INDEX
Note: Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations or tables.
Abd el Kader, 245
Abdesselem, Taleb, 25, 219, 220, 221 – 28, 237, 242, 245, 249
Abi-Mershed, Osama, 62
L’Afrique du nord illustrée (newspaper), 220, 260
Afrique latine (journal), 259
Agamben, Giorgio, 9n21
Algeria: advantages/privileges/excesses of, 56, 83 – 85, 134; annexation of (1834), 3, 4, 28, 47; budgetary independence (1901) of, 23; civilian rule (1870) of, 21, 22, 23; ex-Regency of Alger, xvi; French departments in, 19 – 20; judicial organization of, 3 – 4, 8, 19, 37 – 38, 41 – 42, 47 – 48, 54, 55, 61, 93, 124 – 25, 128, 134. See also colonization of Algeria
Algerian Jews: French citizenship for, 21, 74 – 78; judicial organization of, 48; legal status of, 68, 69, 75 – 82; use of French law by, 75 – 82. See also Mosaic law
Algerian men: advantages/privileges/excesses of, 1, 4, 5, 15 – 17, 58 – 60, 119, 138, 149 – 50, 183, 217 – 19, 227, 236 – 40, 247, 285, 291 – 94; conscription of, 24, 211 – 15, 236 – 39; feminist failure to find solidarity with, 289 – 93; French citizenship for, 5, 16, 20, 24, 74, 83, 213, 239; patriarchal authority of, 6, 28, 31, 52 – 54, 113, 132, 226, 235, 239 – 40, 291 – 92; political standing of, 25, 149 – 50, 211 – 15, 217, 221, 225 – 26, 236 – 44, 278, 284 – 85, 287, 292
Algerian Muslim Congress, 292
America, as analogy for colonization of Algeria, 42, 46
Annales africaines (journal), 247, 251
Annales algériennes (journal), 258, 260, 275
Annuaire statistique de France, 182
Anquetil, Georges, 247
Appeals Court of Algiers, 27, 76, 79, 134, 136, 174 – 75, 202, 203, 224, 263
Arab Bureaus, 20, 60 – 65, 67, 69, 89, 93
Arab Kingdom, 20, 71, 94, 95, 129, 195
Aron, Jules, 165
Artero, Antonia Ramona Juana, 201
Assembly of Jewish Notables. See Grand Sanhedrin
assimilation. See legal assimilation
L’Atlas (newspaper), 191
Attakadoum (Progress; journal), 284
Auclert, Hubertine, 146
L’Aurore (newspaper), 179
Barbet, Charles, 148, 252, 261
Barde, Louis, 98
Barthou, Louis, 270
Bastien, Charles-François, 115
Bataillons d’Afrique, 160
Baubérot, Jean, 11
Baudicour, Louis de, 191
Belkacem, Roumane, 261 – 66, 268 – 71
Bellemare, Alexandre, 130
ben Abdallah, Aoued Ould Ahmed, 201
ben Abdelaziz, Bouzid Mohamed, 254 – 55
ben Abd Eltif, Ali, 115
ben Abd Eltif, El Hadj Ahmed, 115
ben Abd Eltif, Mahmoud, 115
ben Abderrahman, Mohamed, 201
ben Ahmed, El Abassi, 126
ben Ali, Lhocine Mohand Boudjema, 263
ben Ali, Mohamed, 126
ben Allouah, Kaddour, 200
ben Amir, Mohammed, 126
Ben Badis, Abdelhamid, 283
ben Bou Dehedj, Mohammed, 116
ben Boursali, Ismaël, 202
ben Brihmat, Ahmed, 208
ben Chehida, El Hadj Mohammed, 116
ben Choaïb, Aboubekr Abdesselem, 233 – 34
ben el Arbi, El Mouloud, 136 – 37
ben el Haouari, El Arbi, 136 – 37
ben Hadji, Ehmed, 191
ben Haffiz, Youssef, 206
Ben Kenoun, Messaouda, 78 – 79
ben Kertilon, Mohammed, 187 – 88
ben Larbi, Sadok ben Hadj Mohamed Aloui, 201
ben Larby, Kaddour, 194
ben Messaoud el Maadi, Abdallah, 194
ben Mohamed, Ahmed, 134
ben Mohammed, Hassan, 191
ben Mahmoud, Mohamed, 176, 178
ben Munez, Mohamed, 201
ben Sedira, Belkassem, 194
ben Tahar, Sekfali Braham, 214
bent Ahmed, Lahalli, 200
bent Ahmed, Messaoud, 127
bent Caddour, Alia, 127
bent El Arbi, Fathma, 136 – 37
bent El Hadj ben Ez-Zahaf, Sultana, 113 – 14
bent El Hadj El Miloud ben Chehida, Yajout, 116
bent Hamoud ben Turkia, Fifi, 208
bent Mahi el Tourari, Meriem, 116
bent Moammar Ben Arrer, Helima, 116
bent Mohamed, Hamama, 254 – 55
bent Mohamed, Kheïra, 134
bent Mohammed, Josephine Marie Aicha, 200
bent Mohand, Aït Messaoud Ghenima, 263 – 64
bent Moulaï, Meriem, 206
bent Si Ahmed ben Chehida, Fathma, 116
bent si B. Khedda, Zohra, 116
Bent Zermati, Ricca, 79
Berbrugger, Louis Adrien, 65 – 66, 86
Berlant, Lauren, 251
Berthet, Élie, L’amour au desert, 141 – 42
Berthezène, Pierre, 30
Bertrand, Louis, 194
Bessol, Joseph Arthur Dufaure du, 155 – 57, 163 – 65, 167 – 68, 170, 172
Besson, Emmanuel, 139 – 40, 150, 211, 213
body: corporealization of personal law, 24, 97 – 99, 181 – 84, 214 – 16; and mixed marriages, 181; Muslims identified with, 182
Boeck, Charles de, 238
Bonnellier, Hippolyte, Mœurs d’Alger: Juive et Mauresque, 33 – 35
Bordes, Pierre, 283
Bouchard, C., 292
Bouderba, Ahmed, 236
Bouïs, Albert Jean Marie Joseph, 152 – 53, 155 – 79
Boukandoura, Ahmed, 195
Boullenois, Henri de, 97
Bou Medine ben Arricha, 107
Bourguignat, Auguste, 77
Bouri, Ahmed, “Muslims and Christian Women,” 274
Bourkaïeb, Si Hamdan ben Abderaman, 189 – 90, 196
Bousquet, Georges Henri, 288
Boussenot, Georges, 239
Bouvagnet, J.-F., 213
Boyer, Samuel Abraham, 152 – 53, 155 – 70, 173 – 80
Brazza, Comtesse de, 292
Briand, Aristide, 239
Broussais, Émile, 239
Brunel, Camille, 237
Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, 61
Bugéja, Marie, Nos soeurs musulmanes, 279
Bulletin judiciaire d’Algérie (journal), 136
bureaucracy, land-related fantasies of, 104 – 13, 118
Cambon, Jules, 147
Candide (pseudonym), “L’idéal d’un jeune,” 277
Caroby, Abraham, 172
Carpentier, P., 39
Catalogne, Joseph, 270
Cauwès, Albert, 186
centenary, of French Algeria, 18, 25, 26, 194, 278 – 79, 282 – 89, 293 – 94
Centenary Prize, 279
Chabert-Moreau, Jules, 80
Charbonney, Abraham, 156
Charivari Oranais (newspaper), 144 – 45
Charles X, 18
Chasseloup-Loubat, Prosper, 70
Chassériau, Théodore, 58
Cherbonneau, Eugène, 135 – 36, 139
Cherif, Ali, 213
Chevalier, Michel, 85
child marriage, 22, 121 – 51, 228, 234 – 35, 271
Christelow, Allan, 123
Chronique des lettres françaises (journal), 261
citizenship. See French citizenship
Civil Code (1804): and Algerian land, 21, 90, 95; and citizenship, 186; desire and pleasure as challenge to, 16 – 17; gender and sex regulated by, 11 – 12, 17; lawlike/symbolic character of, 17 – 18; local law in relation to, 55, 73; marriage provisions in, 121, 126, 186, 212; and mixed marriages, 24; as model for codification of Muslim law, 14, 24, 231 – 32; national homogeneity as ideal of, 9 – 10; polygamy as violation of, 55 – 56; secularism of, 10 – 11, 146 – 47; superiority of, 17, 25, 122, 134, 198, 203, 210, 217, 225, 290; universality of, 97 – 98, 148
civilian law/rule: military vs., 23, 32 – 33, 40, 49 – 50, 60, 64, 68 – 69, 95, 179; polygamy opposed by, 67 – 71; and property law, 95 – 96; reforms of local law sought by, 21 – 23, 68, 70 – 71, 129; and spahis, 154 – 55; uniformity of, as ideal, 60, 67 – 72, 86
civilizing mission, 25, 55, 73, 76, 88, 90, 137, 143, 283, 288
civil registry (état civil): Algerian Jews and, 79, 80, 82; child marriages and, 147 – 48; implementation problems for, 149; mixed marriages and, 182, 191, 193, 194, 200 – 201; Muslims and, 130 – 31; name imposition by, 22, 130. See also family names
civil status. See personal law/status
Clemenceau, Georges, 235, 236, 239 – 40
Cluseret, Gustave Paul, 168 – 69, 212
Colombon Affair, 27, 30 – 35, 40 – 42, 49, 51, 53
Colonial Society of Algiers, 39
colonization of Algeria: centenary of, 18, 25, 26, 194, 278 – 79, 282 – 89, 293 – 94; as civilizing mission, 25, 55, 73, 76, 88, 90, 137, 143, 283, 288; contesting views of, 38 – 44; fantasy as basis for, 1 – 2, 4, 7, 13, 15, 28, 31, 282 – 83, 293 – 94; French political circumstances of, 18 – 19; harms to Algerians in early years of, 27, 30, 32, 39 – 40, 43 – 46; legality of, 44 – 48; sexualization of, 1 – 7, 13, 31
Colonna, Fanny, 264
commissaire-enquêteurs (land surveyors), 101 – 4, 106, 109 – 12, 114 – 16, 118
Congrès des femmes méditerranéennes, 290 – 91
Conseil général d’Alger, 267
Conseil supérieur de gouvernement, 243
Conseil supérieur de l’Algérie, 103, 240
Constantine (department), 19, 74
Convention of Capitulation (1830), 1, 19, 27, 29, 32, 34, 40, 41, 44, 45, 51
conversion: individualist approach to, 50, 203; legal status not affected by, 185, 191 – 92, 204; marriage in conjunction with, 187, 202 – 4; of Muslim women, 19, 48 – 54
Cornille (Victor Auguste Laurent), Une infidèle, 28, 29
Corre, Armand, 161
Cottin, Alexander Pierre, 48 – 49
Council of Jurisprudence, 124
Cour d’appel d’Alger (Appeals Court of Algiers), 129
Cour de cassation, 77, 79, 208, 214, 221, 223 – 25
Cour impériale d’Alger (Imperial Court of Algiers), 76, 125 – 27, 135
Court of Aix, 79
Court of Appeals of Algiers. See Appeals Court of Algiers
Crémieux, Alfred, 88
Crémieux Decree, 21, 57, 88, 211
Cruet, Jean, 269
Dain, Alfred, 117
Danési, Émilie (Mimi bent Abdallah), 202 – 3, 207, 216
Dareste, Pierre, 241
Darien, Georges, Biribi, 161
Delacroix, Eugène, 58
délégations financières, 23, 25, 221, 229, 243, 244, 252, 258, 262, 263, 283
Demain (newspaper), 284
Demontès, Victor, 182
Depont, Octave, 285
Dessoliers, Félix, 182
dignity: duels and, 165 – 67, 169; of European/Christian women, 197 – 98; of French citizenship, 74, 78, 85, 89, 149, 213; of French law, 24, 41, 127, 129, 182, 184, 197; racial, 23
Directorate of Arab Affairs, 60
divorce, 49, 56, 59, 78 – 79, 86 – 87, 90, 131, 147, 183, 186, 205, 212 – 13, 219, 254, 257, 262 – 63, 265 – 66, 268 – 69
Doineau, Auguste, 64
Dolar, Mladen, 218
Doucet, Robert, 238
Dreyfus, Alfred, 179
Dreyfus, Camille, 169
Dreyfus Affair, 179
droit de djebr. See child marriage
Droit musulman (Sautayra and Cherbonneau), 135 – 36
Drumont, Édouard, 169
Dubois, Antoine, 200
Dubost, Antonin, 209
Duchêne, Ferdinand, 25, 251 – 53, 257 – 62, 267 – 70, 272 – 73, 276, 279 – 81, 289 – 90; Ceux d’Algérie, 279; Kamir, 272; Mouna, Cachir et Couscous, 279 – 80; Thamil’la, 250 – 53, 257, 260 – 61
Dujardin-Beaumetz, Armand, 175, 176
Dupin, André, 47
Duvernois, Alexandre, 73
Duvernois, Clément, 68, 72, 73, 86
Eberhardt, Isabelle, 255
L’Écho d’Alger (newspaper), 244, 259, 260 – 61, 276, 292
Edderdir, Cheikh, 230
L’Effort algérien (journal), 264
Egyptian Code, 228, 231 – 32, 234 – 35
El Ouffia tribe, massacre of, 27, 32, 39, 40, 44
El Seïd ben Abderrahman, 126
Enfantin, Prosper, 71
Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d’, 52 – 53
Esterhazy, Ferdinand Walsin, 179
Estoublon, Robert, 145
États Généraux du Féminisme, 289 – 90
Étienne, Alphonse, 148
Étienne, Eugène, 258
Étoile nord-africaine, 280, 283
L’Europe nouvelle (journal), 221
extimacy, 16 – 17, 16n46, 83, 89, 120, 218 – 19, 227, 228, 237, 242, 247, 249, 285, 294
Eyssautier, Louis-Auguste, 147 – 48
Faci, Saïd, 264, 276 – 78, 284 – 85
family. See Muslim family
family law: autonomy of, 52; colonial interactions with, 13; colonial uses of, 6; French vs. Muslim/Mosaic, 77, 231 – 33; of Jews, 75 – 76; naturalization and, 208 – 15; as obstacle to French citizenship, 90; property law in relation to, 21 – 22, 54, 86 – 88, 90, 92, 101 – 4, 112 – 13, 115, 183; religion and, 28, 31 – 32
family names, 22, 113, 129 – 33
famine of 1868, 87
fantasy: Berthet’s L’amour au desert as, 141 – 42; characteristics of, 14, 31; Colombon Affair as instance of, 31 – 35; colonization of Algeria based in, 1 – 2, 4, 7, 15, 31, 282 – 83, 293 – 94; concerning land distribution, 104 – 13, 118; as interpretive framework, 14 – 15; law in relation to, 13 – 14; of Muslim sexuality, 15 – 16, 56, 58 – 60, 217 – 19, 227 – 28, 287; Orientalist, 56 – 57
Farris, Sara, 290
Faure, Félix, 176
Favre, Jules, 64
Fédération des élus musulmans, 25, 284
Fekar, Ben Ali, 236
feminism, 14, 26, 146, 186, 227n28, 241, 283, 288 – 91
Fernando, Marie, 194
Ferry, Jules, 146
Feuillide, Jean-Gabriel Cappot de, 69
Fiaux, Louis, 160
Le Figaro (newspaper), 35, 287
First World War, 215
Fonrouge, Antoine Adolphe, Jean-Jean au sérail d’Alger, 3
Fonvielle, Wilfred de, 83 – 84
forced marriage. See child marriage
Forest, Eugène-Hippolyte, Le Sérail en émoi (The seraglio astir), 1, 2
Fortin d’Ivry, Théodore, 59
Fourcade, Jean Baptiste, 112, 202
La Française (journal), 289 – 93
Frédéric, Julia, 191
French citizenship: for Algerian Jews, 21, 74 – 78; for Algerian men, 5, 16, 20, 24, 74, 83, 213, 239; Crémieux Decree and, 21, 57, 88; dignity of, 74, 78, 85, 89, 149, 213; for European migrants in Algeria, 23, 74; individualist model of, 74 – 75, 81 – 83, 208 – 11, 214 – 15; individual opportunities for, 74 – 75; marriage’s effect on, 24, 186 – 87, 203, 204, 208 – 16, 222, 225, 284 – 85; military service in relation to, 24, 211 – 15, 239; Muslim family law as obstacle to, 90; polygamy as obstacle to, 24, 56 – 57, 74, 77, 83, 88 – 89, 239 – 44; renunciation of local (Muslim) law required for, 5, 16, 20, 24, 74 – 75, 83, 213; sexuality linked to, 213; subject status vs., 47, 56, 74, 76 – 77, 83, 90, 96 – 100. See also sénatus-consulte (1865)
French Communist Party, 283
French Jews, 11
French men: fantasies about Algerian women at root of colonization of Algeria, 1, 2, 3, 13, 15, 28; legal status of, 12; patriarchal authority of, 6, 11 – 12, 211, 226, 235, 288 – 89; sexual freedom of, 12, 17, 241 – 42, 245 – 46
Freud, Sigmund, 14, 17n48, 177, 285
Freycinet, Charles de, 160 – 61, 168, 174
Garcia, Maria de Jesus Catherineau, 201
Gaspard, Louis, 200
Gastu, François, 103
Gaudier, Marie, 201
General Council of Alger, 74, 83, 86
Genty de Bussy, Pierre, 49 – 52, 58, 187 – 88
Godin, Annette, L’erreur de Nedjma, 276 – 77
Gourgeot, François, 104, 107 – 9, 111 – 12, 116 – 17
Grand Prix Littéraire de l’Algérie, 258 – 60
Grand Sanhedrin, 11, 68, 75, 80, 83, 85
Grévy, Albert, 130
Gueydon, Louis Henri de, 128, 129, 134, 195 – 97, 207
Gustavino, Jean-Marie, 258 – 59, 267 – 68
habous. See religious trusts
Hacene, Mme. Seghir, 291
El Hack (newspaper), 274
Hacoun-Campredon, Pierre, 266
Hadj, Messali, 283
Hain, Victor-Arman, 39
Hamet, Ismaël, 238
Hanafi school, 8, 37, 137, 232
Hanoteau, Adolphe, 139 – 40, 143, 145, 252
Haoussin, Jean-Baptiste (Emhamed Ben Haoussin), 191 – 93
harems, 1, 58, 65, 83, 85, 227
Heller, Maximilienne, 259
Hocq, Madeleine, 260
Houdas, Eugène, 116
Houellebecq, Michel, Submission, 294
Hugues, Albert, 211
Hussein Dey, 1, 18, 29, 41, 43
Ikdam (newspaper), 223, 244 – 45
L’Illustration (magazine), 251
Independant (newspaper), 87
indigénat (administrative law), 7, 22, 138, 147, 237
indigenous intellectuals, 271 – 74, 280 – 81
individualist model: of citizenship, 74 – 75, 81 – 83, 208 – 11, 214 – 15; collectivist vs., 81 – 82, 210 – 11; of property ownership, 67, 72 – 73, 93, 100 – 102, 128 – 33; of religious affiliation, 50, 203
inheritance, 96, 100, 103, 110 – 12, 114 – 17, 125n28, 206
intellectual elite, 264 – 66, 269 – 70, 280
intellectuals, indigenous. See indigenous intellectuals
Interministerial Commission on Muslim Affairs, 240, 270 – 71
Isaac, Alexandre, 145, 149, 212
Islam: conversion to Christianity from, 48 – 54; criticisms of, 59; desecrations of, 27, 32, 40, 45, 51; French law in relation to, 41; Judaism compared to, 77; local family law and, 28, 31 – 32; sovereignty in relation to, 48. See also Qur’an
Jacques, Rémy, 102 – 3, 109, 130 – 31
Jacquey, Jules, 208
Javary, Albert, 63
Jean-Darrouy, Lucienne, 292 – 93
Jeanmaire, Charles, 145
Jerôme, Prince, 68
Jewish Consistory, 81
Jews. See Algerian Jews; French Jews
Jonnart, Charles, 24, 25, 229, 235, 243, 257, 258, 275
Jonnart Law (1919), 25, 243 – 44, 249
Journal de jurisprudence de la Cour impériale d’Alger, 78, 80
Journal des tribunaux algériens, 140, 264
July Monarchy, 18, 40, 43, 47, 95
Kabylie: customs of, 119, 139 – 47, 252 – 54, 261 – 71, 273, 280; literature about, 250 – 53, 255 – 56; rebellion in, 21; women’s status in, 25, 139 – 40, 252 – 57, 261 – 74, 290
Kaci, Aït-, 278
Kafka, Ben, 106
Kant, Immanuel, 38
Kateb, Kamel, 200
Khalil ibn Ishâq, Mukhtasar, 230
Kherroubi, M., 245
Khodja, Hamdan ben Othman, 42 – 44
Khourab, Abdelkader, 172
Krodja, Mohammed, 111
Lacavo, Jeanne, 194
Lafferière, Édouard, 23
Lainé, Armand, 98 – 99, 204 – 5
Lalagade, Paul de, 229
Lallemand, Orphis Léon, 154
Lamouroux, André Pierre Charles, 59
land: availability of, for purchase, 101 – 4, 117; bureaucratic fantasies concerning, 104 – 13, 118; classifications of, 20; collective/communal holding of, 91 – 92, 94, 100 – 103, 108 – 9; “current possession” of, 101, 103, 107 – 8, 113; French designs on, 19, 21, 46, 67, 72 – 73, 86, 91, 93 – 96, 100 – 104, 112, 117; French laws concerning Algerian, 4 – 5, 20 – 22, 90, 95 – 96, 100 – 104; indigenous rights and uses, 42, 46, 72 – 73, 93 – 94, 101 – 5, 115 – 16; polygamy linked to, 20 – 21; punitive laws related to, 22. See also property law; Warnier Law
Lanjuinais, Victor Ambroise, 85
La Panouse, Henri de, 158 – 59, 162 – 63, 166 – 67, 171 – 72
Lapasset, Ferdinand, 63
La Pinsonnière, Alexis de, 44 – 46
Larcher, Émile, 138, 203, 205, 206 – 7, 211, 215, 218, 234 – 35
Larnac, Philippe, 77
La Rochefoucauld, Frédéric Gaëtan de, 40, 53
Larue, abbé, 50
Laurence, Justin, 2 – 3, 41 – 42, 45 – 48, 54
Laurent, François, 98
law: Algerians’ status under, 4 – 5; conflict and uncertainty in, 9 – 10; cultural effects of, 8; dignity of, 24, 41, 127, 129, 182, 184, 197; fantasy in relation to, 13 – 14; forum shopping, 78, 125, 216; French (universal), 4 – 5, 9 – 10; Lacanian conception of, 218; land-related, 4 – 5; at outset of colonization, 35 – 38; pleasure in tension with, 16 – 17; plural, in imperial contexts, 4, 7; sexuality and gender underlying, 4 – 7; sovereignty in relation to, 8 – 9, 19, 28; temporal vs. spiritual, 10 – 11. See also Civil Code; civilian law/rule; family law; legal assimilation; local (Muslim) law; military law/rule; personal law/status
Léal, Numa, 238
Lechani, Mohand Saïd, 264, 273, 278
Le Chatelier, Alfred, 233
Leclerc, Adrien, 150
legal assimilation, 67, 69 – 72, 76, 79 – 82, 85, 87 – 89, 96, 183 – 84, 210 – 12, 272
legal difference: contradictions inherent in, 282 – 83; forced marriage as example of, 149; personal and family law linked to, 91; sexuality linked to, 4 – 5, 13, 236 – 37, 243, 278 – 79, 287
legal Orientalism, 13
Lepasset, Ferdinand, 71
Letourneau, Charles, 231
Letourneux, Aristide, 139 – 40, 143, 145, 252
Levrier, Antonin, 146
Leyritz, Joseph Durieu de, 174
Liauzu, Claude, 194
liberalism, 11, 37 – 38, 43, 68 – 69
Ligue des droits de l’homme, 240
Ligue des familles nombreuses, 246
literature. See sentimental literature
local (Muslim) law: Arab Bureaus and, 63; codification of, 14, 24, 145, 195 – 96, 217, 228 – 36; conversion from Islam and, 50 – 52; French administrative control over, 8, 19, 22 – 23, 37, 50 – 52, 61, 124 – 25, 128, 133 – 34, 245; French citizenship dependent on renunciation of, 5, 16, 20, 24, 74 – 75, 83, 213; French compendium of (1873), 135 – 36; French conceptions of, 13 – 14, 36 – 37; French support of, 4, 27 – 28, 46, 61 – 63, 67; French vs., 4 – 5, 8, 182, 184, 196 – 97, 210 – 11, 217, 221, 224 – 25, 287 – 88; judicial organization of, 3 – 4, 8, 19, 37 – 38, 41 – 42, 47 – 48, 54, 55, 61, 93, 124 – 25, 128, 134; land not subject to, 4 – 5; liberal attitude toward, 37 – 38; patriarchal character of, 11; plural character of, 8; relationship of religious and civil law in, 183 – 84, 195; women’s status in, 12. See also family law
Loti, Pierre, 256
Louis Philippe, King, 18, 43, 95
Loyseau, Charles, 97
Luciani, Dominique, 243
Lutaud, Charles, 239, 242, 258
Mahmood, Saba, 154n113, 202n72
Maliki school, 8, 37, 135, 232
Mallarmé, Victor, 137
Mallebay, Ernest, 260
Malo, Marcel, 269
Mangin, Charles, 241
Manny, Henri, 172
Manuel du Commissaire Enquêteur, 110, 111
Marival, Raymond. See Vaissié, Marie-Louis-Raymond
Marrast, Armand, 191
marriage law: in Algeria, 11, 131; in France, 10 – 11; gendered nature of, 11 – 12; Jewish, 78 – 79, 83 – 85; patriarchal character of, 11 – 12; property in relation to, 12; “putative” status, 204 – 6, 239, 275; reform of, 147 – 48; sexuality in, 12; tensions in French vs. Muslim, 125 – 28, 131, 134 – 38, 142 – 47; women’s appeals against, 126 – 28; and women’s consent, 120 – 22, 125 – 28, 135, 151, 222, 232 – 33. See also child marriage; Kabylie: customs of
marriages, mixed. See mixed marriages
Martinez, Maria Ascencion, 201
Marx, Karl, 90
Mascaro, Jeanne Caroline, 206 – 7
Massoni, Maxime, 252, 257; Fatima, la repudiée, 256 – 57
Maupassant, Guy de, 161
Mayer, Armand, 169
Maynial, Édouard, 261
Mazel, Benjamin, 80
Mazouni, Mustapha ben Mohamed, 203
Medjeles (Majlis) council, 36
Mélia, Jean, 284
men. See Algerian men; French men
Mercier, Ernest, 129
Mercier, Gustave, 282
Mercure de France (journal), 255
Merlin, Philippe, 81
Messimy, Adolphe, 214, 236 – 37
Michel, Albin, 260
Michelin, Henri, 169, 212 – 13
Migot, Robert, 260
military: civilian criticisms of, 30, 40, 42 – 44, 64, 155; conscription into, 24, 211 – 15, 236 – 39; violence wielded by, 27, 29 – 30, 32, 39 – 40, 44 – 45
military law/rule: civilian vs., 23, 32 – 33, 40, 49 – 50, 60, 64, 68 – 69, 95, 179; and local law, 60, 93; and marriage customs, 123; and pederasty, 152 – 53, 155, 160 – 61, 166, 169 – 72; response of, to direct challenges, 152 – 80; and Scandal of Médéa, 152, 155, 162 – 79; scandals involving, 152 – 80
Miller, Jacques-Alain, 16n46, 218
Ministry of War, 38, 43 – 44, 51 – 52, 54, 55, 155, 166, 174, 175 – 76, 178
Mirante, Jean, 268
El Misbah (newspaper), 204
mission civilisatrice. See civilizing mission
mixed marriages, 181 – 216; Algerian-European, 24, 181 – 82, 185 – 98, 199, 200 – 202; asymmetry in attitudes toward, 276; conflicting codes in, 202 – 15; in early twentieth-century, 274 – 78; failures of, 274 – 77; French law on, 196 – 98; inter-European, 23, 181 – 82, 199; personal status as affected by, 24, 186 – 90, 203 – 4, 284 – 85; skepticism about, 181 – 82, 198
Mobacher (newspaper), 135
modernity, 98 – 99, 231 – 35, 245, 249, 264, 267, 273, 274
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de, 58
Moqrani Rebellion, 21, 22, 129, 133, 154, 253
morality: appeals to, in child marriage cases, 119 – 20, 123, 126 – 28, 134, 136 – 37, 144 – 49; French hypocrisy concerning, 212; French superiority/Algerian depravity, 25, 55 – 56, 59 – 60, 62, 242; military behavior and, 155, 160 – 61
Morand, Marcel, 230 – 32, 234 – 36, 239 – 40, 242, 252, 264, 268 – 70, 275, 287 – 88
Morès, Marquis de, 169
Morinaud, Émile, 243
Morsly, Taïeb Ould, 212
Mosaic law: authority of, 8, 37, 48; French law in relation to, 4, 8, 37, 42, 48, 56, 61, 88; Jews’ choice between French and, 78 – 79; on marriage, 78 – 79, 83 – 85; personal status as venue for, 80 – 81; polygamy in, 57
Moulin, Félix-Jacques-Antoine: Mauresques en visite, constume de l’intérieur (Alger), 84; Midjeles [Majlis], Tribunal supérieur musulman (Tlemcen), 70
muftis: backgrounds of, 36; French oversight of, 19, 47, 50, 61; role of, 36
Muhammad (prophet), 67
Muslim family, 90 – 118; contesting views of, 93; defining, for purposes of property law, 101 – 4, 109 – 13, 111, 116 – 18, 132 – 33; patronymics prescribed for, 22, 113, 129 – 32; as private domain, 29, 35, 37, 52; in property law cases, 107 – 9
Muslim men. See Algerian men
Myre de Vilers, Charles le, 112
Napoléon III, 20, 68, 69, 71 – 73, 82, 94 – 96, 128, 129
Nava, Marie, 194
Norès, Edmond, 228 – 29, 268, 271
Olivaint, Maurice, 259
Oran (department), 19, 74, 79, 102 – 3, 104
Orientalism, 14, 56 – 57, 219, 226, 259. See also legal Orientalism
Other: extimate relations to, 218; relation of self to, 16, 16n46
Ould Aoudia, Boudjemâ, 263 – 64
Outrey, Ernest, 239
Paravey, Charles, 36 – 38, 43 – 44, 47, 51 – 52, 187 – 88
Patman, Carole, 285
patriarchy: in Algerian society, 6, 28, 31, 52 – 54, 113, 132, 226, 235, 239 – 40, 291 – 92; family names as instance of, 22, 113, 129 – 32; in French civil law, 6, 11 – 12, 211, 226, 235, 288 – 89; French upholding of, in Algeria, 28, 52 – 54, 146, 211; in Muslim law, 11, 19
patronymics. See family names
Pavy, Louis-Antoine-Augustin, 191
pederasty, 152 – 53, 155, 160 – 61, 166, 169 – 72
Pélissier, Aimable, 191
Pelliat, Adolphe, 104
Pellissier de Reynaud, Henri, 63 – 64
PEM, Le centenaire à Montmartre, 285, 286
personal law/status: affirming/challenging French civil law, 17; in Algeria, 4 – 6, 96, 98 – 99; blood ties as basis for, 185, 190; conversion’s effect on, 185, 191 – 92; corporealization of, 24, 97 – 99, 181 – 84, 214 – 16; defined, 10, 96 – 97; French criticisms/resentment of Muslim, 119 – 20, 138, 148 – 51, 182 – 84, 213 – 15, 217 – 18, 236 – 43, 285, 287; French law in relation to, 61; as French legal creation, 96, 245; French unification of, 10 – 12; history of, 96 – 99; marriage linked to, 122, 215; mixed marriages and, 24, 186 – 90, 203 – 4; property law in relation to, 4, 88, 90, 96, 99 – 100; religion in relation to, 185 – 86. See also family law
Petit Alger (newspaper), 171, 173
Petit médéen (newspaper), 170 – 71
Petit Parisien (newspaper), 144
Peyerimhoff, Henri de, 182
Pharaon, Joanny, 48
Picard, Aurélie. See Tijānī, Aurélie
Pichon, Louis André, 30, 32 – 33, 39, 42 – 43, 46
pleasure: attraction/repulsion of, 16 – 17, 285; imputed to Algerian men, 16 – 17, 218 – 19; law in tension with, 16 – 17
Poincaré, Raymond, 237
Poivre, Aimé, 82
polygamy, 55 – 89; associated with Muslims, 57 – 60; criticisms of, 55 – 56, 60, 62, 228; decline of, 238, 245; economic basis for, 62, 65 – 66, 68 – 69; Jews and, 57, 75 – 76, 79 – 80; land linked to, 20 – 21; as obstacle to French citizenship, 24, 56 – 57, 74, 77, 83, 88 – 89, 239 – 44; persistence of, in French fantasy, 294; population increase linked to, 246 – 47; positive assessments of, 63 – 64; Qur’an’s sanctioning of, 65, 68, 212, 227; tolerance of, 238, 287; as unofficial but accepted French/Christian practice, 17, 241 – 42, 245 – 46; as violation of French law, 63
Portalis, Jean-Marie, 10, 11, 55 – 56, 97, 121
Pothier, Robert, 81
Pourquéry de Boisserin, Joseph, 133, 213
Povinelli, Elizabeth, 113
Progressive Assimilation of Algeria to France, 234
property law: admiration for Muslim, 46; applied to Algeria, 72 – 74; confusions resulting from, 104 – 18; family law in relation to, 21 – 22, 54, 86 – 88, 90, 92, 101 – 4, 112 – 13, 115, 183; and indigenous land, 72 – 73; individualist model in, 67, 72 – 73, 93, 100 – 102, 128 – 33; marriage law in relation to, 12; opposition to codification of, 232; patronymic family names as part of, 22, 113, 129 – 33; personal law in relation to, 4, 88, 90, 96, 99 – 100; reform of, personal, family, and moral changes linked to, 86, 89, 92 – 93; territorial nature of, 10; women and, 113 – 14. See also land; sénatus-consulte (1863); Warnier Law
public order, 16, 24, 55 – 56, 77 – 78, 80, 83, 89, 126, 196, 202, 216, 243, 254
putative marriage status, 204 – 6, 239, 275
qadis: backgrounds of, 8, 37; codification of law criticized by, 232; expertise of, 46; French oversight of, 19, 22, 47 – 48, 50 – 51, 61, 64, 124 – 25, 128, 134; and marriage customs, 123; role of, 8, 22, 36
qanouns (customary laws), 140, 145, 250, 252, 254
Qur’an: authority of, in French Algeria, 48, 56; civil and religious law linked in, 61; codification of Muslim law and, 228 – 29; and forced marriage, 148; polygamy sanctioned by, 65, 68, 212, 227; protections for women in, 62; universal and imperial character of, 17 – 18; on women’s status, 226
Rachidi (The Guide; journal), 236
Radiguet, Max, La Polygamie, 247, 248
Raibaldi, Marie Josephine, 200
Randon, Jacques Louis, 124, 154
Recueil Sirey (journal), 77
religion. See Islam
religious freedom, 50, 51, 53, 184, 187 – 88, 216
religious trusts (habous), 20, 93, 94, 115, 125n28
Revue africaine (journal), 58, 65 – 66
Revue algérienne, tunisienne, et marocaine de jurisprudence (journal), 207, 288
Revue algérienne et tunisenne de jurisprudence (journal), 145, 147, 148, 204, 210, 234, 264
Revue de l’Orient (journal), 59
Revue du monde musulman (journal), 233
Revue indigène (journal), 214, 238
Revue nord africaine (journal), 256
Revue nord-africaine illustrée (journal), 140
Richardot, Lucie, 289
Rifkin, Mark, 100
Rinderhagen, Amédée, 238
Rivoire, Elizabeth, 191
Robe, Eugène, 80, 101 – 2, 109, 114, 115, 117, 265 – 66, 268
Rocas, Albert, 155, 158 – 59, 163 – 64, 173, 179
Rose, Jacqueline, 14
Rouher, Eugène, 192
Roussel, Charles, 183
Roux-Freissineng, Pierre, 292
Rovigo, Anne Jean Marie René Savary, Duke of, 27 – 28, 30 – 35, 39 – 40, 42, 53
Rozet, Albin, 235
Ruë, Aristide de la, 85
Ruedy, John, 94
Ruskola, Teemu, 13
Saada, Emmanuelle, 184
Sabatier, Camille, 254
Sadi, Oukali, 245
Said, Edward, 14
Saïd, Smail, 263
Saint-Gouric, Yvon de, Mektoub, 276