Works Cited
Archival
Benjamin Butler Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Charles P. Daly Papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts Division, New York Public Library, New York, New York
Patrick R. Guiney Papers, Rare Book Room, Dinand Library, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts
Pension Records of Michael H. Macnamara, Daniel G. Macnamara, James Macnamara, and Samuel Green, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
John Shaw, Military Service Record, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
George Tipping letters (typescript copies courtesy of Ben Maryniak of Lancaster, New York).
10th USCHA, Broadside, “We fight for our rights, liberty, justice and union,” [Louisiana?: n.p., 1866], Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois
Courts-Martial
Court-martial files cited here are located in Record Group 153 in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. After the name and unit of the defendant, the proceeding’s file number is provided in parentheses.
James Allen, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Wallace Baker, 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (LL 2112)
Sterling Bradley and Charles Davis, 9th Louisiana Infantry of African Descent (MM 1442)
Nelson Browning, 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (NN 2479)
Irving Charles, 9th United States Cavalry (OO 2301)
Aaron Collins, 6th USCC (MM 2571)
Emanuel Davis, 48th USCI (NN 1707)
George Douglas, 38th USCI (MM 3064)
Calvin Dowrey, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Sandy Fenqua, 109th USCI (MM 3244)
Thomas Four, 52nd USCI (MM 2079)
Sampson Goliah, 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (NN 2479)
Simon Grant, 21st USCI (MM 2139)
Samuel Green 109th USCI (MM 3244)
Joseph Grien (Green), 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
J. Hall, Anderson Tolliver, et al., 2nd USCA (Light) (MM 1279)
Henry Hamilton, 2nd USCI (LL 2628)
Warren Hamilton, 73rd USCI (LL 3106)
William H. Harrison, 69th USCI (OO 911)
William Henderson, 66th USCI (NN 3192)
Thomas Howard, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
William Jackson, 14th USCI (OO 786)
George W. Johnson, 4th Delaware Volunteer Infantry (MM 394)
Roger Johnson, 6th USCHA (LL 2577)
William Kease, 116th USCI (MM 2394)
Alexander Lee, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Richard Lee, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Frederick Letz, teamster (KK 435)
John Lewis, 13th USCHA (OO 933)
Samuel Mapp, 10th USCI (MM 1847)
Benjamin McCloud, 37th USCI (MM 3243)
John Miller, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
John Mitchell, 53rd USCI (LL 2350)
Doctor Moore, 116th USCI (MM 2394)
Joseph Nathaniel, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Sheldon Penock, 109th USCI (MM 3244)
Jacob Plowden, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Giles Simms, 49th USCI (LL 2492)
Adam Smalz, 66th New York Volunteer Infantry (LL 861)
James Thomas, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
William Walker, 3rd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry (African Descent) (MM 1320)
David Washington, 3rd USCC (LL 2783)
Theodore Waters, 3rd USCI (OO 1477)
Henry M. Way, 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (NN 2479)
Charles Wood, 9th United States Cavalry (OO 2488)
Fortune Wright, 96th USCI (No. OO 1494)
Attorney General Opinions, Legal Cases
8 Op. Attorney Gen. 139 (October 31, 1856)
9 Op. Attorney Gen. 63 (August 17, 1857)
9 Op. Attorney Gen. 356 (July 4, 1859)
10 Op. Attorney Gen. 382 (November 29, 1862)
14 Op. Attorney Gen. 296 (August 20, 1873)
Ainslie v. Martin, 9 Mass. 454 (1813)
Alsberry v. Hawkins, 39 Ky. 177 (1839)
Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243 (1833)
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)
Coger v. The North Western Union Packet Co., 37 Iowa 145 (1873)
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856)
Dynes v. Hoover, 61 U.S. 65 (1858)
Elk v. Wilkins, 112 U.S. 94 (1884)
Inglis v. Trustees of Sailor’s Snug Harbor, 3 Pet. 99 (U.S. 1830)
Murray v. McCarty, 16 Va. 393 (1811)
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 337 (1896)
Roberts v. The City of Boston, 59 Mass. 198 (1850)
Shanks v. Dupont, 3 Pet. 242 (U.S. 1830)
Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36 (1873)
United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1875)
United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629 (1883)
United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1875)
United States v. Rhodes, 27 F. Cas. 785 (C.C. Ky. 1866)
Newspapers
Boston Pilot
Christian Recorder
Congressional Globe
Congressional Record
Frederick Douglass’ Paper
Harper’s Weekly
New York Irish-American
National Era
New York Times
New York Tribune
Conventions and Related Documents (in chronological order)
African American Conventions
Foner, Philip S., and George E. Walker, eds., Proceedings of the Black State Conventions, 1840–1865. Vol. 2, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980. Cited as Foner and Walker I.
———, eds., Proceedings of the Black National and State Conventions, 1865–1900. Vol. 1, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986. Cited as Foner and Walker II.
Proceedings and Address of the Colored Citizens of N.J. Convened at Trenton, August 21st and 22d, 1849 For the Purpose of Taking the Initiatory Measures for Obtaining the Right of Suffrage in This Our Native State, in Foner and Walker I: 3–6.
Proceedings of the Connecticut State Convention, of Colored Men, Held at New Haven on the September 12th and 13th, 1849, in Foner and Walker I: 20–33.
State Council of Colored People of Massachusetts, Convention, January 2, 1854, reported in The Liberator, February 24, 1854, in Foner and Walker I: 88–94.
Memorial of Thirty Thousand Disfranchised Citizens of Philadelphia to the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives. Philadelphia: Printed for the Memorialists, 1855.
Proceedings of the State Convention of Colored Citizens of the State of Illinois, Held in the City of Alton, Nov. 13th, 14th and 15th, 1856, in Foner and Walker I: 68–82.
Convention of the Colored Citizens of Massachusetts, August 1, 1858, reported in The Liberator, August 13, 1858, in Foner and Walker I: 96–105.
New England Colored Citizens’ Convention August 1, 1859, reported in The Liberator, August 19, 26, 1859, in Foner and Walker I: 207–25.
Record of Action of the Convention Held at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., July 15th and 16th, 1863, for the Purpose of Facilitating the Introduction of Colored Troops into the Service of the United States. New York: Francis and Loutrel, 1863.
Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, Held in the City of Syracuse, N.Y. October 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1864; with the Bill of Wrongs and Rights and the Address to the American People. Boston: Geo. C. Rand and Avery, 1864.
Proceedings of the State Equal Rights’ Convention of the Colored People of Pennsylvania Held in the City of Harrisburg February 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1865 Together with a Few of the Arguments Presented Suggesting the Necessity for Holding the Convention and an Address of the Colored State Convention to the People of Pennsylvania. Printed for and by order of the Convention, 1865.
Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va., to the People of the United States. Also an Account of the Agitation among the Colored People of Virginia for Equal Rights. With an Appendix Concerning the Rights of Colored Witnesses before the State Courts, June 5, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 83–103.
Proceedings of the State Convention of the Coloured Men of the State of New Jersey, Held in the City of Trenton, N.J., July 13th and 14th, 1865 with a Short Address to the Loyal people of New Jersey, Together with the Constitution of the Equal Rights League of the State of New Jersey, in Foner and Walker I: 7–15.
Proceedings of the Convention of the Colored People of Va., Held in the City of Alexandria Aug. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 258–74.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights’ League, held in the city of Harrisburg, August 9th and 10th, 1865. Philadelphia, 1865. In Foner and Walker II: 133–51.
State Convention of the Colored Men of Tennessee, Nashville, August 7, 1865, in The Colored Tennessean, August 12, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 119–27.
Proceedings of the Colored Men’s Convention of the State of Michigan Held in the City of Detroit, Tuesday and Wednesday, Sept. 12th and 13th, ‘65, with Accompanying Documents. Adrian, Mich.: Adrian Times Office, 1865.
An Address of the Colored People of Missouri to the Friends of Equal Rights, October 12, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 279–82.
Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the National Equal Rights League, Held in Cleveland Ohio, October 19, 20, and 21, 1865. Philadelphia: E. C. Markley, 1865.
Proceedings of the California State Convention of the Colored Citizens, Held in Sacramento on the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th of October, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 168–201.
Proceedings of the Colored People’s Convention of the State of South Carolina, held in Zion Church, Charlestown, November, 1865. Together with the Declaration of Rights and Wrongs; An Address to the People; A Petition to the Legislature, and a Memorial to Congress, in Foner and Walker I: 286–302.
State Convention of the Colored People of Indianapolis, Indiana, October 24, 1865, in National Anti-Slavery Standard, November 4, 1865, in Foner and Walker II: 184–85.
Proceedings of the Convention of Colored Citizens of the State of Arkansas, held in Little Rock, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, Nov. 30, Dec. 1 and 2, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 189–94.
“Convention of Colored Citizens in Boston,” The Boston Daily Advertiser, quoted in the National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 9, 1865, in Foner and Walker I: 201–4.
Preamble and Constitution of the Pennsylvania State Equal Rights’ League, Acting under the Jurisdiction of the National Equal Rights’ League of the United States of America and Constitution for Subordinate Leagues. Philadelphia, 1866. In Foner and Walker II: 156–71.
State Convention of the Colored People of Georgia, August, January 10, 1866, in the American Freedman, April 1866, in Foner and Walker I: 232–36.
Proceedings of the Illinois State Convention of Colored Men, Assembled at Galesberg, October 16th, 17th, and 18th [1866]. Chicago, 1867. In Foner and Walker II: 249–75.
Proceedings of the State Convention of Colored Men, Held at Lexington, Kentucky, in the A.M.E. Church, November 26th, 27th, and 28th, 1867, in Foner and Walker II: 309–17.
Proceedings of the Iowa State Colored Convention, held in the City of Des Moines, February 12th and 13th, 1868. Muscatine, Iowa, 1868. In Foner and Walker II: 328–33.
Proceedings of the National Convention of the Colored Men of America, Held in Washington, D.C., on January, 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1869. Washington, D.C., 1869. In Foner and Walker II: 344–91.
Proceedings of the State Convention of The Colored Citizens of Tennessee, Held in Nashville, Feb. 22d, 23d, 24th and 25th 1871. Nashville: C. LeRoi, 1871.
Proceedings of the Southern States Convention of Colored Men, Held in Columbia, S.C., Commencing October 18, Ending October 25, 1871. Columbia, S.C.: Carolina Printing Company, 1871.
Fenian Conventions
Proceedings of the First National Convention of the Fenian Brotherhood Held in Chicago, Illinois, November 1863. Philadelphia: James Gibbons, 1863.
Proceedings of the Second National Congress of the Fenian Brotherhood Held in Cincinnati, Ohio, January, 1865. Philadelphia: James Gibbons, 1865.
Proceedings of the Sixth National Congress of the Fenian Brotherhood, at Cleveland, Ohio, September, 1867. New York: J. Craft, 1867.
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[Great Britain]. Correspondence Respecting Recruitment in Ireland for the Military Service of the United States Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. London: Harrison and Sons, 1864.
[———]. Report of the Royal Commissioners for Inquiring into the Laws of Naturalization and Allegiance. London: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1869.
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———. Amendments of the Constitution, Submitted to the Consideration of The American People. New York: Loyal Publication Society, 1865.
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