Index
Abrams, Creighton, 96
abstinence, 104
Act on Alien Spouses and Children, 133
Actors’ Equity, 5
adoption, 44, 136, 183–87, 194
African American soldiers, 8, 69–72, 154–55
Agency for International Development, 108, 120
alcohol and intoxication, 22, 27, 66–67, 74, 86, 96–97, 99, 141, 154, 156
Alliance of the Popular, Democratic, and Peace-Loving Forces of Vietnam, 78
Amerasian children, 19, 168, 180–86
orphans, 2, 7, 86–87, 112, 191–92
treatment in Vietnam, 194
Amerasian Homecoming Act, 187
“American brothel.” See Fulbright, J. William
American Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS), 107, 109–10
American embassy, 41, 63, 75, 100–101, 117, 137, 148, 170, 175
Annam, 25
anti-Americanism, 87, 90, 95–96, 99, 114, 125
media, 16, 19, 124, 140–41, 146, 158–59, 191
in women’s organization, 75, 78
anti-miscegenation laws, 133
antiwar movement, 7, 19, 88, 95, 99, 112, 143–44, 147, 153, 157–59, 164–65, 167, 188, 191
Army Nurse Corps, 13
arranged marriage. See marriage
atrocities, 143–47, 151–52, 170
bachelor enlisted quarters, 125
bar girls, 19
assaults of, 140–41, 146, 154, 157
income of, 14, 41–42, 80, 83, 87, 109, 125–27, 171–73, 175–80
in media and culture, 76, 78, 81, 118–19, 138, 167
regulation of, 7, 38, 44, 91–92, 98, 104–7, 130
as suspected spies, 96–97, 133
barracks, 49, 90, 100, 108, 128
Bennett, Judith, 121
Bercowitz, Larry, 6
birth control. See contraception
black market, 13–14, 48–49, 61, 80, 90, 103, 136, 174, 191–92
Blake, William, 119
bodies. See objectification of Vietnamese women
bordel militaire de campagne, 22, 26, 32–34
Bosnian War, 143
Bourn, Michael, 3
bribes. See corruption.
British Contagious Diseases Acts, 24
brothels
French brothels (see bordel militaire de campagne)
raids of bars and brothels, 49, 90–92, 94, 102
Brown, Harold, 104
Bui Van Giai, 102
Calley, William, 147, 150–53, 165, 192
Can Lao opposition party, 43
Capital National Police Command, 129–31
Carter, Jimmy, 179
Catholicism. See religion
cease-fire, 167
Center for the Protection of Young Women and Girls, 178
China Beach, 105
Chinese War Brides Act, 133
Chubby Checker, 89
citizenship, 114, 138, 168, 181, 186, 192
civilian casualties, 56, 78, 146–47, 149, 184
civil rights movements, 46, 50, 95, 99
Clifford, Clark, 104
Cochinchina, 25
Code of Conduct (US Army), 149
Code of the Family (1952), 38, 40–44, 46, 51, 129, 134
cohabitation, 43, 47, 113, 125–31, 138–39
Cold War, 6, 12, 14, 16, 20, 48, 50, 56–58, 96, 131, 133, 138, 198
Collins, J. Lawton, 36
colonialism, 9, 18, 24–31, 47, 53, 55, 83–84, 99, 114, 132, 148, 168, 175, 192
decolonization, 15–16, 20–23, 27, 32–35, 170, 191
Orientalism, 4, 6, 13, 16, 24, 46
tourism, 23
Command Information Training, 6–7
Committee in Defense of the Rights and Dignity of Vietnamese Women, 100
communism, 23, 35, 44, 47–48, 50, 57, 82, 99, 114, 133, 137–38, 157, 160, 168, 175, 177–81, 185, 188, 191, 194
concubines, 27, 29, 31, 43, 116, 129
con gai, 28
Continental Palace Hotel, 110, 167, 172
birth control pills, 50
education regarding, 69
corruption, 7, 18, 36, 40, 46, 49–51, 59–60, 68, 71–72, 83–89, 94–96, 119–21, 179, 188
bribery, 3, 54–55, 98–99, 101–2, 128–30, 136–38, 177, 192
court-martial, 141, 144, 151–53, 156
Criminal Investigation Command, 154
Da Nang, 56, 59, 61, 102, 106, 108, 127, 173, 189
Dang Ngoc Trong, 33
dating, 1, 8, 10, 19, 124–31, 136, 138–39, 159
legality of, 39, 87, 113–14, 117
Dau Tieng camp, 155
Casualties of War (1989), 4, 152, 164
dehumanization, 25–26, 29, 31, 53, 58, 65, 82, 142, 145
Democratic Republic of Vietnam. See North Vietnamese
Department of Defense, 6, 74, 104, 124, 149–51, 153
Department of State’s Agency for International Development, 108–9, 131, 174, 178
Dickinson, Ngoc-Ha, 168, 180–82
Diem, Ngo Dinh, 16, 41, 53–54, 206
American support of, 20–22, 47–51
assassination, 6, 38, 55–56, 89, 129
social reforms, 18, 21–22, 33, 35–40, 44–46, 83, 89, 134
disease
examinations and treatment, 9, 24, 27–29, 31–34, 74–75, 88–91, 97–100, 178
risks, 2–4, 7, 11, 22, 54–55, 64–65, 72, 78–79, 83, 86, 95, 110–11, 191, 194
venereal disease education, 26, 103–7, 144
domestic and base employees, 9–10, 57, 115–18, 124, 126, 146, 154–57, 171, 175, 179, 181, 191
draft. See conscription
Du Kien Thieu, 94
Duong Van Minh, 176
economy, 4, 19, 33, 60–62, 77, 92, 96, 99, 108–10, 123, 172, 174
destabilization of, 56, 175, 179, 192
inflation, 6, 56–57, 60, 72, 83, 85, 90, 92, 103, 110, 166–67, 177, 179, 192
education, 26, 29, 34, 42, 45, 60, 74, 88, 94, 97–98, 103, 105, 111, 120, 126, 183
Eisenhower, Dwight, 47
Elliott, Duong Van Mai, 135–36
employment-training programs, 123–24
Enloe, Cynthia, 9, 115–16, 187–88
fall of Saigon, 19, 166, 168, 170, 174–80, 182, 184, 187–88, 193–94
fashion
miniskirts, 49, 64, 75, 95, 119, 127, 138, 172
female service members, 13
feminism, 9–11, 15–16, 29, 31, 46, 69, 76, 78, 187
second-wave feminism, 50
First Battalion, Eighteenth Infantry, 154
First Indochina War, 6, 21–22, 32–33, 46–47
First Infantry Division medical center, 154
forced relocation, 175
Ford, Gerald, 165, 168, 170, 187, 191
Foreign Service, 47, 58, 86, 90, 124, 167, 174, 191
Fredrick, Cynthia, 78
French Indochina, 14, 22–31, 38, 75, 83–84, 146, 157, 163, 193
interracial children, 27, 29, 44, 100, 184
military brothels (bordel militaire de campagne), 22, 26, 32–34
Friends for All Children, 187
friendships between women, 117–21
Fulbright, William J., 147
“American brothel” debate, 18, 50, 79–86, 91, 95, 104, 110–11, 120, 191
gambling, 21, 37, 39, 54, 84, 101
Gardner, Leland, 26
Geneva Accords, 21
girlfriends
in South Vietnam, 39, 116–17, 125–28, 131, 167, 173, 181
in the United States, 58, 105, 171
Girl on the River, 5
Gran, Guy, 176
“Great Society,” 50
Greene, Graham, 27
Gruening, Ernest, 95
guerrillas, 96
Gulf of Tonkin incident, 11, 49, 56
Guomindang Nationalist Party, 20
Haeberle, Ronald, 148
Hamburger Hill, 4
Hanoi Municipal Council, 28
harassment, 113, 123, 128–31, 136, 142, 157, 181, 185, 188–89, 194
Hart-Celler Immigration and Nationality Act, 133, 135
Hayslip, Le Ly, 1, 116, 126–27, 134, 136–37, 182, 189
“hearts and minds”, 60, 86, 146, 149, 170
Herr, Michael, 125
Congai: Mistress of Indochine, 31
Hill 192 Incident, 145, 152, 164–65
Ho Chi Minh City, 17, 88, 188–89, 198
Ho Nhat Quan, 101
Hoang Loc, 59
Hoi An, 59
prejudice against, 7
prostitution, 172
Hoover, Herbert, 30
housekeepers. See domestic and base employees
human zoos, 30
humanitarian, 2, 9, 157, 168, 184, 186, 188–89
Huynh Thi Kien, 159
family reunification program, 181–82
laws regarding, 112, 114, 132–33, 135, 137, 176, 186
imperialism, 16, 23, 30, 124, 158, 180
view of Americans as, 174, 179
Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, 176
Indochina Resource Center, 176
inflation. See economy: inflation
intellectuals, 21
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 143
international revolutionary movements, 13
intimacy, 14, 26–27, 36, 46, 64, 72–73, 79, 83–84, 88–89, 99, 104, 106–7, 110, 113–17, 120, 124, 138, 150, 164
Iriye, Akira, 7
Jacobus, Dr. (Sutor, Jacob), 25–26
Japan, 15, 20, 22, 24, 32, 35, 59, 75, 90, 132
Jet magazine, 135
Johnson, Lyndon, 7, 18, 50, 55–57, 80, 84, 86–87, 95, 104, 148–49, 164, 192
Kennan, George, 81
assassination, 55
Kent State University, 150
Khanh Hoi, 69
Kissinger, Henry, 103, 150, 170–71
Klein, Herbert, 124
Komunyakaa, Yusef, 38, 63–64, 71
camp towns, 132
Kubrick, Stanley. See Full Metal Jacket
Lair, Meredith, 13, 66, 84, 114, 141, 193
land mines, 181
Lang, Daniel, 152
Lansdale, Edward, 43
Larsen, Wendy Wilder, 64, 118–20, 126
“Last Survivor of the Jungle of Laughter, The,” 160
Lauve, Anita, 174
Laws for the Protection of Morality, 36–38, 44, 46, 51
LeClerc, Philippe, 32
Le Duc Tho, 170
Le Van Khoa, 109
Liberation News Services, 159
Liberation Radio, 99
liberation theology, 37
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 157
Long Binh city, 91–92, 153, 173, 192
Long Binh jail, 153
Long Thanh orphan village, 177, 185
Luu Huu Loc, 109
Ly Ly the Lovely comic strip, 77
MACV. See Military Assistance Command, Vietnam
Mai Phuong, 65
Manzer, Paul, 32
Marnais, Philip (Saigon After Dark), 82, 135
marriage, 2, 8–10, 14, 52, 62, 65, 105, 111–13, 116–17, 124–26, 139, 190, 195
arranged, 41–42, 114, 129, 134
before escalation, 27–29, 31, 37–38
laws and policies, 1, 4, 7–10, 19, 40–43, 87, 90, 98, 130–39, 170, 180, 192
masculinity, 10–12, 31, 145, 161, 165, 193
hyper-masculine, 4, 29, 34, 58
in military training, 13–14, 57, 73, 83
peer pressure, 142
Mauldin, Bill, 39
McCarthy, Eugene, 80
McConnell, John P., 104
Medical Corps, 106
memory, 12, 19, 21, 63–64, 170, 182–88
cultural representation, 3, 5, 8, 27, 47, 119
popular memory, 11, 19, 138, 142, 148, 171, 193–94
and sources, 17
metis. See French Indochina: interracial children
Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group, 18, 45, 50–55
Military Assistance Command, Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (MACCORDS), 106
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), 17, 85, 130–31, 133, 137, 146, 149, 152, 167, 171, 192
military bases, 3, 14, 22, 24–26, 55, 67, 91–92, 94, 107, 115–16, 144, 171–73, 192
Military Police (US), 33, 65, 96, 108, 125, 128, 145–46, 153–56
police records, 17
military training, 6, 138, 152, 165, 177, 195
masculinity and sexuality, 11–13, 57–58, 63, 65, 83, 87, 97, 145, 192
venereal disease (see disease: venereal disease education)
miniskirt. See fashion
Moir, Elaine, 184
Moon, Katharine H. S., 15, 22, 193
Mount Vernon, 30
murder, 142, 147–49, 151–52, 157, 161, 164–65, 181
My Lai Massacre, 19, 140–41, 144–52, 156, 158, 161–65, 170, 185, 191–92
napalm, 78
narcotics. See drugs
National Leadership Committee, 55
National Liberation Front, 80, 96–97, 99, 125, 127–29, 151, 157–58, 165, 174, 176, 191
national liberation movement, 179
National Training Center (Vang Tau), 121
National Training Council, 123
nation-building, 35–36, 49, 85, 124
“new economic areas,” 177–78, 181
New Yorker, The, 152
Ngo Dinh Nhu, 37
Nguyen Hue Street, 177
Nguyen Huu Duong, 99
Nguyen Phan Que Mai, 159
Nguyen Phuc Que, 92
Nguyen Van Thieu
alliance with United States, 19, 55–56, 78
de-escalation, 166, 170–71, 174–76
social issues, 62, 102–3, 107, 138, 148, 157
Nguyen Van Vy, 96
Nguyen, Viet Tranh
Nhu, Madame (Tran Le Xuan)
social reforms, 18, 36–43, 55, 59, 134, 191
Nixon, Richard
anti-war movement, 95, 103, 167
relations with the RVN, 123–24, 137–38, 170–71
response to sexual violence, 145–47, 149–52, 156, 164–65
social issues, 7, 10, 19, 74, 86–88, 112–13, 185–87, 191–92
neocolonialism. See colonialism
noncombatant casualties, 147, 161
noncommissioned officers clubs, 67, 76f3, 156, 180
nongovernmental organizations, 168
non-state actors, 8, 12, 56, 110
Norrell, Kim, 134, 136–37, 181–82
North Vietnamese, 10–11, 14, 21, 35, 48, 55, 133, 150, 167, 180, 188, 191
female military members, 160
military forces, 68, 147, 157, 165, 171, 176–78, 187
objectification of Vietnamese women, 8–9, 21, 23, 31, 38, 53, 56, 75, 145, 160, 176
Ocean Vuong, 159
Office, The, 4
Office of Philippine and Southeast Asian Affairs, 36
Operation Babylift, 168, 183–84, 187, 189, 191
Operation Frequent Wind, 175
Operation M.O.O.S.E., 92, 94, 177, 192
Orientalism. See colonialism
Packard, David, 147
Panama Canal Zone, 24
Paris Peace Accords, 7, 19, 103, 108, 110, 147, 166–68, 170–75, 186–87
paternity, 8, 19, 29, 87, 98, 113–14, 124–25, 138, 182–89
Peers, William L., 151
Pentagon, 175
Pentalateral Agreement (1950), 149
Phan Thi Mao, 164
Philippine-American War, 24
Philippines, 36, 123, 132, 193
Pocket Guide to the Philippines, 74
prostitution and disease, 15, 22–25, 59
rest and recuperations (R&R), 183
sexual violence, 144
Phung Thi Hanh, 121
Phu Nhu Vietnam, 78
post-traumatic stress disorder, 135, 188
pregnancy, 2, 7, 22, 62, 69, 77, 98, 118, 120–21, 182
preventive medicine units, 106
propaganda, 16, 57, 72, 100, 124, 140–41, 143, 158
prostitution
advertisements, 51–53, 65, 67–69, 94
“American brothel” (see Fulbright, William J.)
during colonial era (see French Indochina)
de-escalation, 171
eradication and policing, 8, 18, 29, 37, 44–50, 54–55, 68, 72–73, 78, 89–92, 94, 100, 103, 105, 110–11, 130, 178–79
futility to ban, 28, 74, 107–9
impact on society, 9, 33, 57, 59–64, 75, 110, 126, 129, 176–80
licensing and regulations, 55, 83, 86, 107–9, 129–31, 170
links to corruption, 54, 72, 95–96, 99, 101–2, 192
management of (general), 1–3, 6, 8, 10, 18–19, 79–84, 86–89, 113–14, 125, 133, 138, 174, 191
in media and culture, 50, 68, 73, 95–103, 120, 172–73
military endorsement of, 22, 73, 82, 105, 193
in scholarship, 14–16, 116, 193
venereal disease (see disease)
Vietnamese women’s perspectives, 65, 69, 71, 78, 126–27
violence (see sexual violence)
public diplomacy, 113–14, 130, 182
PX, 123
Qui Nhon, 96
race and race theory, 15–16, 26, 34, 69, 100, 132–34, 137, 184, 192
race hatred, 15
racism
against Asian Americans, 5, 194
in military training, 7
and sexual encounters, 2, 8, 27, 52, 69, 71, 183
and sexual violence, 156
Radio Australia News, 184
Rankin, Robert, 58
rape. See sexual violence
rear echelon, 1, 13, 16, 63, 102, 111, 113–14, 116, 141, 153, 157
Red Cross, 13
refugees, 5, 60, 90, 119–20, 170, 175–77, 187
Catholicism, 21–22, 37–40, 42, 50, 55, 89
Confucianism, 134
reparations, 179
Republic of Korea, 15, 20, 22, 24, 35, 59, 75, 79, 123, 152, 157
Republic of Korea Mutual Defense Treaty, 22
Republic of Vietnam (RVN)
police forces, 45, 50–51, 53–54, 69, 84, 89–90, 95, 98–103, 119, 121, 128–31, 149, 180, 188, 192
Public Health Service, 108
rest and recuperation (R&R), 67, 73–74, 87–88, 105, 111, 183, 187
reunification of Vietnam, 21, 35, 48
Roberts, Jay, 148
Said, Edward
Orientalism, 16
Saigon After Dark (Marnais, Philip), 82, 135
Saigon People’s Forum, 178
Saigon Post, 67, 74, 77, 101, 143, 157
Saigon Roundup, 67
sanitation cards. See disease
Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearings, 50, 79–81, 85
Service Régional d’Hygiène, 28
sex education, 26, 34, 69, 88, 94, 97, 103, 105, 111, 120, 183
sex trafficking, 188
sexual assault. See sexual violence
sexual politics definition, 10–11
sexual revolution, 6, 50, 58, 62, 75, 82–83, 90, 193
sexual violence
bystanders, 153
forced prostitution, 158
impact on American image, 1–2, 7–8, 10, 19, 117, 157, 178, 192
legal defense, 156
in media, 143, 151, 156–59, 165
policing rape, 86–87, 101, 144, 152–57, 192
as strategy, 142
war crime, 143
Simpson, Christopher, 145
Soc Trang, 96
soft power, 129
Southeast Asian Development Advisory Group, 61
South Korea. See Republic of Korea
South Vietnam. See Republic of Vietnam
South Vietnamese Women’s Armed Forces Corps (WAFC), 120–21, 124, 139
State Department, 102, 104, 108, 124, 157
Status of Forces Agreement, 149, 156
stigmatization, 113
Stoler, Ann, 9, 16, 27, 29, 114
Stone, Oliver, 164
Platoon (1987), 163
Storeby, Robert, 165
Stur, Heather, 13, 37, 121, 193
systemic violence, 142
taboos, 8–9, 16–18, 35, 68, 72, 76
Tan Son Nhut Air Base, 73, 92, 172
taxi dancers, 34, 45, 63, 68, 92
Taylor, Maxwell, 81
Taylor-Buzzanco Debate, 206n3
Tet Offensive, 56, 65, 73–74, 78, 88, 105, 117, 139, 148
Thompson, Hugh, Jr., 165
Thu-Huong Nguyen-Vo, 179
Tonkin, 25
tourism, 194
soldier tourism, 171, 173, 192
Tran Le Xuan. See Nhu, Madame
Tran Ngoc Lien, 91
Tran Van Huong, 102
transnationalism, 8, 12, 15, 17, 112, 183, 190, 193, 202
transvestites, 172
trauma, 11–12, 19, 23–24, 31, 57, 104, 142, 159–61, 164, 172, 182, 184, 187–88, 194
Trung sisters, 40
Ugly American, The (1958), 52
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 140, 149–50, 156
United Nations, 81
United Press International, 99
United States Congress, 191–92
on sexual violence, 164
on vice, 50, 79–80, 84, 97, 111, 121
United States Court of Military Appeals, 152
urbanization, 37, 40, 47–50, 59–62, 75, 78, 83, 85, 120, 165, 167, 173–74, 191–92
venereal disease. See disease
venereal disease clinics, 9, 88–89, 97, 109
Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front
Vietminh, 21
Vietnam Council on Foreign Relations, 121
Vietnam Information Group, 95, 101
Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 145
Vietnam War
conscription, 11, 59, 73, 83, 101, 104
de-escalation, 19, 164, 166, 170, 174, 185
escalation of, 1, 6, 18, 22, 43, 47, 49, 55–60, 77, 80, 83, 87, 101, 123, 129, 133, 143, 149, 157
media coverage, 16, 39, 49, 75, 80–82, 84, 95, 100, 144–48, 158, 191
postwar politics, 13, 21, 132–33, 172, 179, 191
Vietnamese Air Force, 121
Vietnamese Employees Committee, 121
Vietnamese police, 32, 37, 45, 50–51, 53–54, 69, 84, 89–90, 95–97, 99–103, 119, 121, 128–31, 149, 180, 188, 192
Vietnamese women,
perception as hypersexualized, 34, 114, 156
perception as threat, 23
Vietnamese Women’s Solidarity Movement, 40
Vietnamese Women’s Union, 99
Vietnamization, 12, 86–88, 146
Vinh Long, 91
visa, 5, 112, 114, 133, 173, 176, 180–81
Vo Van Dang, 188
Vu Trong Phung, 46
war brides, 10, 14, 95, 114, 131–33, 136
war memorials, 159, 161, 162f6, 163f7
war widows, 179
wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, 195
Washington, George, 30
Watergate Scandal, 188
Weaver, Robert, 60
Westmoreland, William C., 85, 91–92, 148, 177
Wheeler, Earle, 97
Where the Girls Are: VD in Southeast Asia, 104–5
Winter Soldier Investigation, 145
wives,
of French colonial officials, 27, 29, 31
of US Foreign Service Officers, 52–53, 117–19, 139, 186
of US servicemen, 105, 132, 135, 173, 177
Women Strike for Peace, 78
Women’s Army Corp (WAC), 120–21, 139, 183
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 25
Women’s Committee to Defend the Right to Live, 159
women’s movements, 24, 76, 161
World Health Organization, 34
World War I, 79
World War II, 10, 14–15, 22–23, 28, 32, 55, 63, 69, 86, 90, 95, 114, 131–33, 193
yellowface. See racism