1. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, 2000), 45.

2. Stan Rushworth, in discussion with author, May 2020.

3. David Abram, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World (New York: Vintage Books, 1997).

4. Matthew D. Lieberman, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (New York: Crown Publishers, 2013); Sue Gerhardt, Why Love Matters: How Affection Shapes a Baby’s Brain (New York: Routledge, 2015).

5. Robert Stolorow and George E. Atwood, Contexts of Being: Intersubjective Foundations of Psychological Life (New York: Routledge, 1992).

6. Lieberman, Social.

7. Jean M. Twenge, “The Age of Anxiety? The Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952–1993,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 6 (2000): 1007–21, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1007.

8. “Depression in Teens,” Mental Health America, accessed June 2018, https://mhanational.org/depression-teens-0.

9. Thomas R. Verny, Pre-Parenting (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 207–8.

10. Gabor Maté, research notes in author’s (Kuchta) possession, 2016.

11. John McMurtry, The Cancer Stage of Capitalism (Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing, 2013), 37.

12. Stan Rushworth, correspondence with author, August 2021.

13. Alicia Kear, in discussion with author, September 2022.

14. “Anthropocene,” National Geographic, accessed July 2020, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/anthropocene/.

15. Stan Rushworth, in correspondence with authors, August 2021.

16. Sean Blenkinsop, Ramsey Affifi, Laura Piersol, and Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, “Shut-Up and Listen: Implications and Possibilities of Albert Memmi’s Characteristics of Colonization Upon the ‘Natural World.’ ” Studies in Philosophy and Education 36, no. 3 (2017): 348–65.

17. Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage (Michael Derby), Laura Piersol, and Sean Blenkinsop, “Refusing to Settle for Pigeons and Parks: Urban Environmental Education in the Age of Neoliberalism,” Environmental Education Research 21, no. 3 (2015): 378–89, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2014.994166.

1. Suzanne Simard, “How Trees Talk to Each Other,” TED Talk, accessed July 4, 2023, YouTube video, 3:20 and 3:37, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSPy3ZwpBk.

2. See Michael Marker, “There Is No Place of Nature; There Is Only the Nature of Place: Animate Landscapes as Methodology for Inquiry in the Coast Salish Territory,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 31, no. 6 (2018): 453–64, https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2018.1430391. See also Joe Sheridan and Roronhiakewen “He Clears the Sky” Dan Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination and the Ecology of the Sacred,” Space and Culture 9, no. 4 (2006): 365–81, https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206292503.

3. “Our Land: In the Beginning,” Kwakiutl Band Council, accessed August 2021, https://www.kwakiutl.bc.ca/Our-Land.

4. For example, see W. H. Collison, In the Wake of the War Canoe: A Stirring Record of Forty Years’ Successful Labour, Peril & Adventure amongst the Savage Indian Tribes of the Pacific Coast, and the Piratical Head-Hunting Haidas of the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. (England: Seeley, Service & Co., 1915).

5. Marker, “There Is No Place of Nature,” 453.

6. “Alternatives to Conventional Clearcutting,” BC Ministry of Forests, accessed August 2021, https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publications/00217/atcc.htm.

7. Brant Ran, “How Much Old Growth Forest Remains in the US?” The Understory, The Blog of Rainforest Action Network, November 11, 2008, https://www.ran.org/the-understory/how_much_old_growth_forest_remains_in_the_us/#:~:text=According%20to%20one%20estimate%2C%20stands,(USDA%2DFS%202000).&text=Since%201600%2C%2090%25%20of%20the,states%20have%20been%20cleared%20away.

8. Lorna B. Williams, “Honoring All Life,” in Child Honoring: How to Turn This World Around, ed. Raffi and Sharna Olfman (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2006), 87–94.

9. Williams, “Honoring All Life,” 88.

10. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 379.

11. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 365.

12. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 366.

13. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 370.

14. Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2013), 22–32.

15. Such as Arne Naess, Val Plumwood, Karen Warren, David Greenwood, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, Neil Evernden, Aldo Leopold, David Abram, Chet Bowers, and Robin Wall Kimmerer.

16. “Principles and Values,” Maple Ridge Environmental School, accessed December 2020, https://es.sd42.ca/principles-and-values/.

17. Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (New York: Routledge, 2002), 21, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203006757.

18. Jean-Paul Sartre, Notebooks for an Ethics, trans. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).

19. For more information, see http://www.circe-sfu.ca/. Simon Fraser University, “Welcome to CIRCE,” accessed July 4, 2023.

20. For more on this discussion, see Sean Blenkinsop, Clayton Maitland, and Jody MacQuarrie, “In Search of Policy That Supports Educational Innovation: Perspective of a Place- and Community-Based Elementary School,” Policy Futures 17 (2019): 489–502.

21. Mark Fettes, in discussion with author, October 2020.

22. James Britton, Language and Learning (Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1970).

23. Yi Chien Jade Ho, in discussion with author, May 2020.

24. School District 46 Sunshine Coast, B.C. “Nature Based Learning,” accessed July 4, 2023. https://sd46.bc.ca/programs/alternative-ed/nest/.

25. Taiwan Panorama, “Setting Sail for the Future: Principal Aaron Huang,” New Southbound Policy Portal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan), January 18, 2018, https://nspp.mofa.gov.tw/nsppe/news.php?post=127997&unit=410.

26. Yi Chien Jade Ho, in discussion with author, May 2020.

27. Clayton Maitland, in discussion with author, May 2020.

28. Rick Smith and Bruce Lourie, Slow Death by Rubber Duck: The Secret Danger of Everyday Things (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2009).

29. Philippe Grandjean and Philip Landrigan, “Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity,” Lancet Neurology 13, no. 3 (2014): 330, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3.

30. H. A. Abdel-Rahman, “Fatal Suffocation by Rubber Balloons in Children: Mechanism and Prevention,” Forensic Science International 108, no. 2 (2000): 97–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-0738(99)00143-7.

31. Cecil Adams, “Do Falling Pianos Really Kill People?” Washington City Paper, April 12, 2013, https://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/209447/straight-dope-do-falling-pianos-really-kill-people/.

32. Chris Beeman, “Wilding Liability in Education: Introducing the Concept of Wide Risk as Counterpoint to Narrow-Risk-Driven Educative Practice,” Policy Futures in Education 19, no. 3 (2021): 324–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210320978096.

33. Chris Beeman and Sean Blenkinsop, “Cassandras of a Second Kind,” Journal of Environmental Education 52, no. 3 (2021): 162–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2021.1922331.

1. Yi-fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 4.

2. Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Postindustrial Society (New York: Doubleday, 1972), 400.

3. Abraham Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation (Radford, VA: Wilder Publications, 2018).

4. Deborah Blum, Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2002), 33–51.

5. L. Emmett Holt, The Care and Feeding of Children: A Catechism for the Use of Mothers and Children’s Nurses, 4th ed. (New York: Appleton and Company, 1907), https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15484/15484-h/15484-h.htm#Sleep.

6. Blum, Love at Goon Park, 37.

7. Blum, Love at Goon Park, 37.

8. John B. Watson and Rosalie Alberta Rayner Watson, Psychological Care of Infant and Child (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1928), 76–80.

9. Watson and Watson, Psychological Care of Infant and Child, 85, 81.

10. Watson and Watson, Psychological Care of Infant and Child, 83–84.

11. See, for example, Sue Gerhardt, Why Love Matters (London: Brunner-Routledge, 2004), or various blogposts by Darcia Narvaez, Psychology Today Blog: Moral Landscapes, accessed June 2021, https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/moral-landscapes.

12. Darcia Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality: Evolution, Culture, and Wisdom (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014).

13. Gerhardt, Why Love Matters.

14. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “News: 68% of World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, says UN,” United Nations, May 16, 2018, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html.

15. Richard Louv, Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder (New York: Workman Publishing, 2005), 16–19.

16. Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality.

17. Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality.

18. Frances E. “Ming” Kuo, “Nature-Deficit Disorder: Evidence, Dosage, and Treatment,” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events 5, no. 2 (2013): 172–86, https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2013.793520.

19. Sue Gerhardt, The Selfish Society: How We All Forgot to Love One Another and Made Money Instead (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 13.

20. Dennis Raphael, Social Determinants of Health: Canadian, 2nd ed. (Toronto: Canadian Scholar’s Press, 2009).

21. See, for example, Darcia Narvaez, Kristin Valentino, Agustin Fuentes, James J. McKenna, and Peter Gray, eds., Ancestral Landscapes in Human Evolution: Culture, Childrearing and Social Wellbeing (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014).

22. Michael J. Meaney, “Maternal Care, Gene Expression, and the Transmission of Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity across Generations,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2001): 1161–92, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161.

23. Narvaez et al., Ancestral Landscapes in Human Evolution.

24. Center on the Developing Child, “Serve and Return,” Harvard University, accessed June 2022, https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/serve-and-return/.

25. Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality.

26. Ming Kuo, interview by Shankar Vedantam, “Our Better Nature: How the Great Outdoors Can Improve Your Life,” Hidden Brain, podcast audio and transcript, NPR, September 10, 2018, https://www.npr.org/transcripts/646413667.

27. Kuo, “Our Better Nature”; Ming Kuo, “How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health? Promising Mechanisms and a Possible Central Pathway,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 1093, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093.

28. For more on this topic, see Edward O. Wilson, Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986).

29. Alfie Kohn, No Contest: The Case against Competition. (Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin Court, 1992).

30. Winona LaDuke, All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 1999).

31. See Paul Shepard, Nature and Madness (Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 1998); and Neil Evernden, The Natural Alien: Humankind and Environment (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto, 1993).

32. Gabor Maté, with Daniel Maté, The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness, and Healing in a Toxic Culture (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2022).

33. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

34. Jean M. Twenge, “The Age of Anxiety? Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952–1993,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, no. 6 (2000): 1007–21, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1007.

35. Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality; Maté, The Myth of Normal; and Sue Gerhardt, “The Selfish Society: The Current State of Things,” in The Political Self: Understanding the Social Context for Mental Illness, ed. Rod Tweedy (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2017), 69–86, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429482762-4.

36. Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness (New York: Broadway Books, 2010).

37. Jared M. Diamond, The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? (New York: Viking, 2012), 189–90.

38. Florence Williams, The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier and More Creative (New York: W. W. Norton, 2017).

39. Philippe Grandjean and Philip Landrigan, “Neurobehavioural Effects of Developmental Toxicity,” Lancet Neurology 13, no. 3 (2014): 330–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70278-3.

40. Grandjean and Landrigan, “Neurobehavioural Effects.”

41. Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, “Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution Linked to Impulsivity, Emotional Problems in Children,” March 17, 2016, https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/prenatal-exposure-air-pollution-linked-impulsivity-emotional-problems-children; Grandjean and Landrigan, “Neurobehavioural Effects.”

42. Jennifer T. Wolstenholme, Michelle Edwards, Savera R. J. Shetty, Jessica D. Gatewood, Julia A. Taylor, Emilie F. Rissman, and Jessica J. Connelly, “Gestational Exposure to Bisphenol A Produces Transgenerational Changes in Behaviors and Gene Expression,” Endocrinology 153, no. 8 (2012): 3828–38, https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1195.

43. Felice Wyndham, personal communication, October 2006.

44. John Caldwell Holt, How Children Fail (New York: Dell, 1970).

45. Vandana Shiva, “Schooling the World,” Schooling the World, accessed July 2019, http://schoolingtheworld.org/people/vandana/.

46. Kohn, No Contest.

47. Kohn, No Contest.

48. Matthew D. Lieberman, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (New York: Crown Publishers, 2013), 43.

49. Narvaez, Neurobiology and the Development of Human Morality.

50. Diamond, The World until Yesterday.

51. Carol Gilligan, “In a Different Voice: Women’s Conceptions of Self and of Morality,” Harvard Educational Review 47, no. 4 (1977): 482. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0.

52. Sean Blenkinsop, Laura Piersol, and Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, “Boys Being Boys: Eco-Double Consciousness, Splash Violence, and Environmental Education,” Journal of Environmental Education 49, no. 4 (2018): 350–56, https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1364213.

53. Sean Blenkinsop, “Martin Buber: Educating for Relationship,” Ethics, Place and Environment 8, no. 3 (2005): 285–307, https://doi.org/10.1080/13668790500348232.

54. Blenkinsop, “Martin Buber.”

55. Native Languages of the Americas website. “Native American Nature Spirits of Myth and Legend,” accessed July 3, 2019, http://www.native-languages.org/nature-spirits.htm.

56. Robin Wall Kimmerer, “The Grammar of Animacy,” Anthropology of Consciousness 28, no. 2 (2017): 131.

57. Lev Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, ed. Michael Cole, Vera John-Steiner, Sylvia Scribner, and Ellen Souberman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 23, 32.

58. For a longer discussion of this linguistic point see: Estella Kuchta and Sean Blenkinsop, “Toward a More Eco-Relational English,” Canadian Journal of Environmental Education (in press).

59. Sean Blenkinsop and Laura Piersol, “Listening to the Literal: Orientations Towards How Nature Communicates,” Phenomenology & Practice 7, no. 2 (2013): 51–56, https://doi.org/10.29173/pandpr21167.

60. Blenkinsop and Piersol, “Listening to the Literal,” 56.

61. Chris Beeman and Sean Blenkinsop, “Dwelling Telling: Literalness and Ontology,” Paideusis (Saskatoon) 17, no. 1 (2008): 13.

62. Beeman and Blenkinsop, “Dwelling Telling,”

63. Bob Jickling, Sean Blenkinsop, Nora Timmerman, and Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, Wild Pedagogies: Touchstones for Re-Negotiating Education and the Environment in the Anthropocene (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2018).

64. Blenkinsop and Piersol, “Listening to the Literal,” 54.

65. Sean Blenkinsop, “Four Slogans for Cultural Change: An Evolving Place-Based, Imaginative and Ecological Learning Experience,” Journal of Moral Education 41, no. 3 (2012): 356, https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2012.691634.

66. Van Matre, S., The Earth Speaks. Bradford Woods: Institute for Earth Education, 1983: v.

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2. McDonald’s Corporation, “Happy Meal,” accessed December 2022, https://www.mcdonalds.com/ca/en-ca/full-menu/happy-meal.html.

3. Rhonda Bryne, The Secret (Miami, FL: Atria Publishing, 2006).

4. Michele M. Tugade, Barbara L. Fredrickson, and Lisa Feldman Barrett, “Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health,” Journal of Personality 72, no. 6 (2004): 1161–90, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x.

5. Rosalind Gill and Shani Orgad, “The Amazing Bounce-Backable Woman: Resilience and the Psychological Turn in Neoliberalism,” Sociological Research Online 23, no. 2 (2018): 477, https://doi.org/10.1177/1360780418769673.

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7. Cabanas, “Rekindling Individualism,” 476.

8. For more on these discussions, see Carl Cederström and Andre Spicer, The Wellness Syndrome (Oxford, UK: Wiley, 2015); Sue Gerhardt, “The Selfish Society: The Current State of Things,” in The Political Self, ed. Roderick Tweedy, 69–86 (Abingdon, OX: Routledge, 2017), https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429482762-4; and Barbara Ehrenreich, Bright-Sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009).

9. See Lauren Gail Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011).

10. Helga Dittmar, Rod Bond, Megan Hurst, and Tim Kasser, “The Relationship between Materialism and Personal Wellbeing: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 5 (2014): 879–924, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037409.

11. Kaveri, “18 Meditation Devices and Apps for a More Mindful 2022,” Geekflare, November 30, 2022, https://geekflare.com/meditation-gadgets-apps/.

12. Jean M. Twenge, Brittany Gentile, C. Nathan DeWall, Debbie Ma, Katharine Lacefield, and David R. Schurtz, “Birth Cohort Increases in Psychopathology among Young Americans, 1938–2007: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of the MMPI,” Clinical Psychology Review 30, no. 2 (2010): 145–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.005.

13. Johann Hari, “Cause Three: Disconnection from Meaningful Values,” in Lost Connections (New York: Bloomsbury Circus, 2018), 91–105.

14. Cederström and Spicer, The Wellness Syndrome, 3–4.

15. Cederström and Spicer, The Wellness Syndrome, 2.

16. Alenka Zupančič, The Odd One In: On Comedy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), 5.

17. Timothy J. Legg, “What to Know about Eco-Anxiety,” Medical News Today, Healthline Media, December 19, 2019, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327354.

18. Mark Fettes (Professor of Imaginative Education at Simon Fraser University), in conversation with the author, October 2020.

19. Joanna Macy, “Despair Work,” in Peace Movements Worldwide, ed. Marc Pilisuk and Michael N. Nagler (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2010), 285.

20. David Ludden, “East West Cultural Differences in Depression,” Talking Apes Blog, Psychologytoday.com, November 20, 2017, https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/talking-apes/201711/east-west-cultural-differences-in-depression.

21. See, for example, WebMD, “Holistic Medicine,” March 18, 2020, https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine.

22. See, for example, Isabella Tree, Wilding: The Return of Nature to a British Farm (London, UK: Picador, 2018).

23. Gabor Maté with Daniel Maté, The Myth of Normal: Illness and Health in an Insane Culture (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2022).

24. The Wisdom of Trauma, directed by Maurizio Benazzo and Zaya Benazzo (Oakland, CA: The Hive Studios, 2021), https://thewisdomoftrauma.com/portfolio-item/about-the-film/.

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27. Jean-Pierre Gattuso and Lina Hansson, Ocean Acidification (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011).

28. Ju Hwan Kim, Jin-Koo Lee, Hyung-Gun Kim, Kyu-Bong Kim, and Hak Rim Kim, “Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System,” Biomolecules & Therapeutics 27, no. 3 (2019): 265–75, https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2018.152.

29. For an exception, see Maté, The Myth of Normal.

30. Joanna Moncrieff, Ruth E. Cooper, Tom Stockmann, Simone Amendola, Michael P. Hengartner, and Mark A. Horowitz, “The Serotonin Theory of Depression: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence,” Molecular Psychiatry (2022), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0.

31. For example, see Thomas Insel, Healing: Our Path from Mental Illness to Mental Health (New York: Penguin, 2022); and Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic (New York: Broadway Books, 2010).

32. Hari, Lost Connections.

33. Nidya Diaz-Camal, Jesús Daniel Cardoso-Vera, Hariz Islas-Flores, Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván, and Alejandro Mejía-García, “Consumption and Occurrence of Antidepressants (SSRIs) in Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic, Their Environmental Impact and Innovative Removal Methods: A Review,” The Science of the Total Environment 829 (2022): 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154656.

34. Diaz-Camal, The Science of the Total Environment.

35. Ed Yong, “What Happens When Americans Can Finally Exhale?” The Atlantic, May 20, 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/05/pandemic-trauma-summer/618934/.

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37. “The Covid Pandemic from a Global Environmental Perspective,” Global Environmental Health Newsletter, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, June 1, 2020, https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/geh/geh_newsletter/2020/6/articles/the_covid19_pandemic_from_a_global_environmental_health_perspective.cfm.

38. For example, see Samuel Wilson, Lovell Jones, Christine Coussens, and Kathi Hanna, eds., Cancer and the Environment: Gene-Environment Interaction, Roundtable of Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002), https://doi.org/10.17226/10464; Sandra Steingraber, Living Downstream: An Ecologist’s Personal Investigation of Cancer and the Environment (New York: Hachette Books, 2010); and P. Nicolopoulou-Stamati, L. Hens, C. V. Howard and N. Van Larebeke, eds., Cancer as an Environmental Disease (Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004), https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm:978-0-306-48513-8/1.

39. The Wisdom of Trauma.

40. Maté, The Myth of Normal.

41. Susan Clayton, Christie Manning, Kirra Krygsman, and Meighen Speiser, Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance (Washington, DC: American Psychology Association and ecoAmerica, 2017), 7, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/03/mental-health-climate.pdf.

42. Jodi MacQuarrie, in discussion with author, September 2019.

43. Drawn from Jon Young, What the Robin Knows: How Birds Reveal the Secrets of the Natural World (Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 2013).

44. Kristine Engemann, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Lars Arge, Jens-Christian Svenning, “Residential Green Space in Childhood Is Associated with Lower Risk of Psychiatric Disorders from Adolescence into Adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116, no. 11 (2019): 5188–93, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807504116.

45. Christoffer van Tulleken, Michael Tipton, Heather Massey, and C Mark Harper, “Open Water Swimming as a Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder,” BMJ Case Reports (2018): 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225007; Jane Clatworthy, Joe Hinds, and Paul M. Camic, “Gardening as a Mental Health Intervention: A Review,” Mental Health Review Journal 18, no. 4 (2013): 214–25, https://doi.org/10.1108/MHRJ-02-2013-0007.

46. Masashi Soga, Kevin J. Gaston, and Yuichi Yamaura, “Gardening Is Beneficial for Health: A Meta-Analysis,” Preventive Medicine Reports 5, no. C (2016): 92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.007.

47. Ming Kuo, “How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health? Promising Mechanisms and a Possible Central Pathway,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 1, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093.

48. Lara S. Franco, Danielle F. Shanahan, and Richard A. Fuller, “A Review of the Benefits of Nature Experiences: More Than Meets the Eye,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8 (2017): 864, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080864.

49. Kuo, “How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health?” 6.

50. Caroline Hägerhäll, Richard Taylor, Gunnar Cerwén, Greg Watts, Matilda van den Bosch, Daniel Press, and Steven Minta, “Biological Mechanisms and Neurophysiological Responses to Sensory Impact from Nature,” in Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health, ed. Matilda van den Bosch and William Bird (Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 2018), 81.

51. Hägerhäll et al., “Biological Mechanisms,” 83–84.

52. Alessandra Della Vecchia, Federico Mucci, Andrea Pozza, Donatella Marazziti, “Negative Air Ions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders,” Current Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 13 (2021): 2521–39, https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200630104550.

53. Qing Li, “Effect of Forest Bathing Trips on Human Immune Function,” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15, no. 1 (2010): 9–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0068-3.

54. Wilson Da Silva, “How Adding Microbial Diversity to Urban Environments Improves Health,” Australian Geographic, November 25, 2019, https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2019/11/how-adding-microbial-diversity-to-urban-environments-improves-health/.

55. Winfried E. H. Blum, Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern, and Katharina M. Keiblinger, “Does Soil Contribute to the Human Gut Microbiome?” Microorganisms 7, no. 9 (2019): 287, https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090287.

56. Kuo, “How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health?” 4.

57. John Barrat, “A Poison Ivy Primer,” Smithsonian Institute, August 12, 2014, https://www.si.edu/stories/poison-ivy-primer.

58. Natural History of Orange County, “Toxicodendron Diversilobum,” June 12, 2005, http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Plants%20of%20Upper%20Newport%20Bay%20(Robert%20De%20Ruff)/Anacardiaceae/Toxicodendron%20diversilobum.htm.

59. Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2001).

60. Joe Sheridan and Roronhiakewen “He Clears the Sky” Dan Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination and the Ecology of the Sacred,” Space and Culture 9, no. 4 (2006): 365–81, https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206292503.

61. Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass. Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge and the Teachings of Plants (Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Editions, 2013), 16.

62. Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass, 24.

63. Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass, 28.

64. Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass, 28.

65. Robin Wall Kimmerer, “Mishkos Kenomagwen: The Teachings of Grass,” posted by the Bioneers, November 15, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cumEQcRMY3c.

66. Jordan Peterson, 12 Rules for Living (Toronto, ON: Random House, 2018), 16.

67. Robyn Maynard, “Reading Black Resistance through Afrofuturism: Notes on Post-Apocalyptic Blackness and Black Rebel Cyborgs in Canada,” Topia 39 (2018): 29.

68. Susan Laird, “Learning to Live in the Anthropocene: Our Children and Ourselves,” Studies in Philosophy and Education 36 (2017): 265–82.

69. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).

70. Rodney A. Brooks, “African Americans Struggle with Disproportionate COVID Death Toll,” National Geographic, April 24, 2020, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/04/coronavirus-disproportionately-impacts-african-americans/.

71. Gianna Melillo, “Recognizing the Role of Systemic Racism in Diabetes Disparities,” AJMC, February 2, 2021, https://www.ajmc.com/view/recognizing-the-role-of-systemic-racism-in-diabetes-disparities.

72. Audience participant in Tobias C. Van Veen presentation, “Afro-Futurism & Anthropocene: Strategies for Imagining Other Worlds,” Afrocentrism Conference, September 21–22, 2019, Vancouver, BC.

73. Stan Rushworth Interview, directed by Katie Teague, uploaded Friday, March 20, 2020 (Santa Cruz, CA: Katie Teague Minute, Vimeo), 6:20, https://vimeo.com/399323963.

74. See Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2014); Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrés García, Robert M. Pringle, and Todd M. Palmer, “Accelerated Modern Human-Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction,” Science Advances 1, no. 5 (2015): e1400253–e1400253, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253; and Anthony D. Barnosky, Nicholas Matzke, Ben Mersey, Elizabeth A. Ferrer, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, et al., “Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?” Nature (London) 471, no. 7336 (2011): 51–57, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09678.

75. Naomi Klein, No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need (Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2017).

76. Stan Rushworth, in discussion with author, May 2020.

77. Bayo Akomolafe, “When You Meet the Monster, Anoint Its Feet,” Emergence Magazine, October 16, 2018, https://emergencemagazine.org/story/when-you-meet-the-monster/.

78. Tobias C. Van Veen and Reynaldo Anderson, “Future Movements: Black Lives, Black Politics, Black Futures—An Introduction,” TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies 39 (2018): 8.

79. Tobias C. Van Veen, “Afro-Futurism & Anthropocene: Strategies for Imagining Other Worlds,” Afrocentrism Conference, September 21–22, 2019, Vancouver, BC.

80. John Broadway, “Sankofa: Lessons in Returning to Our Roots,” Public Allies website, February 18, 2022, https://www.uis.edu/africanamericanstudies/students/sankofa/.

81. Stan Rushworth, in discussion with author, May 2020.

82. Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (Milton Park, OX: Taylor and Francis, 2002), 29, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203006757.

83. Carol Gilligan and Naomi Snider, Why Does Patriarchy Persist? (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2018).

84. Gilligan and Snider, Why Does Patriarchy Persist?, 33.

85. Sean Blenkinsop, Laura Piersol, and Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, “Boys Being Boys: Eco-Double Consciousness, Splash Violence, and Environmental Education,” The Journal of Environmental Education 49, no. 4 (2018): 350–56, https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2017.1364213.

86. Nicholas A. Groth and H. Jean Birnbaum, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender (New York: Plenum Press, 1979).

87. Gillian Greensite, Support for Survivors: Training for Sexual Assault Counsellors (California Coalition Against Sexual Assault, 2008), https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/CALCASA-2008-Support-for-Survivors-TrainingforSACounselors.pdf.

88. William F. McKibbin, Todd K. Shackelford, Aaron T. Goetz, and Valerie G. Starratt, “Why Do Men Rape? An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective,” Review of General Psychology 12, no. 1 (2008): 86–97, https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.12.1.86.

89. Gilligan and Snider, Why Does Patriarchy Persist?, 7.

90. Maté, The Myth of Normal.

91. Stan Rushworth, in discussion with author, May 2020.

92. Stefano Harney and Fred Moten, The Undercommons: Fugitive Planning & Black Study (New York: Minor Compositions, 2013), 10.

93. Maxwell Rickus (Estella’s son), in discussion with author, June 2020.

94. Rasunah Marsden, “The World Pattern of Process” (PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2019), 141, http://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0378038.

95. Angela Ka-yee Leung, William W. Maddux, Adam D. Galinsky, and Chi-yue Chiu, “Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity,” The American Psychologist 63, no. 3 (2008): 169–81, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.169.

1. Mendocino Pygmy Forest, “Pygmy-Forest.com,” accessed July 4, 2023, http://pygmy-forest.com.

2. For more information, see https://eleducation.org/. EL Education, “Educating for a Better World,” accessed July 4, 2023, https://eleducation.org/.

3. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).

4. Cheryl Bartlett, Murdena Marshall, and Albert Marshall, “Two-Eyed Seeing and Other Lessons Learned within a Co-Learning Journey of Bringing Together Indigenous and Mainstream Knowledges and Ways of Knowing,” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 2 (2012): 331–40.

5. Albert Camus, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, trans. Anthony Bower (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).

6. Albert Camus, banquet speech, NobelPrize.org, Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023, January 22, 2023, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1957/camus/speech/.

7. Michel Serres, The Natural Contract, trans. Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson (Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan University Press, 1995).

8. Merlin Sheldrake, The Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures (London, UK: Random House, 2021).

9. See Agustín Fuentes, “Naturalcultural Encounters in Bali: Monkeys, Temples, Tourists, and Ethnoprimatology,” Cultural Anthropology 25 (2010): 600–24; and Donna J. Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003).

10. See Marie J. Hall et al., The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky: Problems of General Psychology, Including the Volume Thinking and Speech (Netherlands: Plenum, 1987).

11. Thomas King, The Truth about Stories: A Native Narrative (Toronto: House of Anansi, 2003).

12. Luce Irigaray, In the Beginning, She Was (New York: Bloomsbury, 2013).

13. Deborah Bird Rose, “Connectivity Thinking, Animism, and the Pursuit of Liveliness,” Educational Theory 67, no. 4 (2018): 491–508.

14. Paul Kingsnorth, Confessions of a Recovering Environmentalist and Other Essays (Minneapolis, MN: Graywolf Press, 2017).

15. The names in this story have been invented.

16. There are lots of resources that explore the gendered nature of our relationship with the natural world, the role of violence in colonial and hierarchical relationships, and the insights and limitations of various psychological frameworks. This vignette is explored in more depth later in the chapter.

17. W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folks (New York: Penguin Classics, 1996).

1. In fact, much curriculum has already been developed that is profoundly ecologizing and offers very rich learning experiences. See Appendix for examples.

2. Other theorists have worked with similar ideas, such as the “touchstones” found in Wild Pedagogies. This is unsurprising, given our shared aims of cultural and educational change, our commitments to issues of eco-social justice, and the roles we, the authors of this book, have played in the development and enunciation of wild pedagogies. See Bob Jickling, Sean Blenkinsop, Nora Timmerman, & Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, Wild Pedagogies: Touchstones for Re-negotiating Education and the Environment in the Anthropocene (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2018).

3. Ralph Tyler, Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949).

4. See, for example, Francis Hunkins and Patricia Hammill, “Beyond Tyler and Taba: Reconceptualizing the Curriculum Process,” Peabody Journal of Education 69, no. 3 (1994): 4–18, doi:10.1080/01619569409538774; James Fogarty, “The Tyler Rationale: Support and Criticism,” Educational Technology 16, no. 3 (1976): 28–32; and Thabo Msibi, “Queering Curriculum Studies in South Africa: A Call for Reconceptualisation?” in Disrupting Higher Education Curriculum: Undoing Cognitive Damage, ed. Michael Samuel, Rubby Dhunpath, and Nina Amin (Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016), 213–28.

5. For more on lateral thinking, see Sean Blenkinsop, John Telford, and Marcus Morse, “A Surprising Discovery: Five Pedagogical Skills Outdoor and Experiential Educators Have to Offer More Mainstream Educators in This Time of Change,” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Leadership 16, no. 4 (2016): 346–58.

6. Aldo Leopold was a natural historian and writer who has had a great deal of influence on environmental movements in North America. He was also a university professor, and one of his well-known pedagogical practices was to place undergraduates in natural places around the campus for a few days and have them use their observational skills, their scientific knowledge, and their understanding of relationships to answer three questions: “What has happened here?” “What is happening here?” “And what should happen here?” The first two involve examining plants, animals, soils, and so on in order to find clues that point to land use, succession, fertility, and more. The final question challenges the students to place those findings into a political and axiological context. Interesting stuff.

7. Joe Sheridan and Roronhiakewen “He Clears the Sky” Dan Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination and the Ecology of the Sacred,” Space and Culture 9, no. 4 (2006): 365, https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206292503.

8. See Vanessa Watts, “Indigenous Place-Thought and Agency amongst Humans and Non-Humans (First Woman and Sky Woman Go on a European World Tour),” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education, and Society 2, no. 1 (2013): 20–34.

9. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 368.

10. Keith Basso, Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache, (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1996).

11. Sheridan and Longboat, “The Haudenosaunee Imagination,” 369.

12. See Sean Blenkinsop and Laura Piersol, “Listening to the Literal: Orientations towards How Nature Communicates,” Phenomenology and Practice 7, no. 2 (2013): 41–60.

13. Martin Buber, Between Man and Man, trans. Ronald G. Smith (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

14. Michel Foucault, “On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress,” in Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, ed. Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 229–64.

15. See, for example, Greta Gaard, “Toward a Queer Ecofeminism,” Hypatia 12, no. 1 (1997): 114–37; and Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands and Bruce Erickson, eds., Queer Ecologies: Sex, Nature, Politics, Desire (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010).

16. Carl Safina, Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015).

17. Wade Davis, The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World (Toronto, ON: House of Anansi, 2009).

18. See Sean Blenkinsop, “Four Slogans for Cultural Change: An Evolving Place-based, Imaginative, and Ecological Learning Experience,” Journal of Moral Education 41, no. 3 (2012): 353–68.

19. See David Sobel, Children’s Special Places: Exploring the Role of Forts, Dens, and Bush Houses in Middle Childhood (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2001).

20. Jickling et al., Wild Pedagogies.

21. C. A. Bowers, Education, Cultural Myths, and the Ecological Crisis: Toward Deep Changes (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993).

1. Jodi MacQuarrie, personal interview with author, December 17, 2021.

2. Jodi MacQuarrie, personal interview with author, December 17, 2021.

3. See Wendell Berry, The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint Publishing, 2004); Vandana Shiva, Who Really Feeds the World?: The Failures of Agribusiness and the Promise of Agroecology (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2016); and Janisse Ray, The Seed Underground: A Growing Revolution to Save Food (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014).

4. This chapter is influenced by and builds out of a long report completed under the auspices of a Knowledge Synthesis Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (http://www.circesfu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Final-Report-Blenkinsop-Fettes.pdf). The rich work that was done over the course of a year is deeply salient here for our purposes, so Skylar Sage, Mark Fettes, Chloe Humphries, Lindsey Cole, and David Chang can all be considered co-cogitators, co-producers, co-cultivators, co-authors.

5. Cheryl Charles, and Bob Samples, Coming Home: Community, Creativity, and Consciousness (Fawnskin, CA: Personhood Press, 2004); Geoffrey Nelson and Isaac Prilleltensky, Community Psychology: In Pursuit of Liberation and Wellbeing (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2010).

6. Paul Kivel, Uprooting Racism: How White People Can Work for Racial Justice (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2017).

7. Nelson and Prilleltensky, Community Psychology.

8. Sean Blenkinsop, Ramsey Affifi, Laura Piersol, and Michael De Danann Sitka-Sage, “Shut-Up and Listen: Implications and Possibilities of Albert Memmi’s Characteristics of Colonization upon the ‘Natural World,’ ” Studies in Philosophy and Education 36, no. 3 (2017): 349–65.

9. Kivel, Uprooting Racism.

10. Nelson and Prilleltensky, Community Psychology.

11. Michalinos Zembylas, “The Quest for Cognitive Justice: Towards a Pluriversal Human Rights Education,” Globalisation, Societies and Education 15, no. 4 (2017): 397–409, https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2017.1357462.

12. Kivel, Uprooting Racism.

13. Nelson and Prilleltensky, Community Psychology.

14. See Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistances (Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 2017).

1. Many thanks to Megan Tucker and Aaron Lefler for creating and maintaining the Eco Resource List.