Note on Translation and Transliteration

All translations are mine unless otherwise noted. I have followed the conventions of Cornell University Press, including not italicizing Arabic words that appear in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, eleventh edition, and adopting the spelling that appears in the dictionary. For Arabic, I have adopted a simplified version of the International Journal of Middle East Studies transcription style, omitting diacritical marks to ease reading. For city names I have used the French colonial city name (which was most often used in my sources) with the Arabic city name in parentheses. Names of organizations and political parties appear in the original language in their first usage with a translation and abbreviation in parentheses, and with the abbreviation only in subsequent usages.