 137–139, 143, 144, 145; gender-based violence, 226n29; organizing along, 141–143, 151; worker protections, 101–102, 138–139, 172
Supreme Court cases, 42, 54, 86, 117, 182
Sutter Health, 185–186
sweatshop labor, 26, 158

Taft, William Howard, 24
Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 30–31, 35. See also Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS)
tax codes, 222n16
Taylorism, 101, 233n10
teachers and school employees: collective bargaining and striking rights, 18, 53, 99–100, 107, 113–114, 182–183; community investment and support, 99–100, 103, 105, 108, 110, 112–113, 184, 200; labor organizing stories and successes, 6, 57–60, 99–100, 103, 105, 107–114, 153–154, 182–183; Movement for Black Lives, 96; pay, 59, 100, 107, 108–109; school improvement wishes, 112–113, 182; unions, 107, 108–114, 182–183, 184
technological change and innovation: data ownership and privacy, 188, 201–203; human labor investment amidst, 7, 191–192, 195, 198–200; societal change, 188–189, 190; workplace systems and challenges, 69, 190–192, 198, 199–200
telecommunications industry workers: bargaining for the common good, 186; striking, 53
temp agency workers, 152
temporary workers. See gig economy and jobs; guest workers; temp agency workers
tenants’ power and rights, 154–155, 155–157, 167–68, 229n10
Terrell, Laurie, 86
textile industry, 125, 128–129, 130, 138, 158
Thirteenth Amendment, 2, 35, 36
tips, 102, 203–204
Toys “R” Us, 141, 151
trade unions. See craft unions; labor unions
training: firms’ internal investments, 191, 195; jobs programs, 169, 184, 185, 191–192; labor organizers, 24, 123–124; on-the-job, 195
transgender employees, 86
transnational corporations. See multinational corporations
transportation, public. See public transportation
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 18
Trump, Donald: COVID and production policies, 96; voter base, and elections, 25, 77, 79, 98, 103

Uber, 202, 203–204, 205
unemployment benefits. See employee benefits
union-busting: corporate support, 91–92; organization and industry, 3, 38, 41; related laws, 222n6
union contracts. See contracts
union dues, 17, 25, 73
unionization: employee attempts, 82–83, 84; employee rights, 11, 21–22, 33–34, 38, 42, 82–83, 84, 91, 96, 115, 117, 148, 205; process, and collective bargaining, 17, 84–85; regional differences, 78
unions. See labor unions; union-busting; unionization
United Auto, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (UAW): auto industry conditions and contracts, 78, 224n8; collective bargaining, 178–179; experiences and organizers, 89, 90, 93–94; global union federations and, 139; strikes support, 12
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE), 191–192, 198
United Farm Workers, 158
United Food and Commercial Workers, 84, 148
United Mine Workers of America, 26
United States history: civil rights, 11–12, 21–22, 91, 196; consumer protection, 157–158; eras and milestones, 2, 21; labor movements, 11–12, 20–35, 91, 178–179; labor movements and democracy, 2–3, 4, 5; labor unions, 4, 22–25, 26, 37–38, 78, 178–179, 197; manufacturing, 129; patriarchy, 85; slavery, 39–40, 85, 191; white supremacy, 28, 31, 36, 39–41, 77, 196. See also democracy
United Teachers of Los Angeles, 184
United Workers Congress, 102
UNITE HERE, 53, 185
universal basic income, 190
University of California Medical Centers, 53
University of California (UC) system, 184
upward mobility. See economic mobility
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 41
U.S. Civil War, 2, 21
U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, 24
U.S. Department of Labor: Obama administration, 127, 222n6; visa applications, 142
U.S. Department of Transportation, 175
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE): labor unions within, 28; university noncollaboration, 184; worksite visits, and labor responses, 78, 81, 83–85
US Employment Plan, 174–175
US Steel, 76, 147
US Student Association, 123–124
Uvalle, Martha, 79

Victoria, Lidia, 6, 80, 81–87
Virginia, 15, 49, 54
visas, work, 142, 143
Volkswagen, 78, 139
voting habits, 73, 208, 223n21
voting rights: activism, 91; antidemocratic policies, 42; antimajoritarian bias, 40

wages and compensation: automation changes and, 198, 199, 200; collective bargaining power, 18–19, 29, 54, 58–59, 130–131, 178–179; contractors and gig economy, 203–204; globalization effects, 37, 38, 97; industry suppression methods, 28, 78–79, 102, 153–154; international collective bargaining, 130–131; job stratification, 83, 90; labor issues and conflicts, 11–12, 99, 100, 107, 117, 147, 149–150, 160, 203–204; labor self-organization, 20–21, 58–59, 162; legislation, 27; low-wage work and increase movements, 94–95, 134–135, 137, 160–161, 162, 165–167; vs. tips, 28, 102; unemployment benefits, 57, 59–60, 153–154, 204
Wagner, Robert, 26, 27, 35, 36
Wagner Act (1935). See National Labor Relations Act (1935)
Walker, Robert, 11
Walker, Scott, 42, 182
Walker-Barbee, Rubynell, 6, 50, 56, 57–60
walk-outs. See strikes
Walmart: demonstrations and protests, 94; history and size, 143, 144; organizers and organizing, 143, 145, 147–151; suppliers, and worker protection, 79, 101–102, 138, 143, 145, 226n29; wages, 147, 148, 151, 160–161
Walsh Report of the U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations (1915), 24–25
Walton family, 143, 144
Washing Society, 20–21
Washington, 142, 229n10
Washington, D.C., 65, 196–197
water quality, 111–112
wealth: inequality increases, 179, 189–190; the “one percent,” 151, 155; racial gaps, 78, 95, 167 redistribution, 18–19, 35; regional differences, 103; universal basic income, 190
Weeks, Maurice, 28–29
Weil, David, 127–128
Wells Fargo, 140, 186
West Virginia: environmental standards, 111–112; non-unionized labor work and success, 99–100, 102–103, 104, 105, 117; politics and labor organizing, 103–15, 104, 114