INDEX
Page numbers indicated with italics represent figures.
- al-ʿAbbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, 87, 171–72
- Abbasid dynasty, 42–44, 47, 55, 59, 60
- ʿAbd Allah al-Mahdi, 44–46
- ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, 181–82
- ʿAbd al-Muʾmin, 166, 168–70, 176–77, 182–84, 185–87, 196–97
- ʿAbd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi, 132–33
- Abu al-Dawʾ, 16, 85, 95, 108
- Abu al-Futuh ibn Tamim, 83n50, 86–87, 171–72
- Abu al-Hajaj Yusuf ibn Ziri, 148–50, 175–76, 180–81, 182–83
- Abu al-Hasan al-Furriyani of Sfax, 17–18, 131–32, 148, 179–80
- Abu al-Salt, 15–19, 97–98, 101–2
- Abu Yahya ibn Matruh, 180–81
- Abu Yazid, 46–47
- Adelaide del Vasto, Countess and Regent of Sicily, 80–82, 91
- Adrian IV, Pope, 173
- Africa, Norman Kingdom of: economy of, 154–64; fall of, 181–86; formation of, 125–34; legacy of, 186–98; politics of, 144–54, 163–64; and royal titulure, 136–41
- Africa Proconsularis, 28–29
- Africe, boundaries of, 27–33
- Aghlabid dynasty, 29–30, 43–45
- agriculture, 5, 33–35, 40–41, 53–54, 61–62n68, 78–79, 78n30, 155
- Agrigento, 68–69
- Alexander of Telese, 81–82, 104–6
- ʿAli ibn Tamim, 68–69
- ʿAli ibn Yahya, Zirid emir, 83n50, 87–93, 176–77
- Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh (Ibn al-Athir), 192–95
- Almería, 107–8
- Almohads: arrival into Ifriqiya, 168–74; conquest of Norman Africa by, 181–86, 196–97; Genoese trade with, 162–63; legacy in Ifriqiya, 186–91
- Almoravid dynasty, 88–93, 104–10, 121–22, 128, 198–99
- al-Amir, Fatimid imam-caliph, 93, 95–96
- Anacletus II, Pope, 111
- al-Andalus, 55n31, 90–91, 92, 168–69, 188–89, 197, 199
- Antioch, 91, 111, 116–17, 118, 119, 167–68
- apostolic legation, 77–78, 86
- archaeology, 19–21
- Aristippus, Henry, 31–32
- Ayyub ibn Tamim, 68–69
- al-ʿAziz, Fatimid imam-caliph, 53–54, 85
- Badis ibn al-Mansur, Zirid emir, 54–55, 56
- Bahram, Fatimid vizier, 94–95, 94n94, 117–18
- al-Bakri, 18–19, 29–30, 34, 52–53, 155
- al-Baladhuri, 29–30
- Banu Dahman, 128
- Banu Ghaniya, 187–88, 197
- Banu Hilal, 4–5, 7–9, 19–20, 23–24, 49, 56–62, 96, 198–200
- Banu Khazrun, 55, 56–57
- Banu Matruh, 125–26n77, 128, 145, 147, 148
- Banu Qurra, 128–29
- Banu Zughba, 58–59
- Beatrice of Rethel, 168
- Benjamin of Tudela, 121–22
- Berbers/Berber tribes: and the Banu Hilal, 58–62; and the Fatimids, 43–47; in French colonial narratives, 4–6; origins and definitions of, 48–52
- Bernard of Clairvaux, 141, 142–43
- Bône, 73n3, 150–51, 170–71, 195–96
- Bougie (Béjaïa), 112–13, 162–63, 169–70
- Brashk, 126–27
- Bulukkin ibn Ziri, Zirid emir, 47, 51–54, 55n31
- Byzantium: and Africa Proconsularis, 28–31; relationship with the Normans, 62–66, 114–15, 127–28, 172–73; relationship with the Zirids, 82–83
- Cairo Geniza, 13n47, 18–19n70, 22, 38–40, 57–58, 93–94, 118–19, 158–60. See also Jews/Jewish communities
- Calabria, 62–64, 80–82, 93, 104
- Carmen in Victoriam Pisanorum, 73–76
- cartularies, 160–63, 160n107
- Castrogiovanni, Battle of, 67–68
- Cathedral of Mahdia, 151–52
- Christodoulos, 2, 81–82, 84, 96–97, 108
- churches, Christian, 77–78, 86–87, 135–36, 151–52
- Civitate, Battle of, 63–64
- climate, 33, 40–41, 121–25, 129–31. See also drought
- coins/coinage, 36–37, 139–41, 139n12, 163n124, 175, 183
- commerce: across the Sahara, 34–37; between the Almohads and Christian powers, 188–89, 197; in the central Mediterranean, 33–42; in Norman Africa, 158–64; in Zirid Ifriqiya, 52–53, 57–58, 60–61, 89–90; and Zirid-Norman conflict, 113–14, 118–20; and Zirid raiding, 73–79, 82–83; between the Zirids and Normans, 37, 41–42, 57, 61–62, 69–70, 120–22
- Conrad III, King of Germany, 127
- Constantinople, 62–63, 107–8, 127–28, 167
- Crusades, 12–13, 16–17, 78–79, 91, 127, 141–44, 167–69, 191–95
- crypto-Muslims, 11–12, 170–71, 190–91
- dhimma (protected status of Jews and Christians), 168–69
- al-Dimas, Battle of, 1–3, 15–16, 24, 92–102, 176
- Djerba: and the fall of Norman Africa, 169–70, 172–73, 180–81; Norman attacks on, 103–4, 106–7, 114–15, 117–18; and the Norman Kingdom of Africa, 136, 153–54
- drought, 3, 24–25, 64–65, 115, 121–25, 129–31, 134, 198–99. See also climate
- Falcandus, Hugo, 31–32, 184–85, 189–91
- famine, 57, 64–65, 120, 122–25, 129–31
- Fatimid dynasty: in the battle of al-Dimas, 93–96; early relationship with the Zirids, 56–62, 66–67; and the Normans, 94–95, 117–18, 126–27, 145–46, 171–73, 188–89, 199; origins in Ifriqiya, 38–39, 42–47, 51–55; and the Zirid-Norman relationship, 115, 117–20, 126–27
- al-Futuh ibn Yahya, 86–87, 171–72
- Gabès, 87–92, 128–32, 147–48, 177–78, 180–81, 184
- Genoa/Genoese, 73–76, 160–63
- George of Antioch: at the Battle of al-Dimas, 1–3, 96–98; death of, 171–72, 178–80; in the Norman administration, 83–85, 117–18, 126–34, 144–48, 150–51, 155–56; in Zirid Ifriqiya, 73, 79–80
- Gozo, 104–7, 105n3, 108–9, 136, 154
- Grisandus (Grizant) priest of Roger II, 138–39
- Guiscard, Robert, 49, 63–64, 66
- Hafsid dynasty, 29–30, 188, 197
- Hammadid dynasty: fall to the Almohads, 168–69; and the Normans, 85–86; and the Zirids, 55–57, 60, 68n95, 70–71, 83, 111–13, 119–20, 133–34
- al-Hasan ibn ʿAli, Zirid emir: alliance with the Normans, 110–15; and the Almohads, 168–69, 182–87; defeats to the Normans, 119–21, 125–34; early reign of, 93–98, 100–102
- Haydaran, Battle of, 59–60
- holy war, 25, 43–44, 99–101, 143–44, 173–77, 179–80. See also Crusades; jihad
- Horn Mountain, Battle of, 186
- hostages, 75–76, 131–32, 144–45, 148, 149–50, 179–80
- Ibadis, 46–47n93, 114, 114n40, 153–54
- Ibn Abd al-Hakam, 29–30
- Ibn al-Sallar, 171–72
- Ibn Hamdis, 82–83, 98–102
- Ibn Hawqal, 42n69, 45–46, 58–59
- Ibn ʿIdhari, 17–18, 86–87, 90, 111–12, 119, 122–23, 132–33, 191n117
- Ibn Khordadbeh, 29–30
- Ibn Muyassar, 95–96, 126–27
- Ibn Rashiq, 59–60
- Ibn Shaddad, 15–19, 114n40
- Ibn Sharaf, 59–60
- Idris, H. R., 6–7
- al-Idrisi, 61, 150–51
- Ifriqiya, 23, 27–33
- immigration. See migration
- Innocent II, Pope, 111, 116
- Islam: and the Almohads, 183–84, 185–86, 187; in the foundation of Mahdia, 43–44, 46; and Frankish aggression, 192–97, 198–200; Islamic law in the fall of Norman Africa, 168–69, 173–77; Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, 46–49, 168–69, 174–77, 197; and Norman Africa, 105–6, 140–41, 144–47; Sunnism, 42–49, 51–52, 55n31, 56, 169
- Jabbara ibn Kamil al-Fadighi, 147, 149–50
- Jerusalem, 91–92, 116–17, 167–68
- Jews/Jewish communities: and the Banu Hilal, 57–61; in Norman Africa, 135–36, 154–55, 158–60, 163–64; and the Norman conquest of Sicily, 70, 77. See also Cairo Geniza
- jihad, 1–2, 43–44, 92, 97–102, 176–77. See also holy war
- jizya. See taxes/taxation
- Mahdi, 140–41
- Mahdia: under al-Muʿizz ibn Badis, 52–53; attacked by the Pisans and Genoese, 73–76; conquered by the Almohads, 166, 184–86, 189–90; foundation of, 42–47; and the Hammadids, 110–15; and the Normans, 120–21, 129–31, 135, 149–52, 156, 181; “Tour Normande” in, 156, 157–58
- Maio of Bari, 150–51, 185, 189–90
- Malaterra, Geoffrey, 67–69, 73
- malik Ifriqiya (King of Ifriqiya), 139–41, 139n10
- Malta, 77, 104–7, 105n3, 108–9, 136, 154
- al-Mansur ibn Bulukkin, Zirid emir, 54–55
- al-Maqrizi, 83–84, 94–95, 108, 177
- al-Mazari, legal rulings of, 123n71, 174–77
- Messina, 41–42, 66, 80–81, 104
- migration: as Almohad policy, 187–88; and cultural exchange, 94–96, 199–200; and Norman Africa, 128, 135–36, 156–61, 165; and the Norman conquest of Sicily, 64–67, 70–71, 77–78, 80–81; out of Ifriqiya, 57–58, 122–25
- mosques, 45–46, 64–65, 153–54
- Muhammad ibn Rushayd, 128, 129–31, 147, 180–81
- Muhriz ibn Ziyad, 112–13, 133–34, 133n104, 181–82, 186
- Muʿammar ibn Rushayd, 128–29
- al-Muʿizz ibn Badis, Zirid emir, 4, 47, 56–62, 66–68
- Nicholas II, Pope, 63–64
- Nicotera, 69–70, 93
- Normans/Norman dynasty: alliance with the Zirids, 70–79, 110–14; and the Almohads, 169–71, 181–86; arrival in Southern Italy and Sicily, 48–49, 62–70; in the battle of al-Dimas, 92–97; and the myth of tolerance, 9–14; relationship of the Fatimid caliphate with, 93–96
- North Africa, geography of, 33–37
- Palermo, 20–21, 41, 65–66, 68–70, 84–85, 104, 147–48
- papacy: in the fall of Norman Africa, 172–73; and Norman expansion in southern Italy and Sicily, 63–64, 77–78, 86; and Norman kingship, 32–33, 110–11, 115–17, 172–73
- Paschal II, Pope, 86
- Philip of Mahdia, 150–51, 170–71, 171n23
- Pisa/Pisans, 73–76, 115–16, 188–89
- poets/poetry, 74n10, 82–83, 95, 98–102, 199–200
- Rafiʿ ibn Makan al-Dahmani, 88–92
- raiding, maritime: and the Aghlabids, 43–44; around Sicily, 69–71; and Djerba, 114–15, 120; during the reign of Tamim ibn al-Muʿizz, 73–76; during the reign of Yahya ibn Tamim, 79–80, 82–83; and the Zirid-Almoravid alliance, 92–93, 104–10
- Ralph of Domfront, 116–17
- Raymond Berengar III, count of Barcelona, 109–10, 109n24
- Raymond of Poitiers, 111
- rex Africe (king of Africa), 136–41, 137n2
- Ridwan ibn Walakhshi, 117
- Robert of Torigni, 142–43, 151
- robes of honor, 25, 55, 140–41, 144–48
- Roger I, Count of Sicily, 49, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 75–76, 77–79, 80, 193–94
- Roger II, King of Sicily: ambitions in the Crusader states, 91–92, 116–17, 141–44, 167–69; ambitions in the Italian peninsula, 110–12; in the battle of al-Dimas, 1–2, 92–96; early reign of, 77–83, 84, 85–88, 89–93, 94–96, 101–2; involvement in Norman Africa, 144–54; as King of Africa, 136–41, 137n2; later years of reign and death of, 167–72
- Romuald of Salerno, 127n84, 184–85
- Sabra al-Mansuriya, 47, 52–53, 54
- Sahara Desert, 33–35
- Salerno, 115–16
- Saracens, 68–69, 73–74, 75, 77–78, 144n26, 190–91
- Savona, 108–9, 109n23
- Scriba, Giovanni, cartulary of, 39–40, 160–63
- Sétif, Battle of, 169–70
- Sfax, 76–77, 83, 131–32, 147–48, 155–57, 179–81
- Sibylla of Burgundy, 167–68
- Sicily: and the Fatimids, 46–47, 64–66; geography of, 40–42; Norman conquest of, 64–70, 77–79; Zirid ambitions in, 66–70
- Sicily, Kingdom of: geography of, 32–33, 38–42; historiography of, 9–14; and Norman Africa, 155–56, 167–72; papal recognition of, 63–64, 77–78, 86, 111–12, 115–16, 173–74; unrest and conspiracy in reign of William I, 189–90
- Sousse, 83, 131–32, 145, 147–48, 149–50, 185
- sub-Saharan Africa, 23, 27, 37, 42, 52, 57
- Syracuse, 106–7
- Tamim ibn al-Muʿizz, Zirid emir, 68–70, 68n95, 73–77, 99–100
- Tancred de Hauteville, 63
- tārīkh (history) genre, 192–93n123, 192–95
- taxes/taxation: and Bulukkin ibn Ziri, 53–54; customs duties, 52–53, 94, 164; jizya, 12–13, 64–65, 77, 135–36, 154–55, 163–65; in Norman Africa, 135–36, 147–48, 163–64
- al-Tijani, 15–18, 88–90, 120–21, 122–23, 148–49, 180–81
- trade. See commerce
- treaties: commercial, 70–71, 75–76, 78–79, 82–83, 188–89; in the formation of the African Kingdom, 134, 146–48; peace, 104, 108–9, 120–21
- Tripoli: and the Almohads, 182–83; in formation of the African Kingdom, 128; and Norman Africa, 147–50, 156, 160–62, 180–81; Norman campaigns against, 125–28; trade contracts with Genoa, 160–62, 161nn109–10
- Tristia ex Melitogaudo, 104–6, 178–79
- Tunis, 132–33, 133n104, 159–60, 161–62, 177–78, 181–82, 183–84, 188–89
- Zawila, 75–76, 112–13, 181, 182–83, 184, 192–93. See also Mahdia
- Zirid dynasty: alliance with the Almoravids, 92–93, 104–10; alliance with the Normans, 70–79, 110–14; ambitions in Sicily, 66–70; and the Banu Hilal, 7–8, 56–62; in commerce and conflict, 73–76; conflict with the Normans, 66–70, 92–97, 115–34; geographical boundaries of power of, 30; of Granada, 55n31; origins and rise of, 48–49, 50–55, 70–71; victory of, at the Battle of al-Dimas, 92–97
- Ziri ibn Manad, 51–52