NOTE ON TRANSLATION AND TRANSLITERATION

This book is based on the colonial archive of French Algeria. To consistently reflect these sources, I have maintained the colonial-era names and transliterations of places and people. Contemporary place names have been indicated in parentheses where appropriate—for example, Orléansville (Chlef). When not following French sources, transliterations from Arabic follow the guidelines of the International Journal of Middle East Studies. Translations from the French are my own.